November, 1912. Monthly Weather Review
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NOVEMBER,1912. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 1747 WEATHER, FORECASTS ANTI WARNINQS. By H. C. FRANKENFIELD,Professor of Meteorology. NOllTHERFi HEMISPHERE PRESSURE. As is generally the case, opposite conditions prevailed over the south Pacific Ocean, as indicated by the pressure At, the beginning of the iiiontJi pressure w-as lorn over at Honolulu, where the barometer did not fall below the northern Asia, especially over ceutrd Sihrrin, but by the iiornial until the recovery began over Alaska during the :<(I there was II general recovery, most ninrlml where the last few days uf the month. There was little or no pressure hac1 been lowest, a few tla;\-s before, and from the inovement of the extensive low-pressure condition, 4th to Sth, inclusive, the b:tronieter readings at Tomslr although some oflslioots apparently moved eastward in and Irkutsk were we11 above 31 inches, with a crest of moderate form over Canada. Over the United States 31.42 inches nt Irkutsk on the 7th. After the 8th there pressure conditions were not of such character as to call were alternate fluctuations between moderately low and for special comment. There was a revular progression moderately high pressure, except over northeastern Si- of moderately high and lorn areas, wih the result that beria, where low pressure was the rule. with 1% low rending there were no decided extremes of weather and tempera- of 29.29 inches at Ynkutsk on the 21st. Over the north ture conditions until the last few days of the month, when Pacific Ocean and Alaska there were n serics of depressions there was a decided change over the east and south, due that were remarkable for their persistencr nnd for the low to the sudden appearance and rapid develo ment and barometer readings recorded. On only three days waq northeastward movement of an Atlantic coast ce istmbance. there a reaction to normal conditions, and at, Dutch Hnr- Over the Atlantic Ocean high pressure ruled, except over bor there was a low reading of 27.55 inches at 3 p. 111. of the east central portion, where a moderate depression the 16th. The following special re ort on this ~hnw- persisted during the first week of the month. mally low barometer reading was lintlly fiiriiisht~d1))- Over northern Europe weather conditions were c uitp Ah. S. ,4pp1egat8e,former1:- an obserwr of the Wentl1c.r pronouncecl, wit11 luw pressure preclominating. diere Bur enu was a strong high area over Iceland during the first three UNALASKA,ALASEA, ATo~~tmber I;, 1918. clays of the inonth, followed by a greater fall to below I am sending you a report of the weather conditions at Unalaska, noriiinl ronrlitions from the 5th to the 10th, inclusive, yesterday, Xth, when our barometer registered the extreme I(m and an ecplly marked rise to above norninl conditions premre of 27.55 inches at 2 p. ni. on the 12th. These general flmtuations moved east- On the forenoon of the 15th the weather indications in the early ward in nintlified form until northwestern Russia was morning were nothing unusual, except that the barometer was some- what below normal, registering 29.25 during the forenoon and fallinq renched and, after the passage of the Iceland high area slowly, and the sky was partly covered by stratus clouds with little on the l.'th, low pressure prerailed as a rule. 01-er motion. central and soiithern Europe pressure W'RR relatively By 9 a, m. more wind was observed on the mountain tops bp the high, except dtirirlg il few days towa1d the middle and at snow being picked iip and whirled about. The natives, on notihg this, said it was going to be bad. the end of the month. The lowert lwrometer readings They probabl noticed it more in this instance because the U. S. were recorded on the 11th and 12th. the depression revenue cutter %em had just left for the States, and they thought it forming the southern estension of the severe storm that would have been better for her to remain in port and wait. passed over Iceland on the two previous days. Before noon there was slightly more wind with good indications that it would get woree. During the forenoon the wind was from the south- Two instances of departures from general pressure east, blowing between 12 and 18 miles per hour with cloudy weather distribution over the United States are worthy of some and some rain at times, and with the barometer falling slowly. special mention. The first was a tropical disturbance, of During the night the weather got much worse, the wind increased which the first reported indications were violent thunder- to probabl 30 miles, with heavy rain. In the early morning and forenoon o?the 16th the wind had increased slightly, blowing between storms on the 11th over the island of Jamaica. During 30 and 36 miles, and squally, with steady rain and falling barnmeter. the 11tli and 13th radiomramsfroni vesselsin the Caribbean At 8 a. m. the barometer registered 28.00 and fell quite rapidly till Sea east of Nicaragua skowed falling pressure, and on the 2 p. m. In the meantime the wind became less squally before noon, 13th, throiigli the aid of vessel radiograms, adefinite center mth the weather showing a tendency to clear up, which it did quite rapidly soon after midday. of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of At 2 p. m. the barometer registered 27.55 and remained stntioiiary the Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 the rest of the day, with clouds broken up and the wind decreasing inches. The storm apparent1 recurved after reaching to liqht. that point and by the 16th {ad reached the island of It remained nearly calm all night of the Xth, with the sky partly Jamaica, where the barometer had been falling slowly but covered with clouds. P' At S a. m., the 17th, the barometer showed 28.00, weather fair and steadily since the 11th. The storm increased steaddy in almost calm all forenoon; the sky wau partly covered with broken intensity after the turn to the northeastward, and it was stratus clouds, which merged more or less into the cumulo-form. apparently felt in its greatest severity over the extreme As the weather in the harbor was nothing more than a light storm, it western portion of the island of Jamaica. The hurricane may have been more severe a short distance away from here. The Benr, no doubt, had to lay-to during this blow and probably was began over the island on the 15th and continued for Romewhere between 50 and 100 miles east of here. several days. The ressure fell steadily until 6 a. m. of Perhaps much could be learned from her weather record, which is the lSth, at which Yl our t,he barometer at Negril Point taken hourly. read 25.487 inches, while at Kingston at the sanie time We have four barometers here, one mercurial and three aneroids, and none of them shows a difference greater than 0.08 of an inch. the reading mas about 1 inch higher. Vessels in the The reading, 27.55, was taken from my aneroid and corrected to agree path of the storm reported wind velocities of more than withJhe-mercurial barometer. 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point the anemometer Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 02:25 AM UTC 1748 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER,1912 recorded a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the north- interior Tents northenstward, the frosts continuing on east at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cu s were the 3d and extending into the east Gulf ancl Atlantic wrenched off, with the wind still increasing. The Farom- States generally, except eastern Florida. Warnings of eter at that time read 28.90 inches, and for 12 hours these frosts and freezing temperatures were issued II~all previously the wind had been blowing between 60 ttnd SO cases 24 hours in advance, and they were again issued on miles an hour from the southeast. By 10 a. ni. the tlie 3cl for the killing frosts tlint occurred on the 4th over wind had shifted to northwest, but was still blowing with tlir middle and south Atlantic Sttiteq, escrpt Florida. hurricane force with a barometer reading of 2S.78 inches. In the meaiitinie anothw disturbnnce, noted on tlie 1st From 7 n. m. of the 17th to 3 a. m. of the lStli the orer the C'iinaclian far Northwest, was niovinc eastward average wind velocity was 66 des an hour, while the over the northern portion of tht. country. Tlie general rainfall for the Sihours ending at 7 a. m. of the 1Stli was clq)ression at first moved southward as well as eastwnrrl 12.79 inches. There had also been 3.34 inches during attended by rains and snows west of the Rocky Rloun- the revious 24 hours. tains, but with rapidly rising tern ernture only to the TL first advices regartling t!iis s tc )riii were issuetl on enstward. The southern portion o! this depression clis- the 13th ancl were repeatetl later as often as iiiforiiintion tippeartd during the night of the 3d, while the principal became arai1:tble. l'licsc adyices were also distrihutetl depression inoved to the nort1ie:istmard of Lake Superior by radiotelegraph to vessels in the vicinity, ant1 mnil after causing some light local rains in the Lake region. reports indicated that they were of mucli valuc. Pressure continued high over the eastern portion of the Great damage wtts wrought, in Jamaica.