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Home , November 1912

NOVEMBER,1912. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 1747

WEATHER, FORECASTS ANTI WARNINQS. By H. C. FRANKENFIELD,Professor of Meteorology.

NOllTHERFi HEMISPHERE PRESSURE. As is generally the case, opposite conditions prevailed over the south Pacific Ocean, as indicated by the pressure At, the beginning of the iiiontJi pressure w-as lorn over at Honolulu, where the barometer did not fall below the northern Asia, especially over ceutrd Sihrrin, but by the iiornial until the recovery began over Alaska during the :<(I there was II general recovery, most ninrlml where the last few days uf the month. There was little or no pressure hac1 been lowest, a few tla;\-s before, and from the inovement of the extensive low-pressure condition, 4th to Sth, inclusive, the b:tronieter readings at Tomslr although some oflslioots apparently moved eastward in and Irkutsk were we11 above 31 inches, with a crest of moderate form over Canada. Over the 31.42 inches nt Irkutsk on the 7th. After the 8th there pressure conditions were not of such character as to call were alternate fluctuations between moderately low and for special comment. There was a revular progression moderately high pressure, except over northeastern Si- of moderately high and lorn areas, wih the result that beria, where low pressure was the rule. with 1% low rending there were no decided extremes of weather and tempera- of 29.29 inches at Ynkutsk on the 21st. Over the north ture conditions until the last few days of the month, when Pacific Ocean and Alaska there were n serics of depressions there was a decided change over the east and south, due that were remarkable for their persistencr nnd for the low to the sudden appearance and rapid develo ment and barometer readings recorded. On only three days waq northeastward movement of an Atlantic coast ce istmbance. there a reaction to normal conditions, and at, Dutch Hnr- Over the Atlantic Ocean high pressure ruled, except over bor there was a low reading of 27.55 inches at 3 p. 111. of the east central portion, where a moderate depression the 16th. The following special re ort on this ~hnw- persisted during the first week of the month. mally low barometer reading was lintlly fiiriiisht~d1))- Over northern Europe weather conditions were c uitp Ah. S. ,4pp1egat8e,former1:- an obserwr of the Wentl1c.r pronouncecl, wit11 luw pressure preclominating. diere Bur enu was a strong high area over Iceland during the first three UNALASKA,ALASEA, ATo~~tmber I;, 1918. clays of the inonth, followed by a greater fall to below I am sending you a report of the weather conditions at Unalaska, noriiinl ronrlitions from the 5th to the 10th, inclusive, yesterday, Xth, when our barometer registered the extreme I(m and an ecplly marked rise to above norninl conditions premre of 27.55 inches at 2 p. ni. on the 12th. These general flmtuations moved east- On the forenoon of the 15th the weather indications in the early ward in nintlified form until northwestern was morning were nothing unusual, except that the barometer was some- what below normal, registering 29.25 during the forenoon and fallinq renched and, after the passage of the Iceland high area slowly, and the sky was partly covered by stratus clouds with little on the l.'th, low pressure prerailed as a rule. 01-er motion. central and soiithern Europe pressure W'RR relatively By 9 a, m. more wind was observed on the mountain tops bp the high, except dtirirlg il few days towa1d the middle and at snow being picked iip and whirled about. The natives, on notihg this, said it was going to be bad. the end of the month. The lowert lwrometer readings They probabl noticed it more in this instance because the U. S. were recorded on the 11th and 12th. the depression revenue cutter %em had just left for the States, and they thought it forming the southern estension of the severe storm that would have been better for her to remain in and wait. passed over Iceland on the two previous days. Before noon there was slightly more wind with good indications that it would get woree. During the forenoon the wind was from the south- Two instances of departures from general pressure east, blowing between 12 and 18 miles per hour with cloudy weather distribution over the United States are worthy of some and some rain at times, and with the barometer falling slowly. special mention. The first was a tropical disturbance, of During the night the weather got much worse, the wind increased which the first reported indications were violent thunder- to probabl 30 miles, with heavy rain. In the early morning and forenoon o?the 16th the wind had increased slightly, blowing between storms on the 11th over the island of . During 30 and 36 miles, and squally, with steady rain and falling barnmeter. the 11tli and 13th radiomramsfroni vesselsin the At 8 a. m. the barometer registered 28.00 and fell quite rapidly till Sea east of skowed falling pressure, and on the 2 p. m. In the meantime the wind became less squally before noon, 13th, throiigli the aid of vessel radiograms, adefinite center mth the weather showing a tendency to clear up, which it did quite rapidly soon after midday. of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of At 2 p. m. the barometer registered 27.55 and remained stntioiiary the Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 the rest of the day, with clouds broken up and the wind decreasing inches. The storm apparent1 recurved after reaching to liqht. that point and by the 16th {ad reached the island of It remained nearly calm all night of the Xth, with the sky partly Jamaica, where the barometer had been falling slowly but covered with clouds. P' At S a. m., the 17th, the barometer showed 28.00, weather fair and steadily since the 11th. The storm increased steaddy in almost calm all forenoon; the sky wau partly covered with broken intensity after the turn to the northeastward, and it was stratus clouds, which merged more or less into the cumulo-form. apparently felt in its greatest severity over the extreme As the weather in the harbor was nothing more than a light storm, it western portion of the island of Jamaica. The hurricane may have been more severe a short distance away from here. The Benr, no doubt, had to lay-to during this blow and probably was began over the island on the 15th and continued for Romewhere between 50 and 100 miles east of here. several days. The ressure fell steadily until 6 a. m. of Perhaps much could be learned from her weather record, which is the lSth, at which Yl our t,he barometer at Negril Point taken hourly. read 25.487 inches, while at Kingston at the sanie time We have four barometers here, one mercurial and three aneroids, and none of them shows a difference greater than 0.08 of an inch. the reading mas about 1 inch higher. Vessels in the The reading, 27.55, was taken from my aneroid and corrected to agree path of the storm reported wind velocities of more than withJhe-mercurial barometer. 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point the anemometer

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 02:25 AM UTC 1748 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER,1912 recorded a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the north- interior Tents northenstward, the frosts continuing on east at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cu s were the 3d and extending into the east Gulf ancl Atlantic wrenched off, with the wind still increasing. The Farom- States generally, except eastern . Warnings of eter at that time read 28.90 inches, and for 12 hours these frosts and freezing temperatures were issued II~all previously the wind had been blowing between 60 ttnd SO cases 24 hours in advance, and they were again issued on miles an hour from the southeast. By 10 a. ni. the tlie 3cl for the killing frosts tlint occurred on the 4th over wind had shifted to northwest, but was still blowing with tlir middle and south Atlantic Sttiteq, escrpt Florida. hurricane force with a barometer reading of 2S.78 inches. In the meaiitinie anothw disturbnnce, noted on tlie 1st From 7 n. m. of the 17th to 3 a. m. of the lStli the orer the C'iinaclian far Northwest, was niovinc eastward average wind velocity was 66 des an hour, while the over the northern portion of tht. country. Tlie general rainfall for the Sihours ending at 7 a. m. of the 1Stli was clq)ression at first moved southward as well as eastwnrrl 12.79 inches. There had also been 3.34 inches during attended by rains and snows west of the Rocky Rloun- the revious 24 hours. tains, but with rapidly rising tern ernture only to the TL first advices regartling t!iis s tc )riii were issuetl on enstward. The southern portion o! this depression clis- the 13th ancl were repeatetl later as often as iiiforiiintion tippeartd during the night of the 3d, while the principal became arai1:tble. l'licsc adyices were also distrihutetl depression inoved to the nort1ie:istmard of Lake Superior by radiotelegraph to vessels in the vicinity, ant1 mnil after causing some light local rains in the Lake region. reports indicated that they were of mucli valuc. Pressure continued high over the eastern portion of the Great damage wtts wrought, in Jamaica. Sevrrnl comitry and the Atlantic Ocean, hut there was no re- towns were ractically wiped out by winds ancl tidal covery in the West, as another low that appeared on the waves, and tl) le loss of approximately 100 lives wtas re- extreme north Pacific coast, on the mornmg of the 1st ported. At the town of Savannah La Mar, on the soutli mored slowly clown over the Plateau region, reaching coast of the island, the tidal wave \vas the highest in a western IGi~isit~on the morning of the 6th. It then moved centuq-. After leaving Jitiiiaica the intensity of the east-iiortlieastwar(1. Thereafter its history was peculiar. storm decreased ancl on the riioriiing of the Xkh, a vessel On the morning of the 6th a nioderitte clisturbnnce ap- radiogram from tlie Winc1w:ircl Passiige sliou ed n barom- peared over Pensitcola, Fla., while the western storm was eter reading of %).Si inches with ti moderately strong orer . Both continued northeastwnrcl with in- northeast wind. The storm ttppwently continued north- crensuig intensity, and by the evening of the 7th they had ward a short distance to the wrstwml of Turks Island, merged into n single storm of marked intensity central and was next noted on tlie iiiorning of tlic 3dnlmut 300 orcr eastern New Pork. In the nieztntiiiie pressure liad miles east of C'liarlestun, S. C. It tlirii conthuetl clue risen rapidly from the Gulf of St. Lawrence etistwarcl, and northward with slowly increasing energy and by the the progress of the storm was arrested, although low morning of the 25th lid reached northern New Tork. prcssure continued for several days after over the Cana- After this the it moved northeastwart1 and ww last tliiiii Maritime Provinces, the last evidences appearing at noted over Nova Scotia on the morning of the 36tli. Mort St. Johns, Newfo~indland,on the 14th. This storni was details of the action of this storm after it rcaclirtl the nttciitletl hy general rains, except along tlie east slope of coast of the United State.; will be found in the discussion the Rocky Mountains, and by high temperatures. In the of the general wwtlier conditions. A rather full account Atlantic States heavy rains fell on the 7th. Storm warn- of this storm, furnished by tlic. Hon. RInxwell Hall, ings \vert' ordered on the 6th on the northwest Florida Goveninient meteorologist for Jniiiaica, appeiirs clw- coast ant1 on tlir 7th from Wilniington, N. C'., to Eastport, where in this Review. SIP. In dl cases tlie warnings were followed by high The second unusual pressure rnriatitrn ~'11stlint, of tlie winds, ranghig from 35 to GO miles an hour. Atlantic coast storm of Xoveiiiber 2s ant1 29, and, :is this Again the pressure recovery was not decided, owing to directly affected the coast States, it will also he tliscusscd the approach of another disturbance, and frost warnings with the general weather coiitlit ic )lis. on the 6th for Tennessee, Mississippi, ancl the Southwest failed of verifkntion. The barometer reniained low on the WEATHER IN THE UNITED STATES. north Pacific coast with,continued rains, and storm warn- ings were necessary on the 6th, 7th, 9th, and llth, and At the beginning of the month tlie southwestern storni on the first-named date a low began to move eastward that mas in rogress at the elid of October hid reaclircl over the Canadian northwest. It was a dry low until the the lower LaR e region, with general rains fnllhig east of upper Lakes were reached, and on the 9th it apparently the Mississi pi River, mcept in New , nncl with merged with the remnants of the preceding storm. Some st,rong wincr s and high temperatures in the lower Lakc moderately high winds occurred on the Sth on the Great region. Storm warnings liad previously been ordered Lakes, but none was of much come uence. For a day on the Great Lakes, and on tlie 1st the?- were ortlerecl or two high pressure prevailed over t? ie central and east- displayed on the Atlantic coast, from Hatteras, N. C'., to ern portion of the country with moderitte temperatures, Eastport, hIe. During the iiiglit of the 1st the tliree- but pressure hac1 again been falling over the West, and on masted schooner, John il[(ixudZ, was wrecked on thp the 9th another low of considerable intensity started east- shoals on New Inlet, N. P., ani1 only tlic captain was wttrd over the Canadian northwest, and still another saved, t,lie entire crew of seven men being clrowned. The equally niarked neared the north Pacific coast. The Ca- sloop yacht, Crown, was blown offshore near Hog Island, nndian disturbance moved aliiiost due eastward, the pre- Vn., but the crew was taken off by the steamer Bayno. vailing high pressure to the southeastward preventing any There was also some damage to shipping on eastern Lake iiiovement in thnt direction, and during the 10th it disap- Erie. The storm continued east-iiort1ie:istw:trd over the peared northeast of Lake Superior without having caused St. Lawrence Valley nntl passed off the Nova Scotia any material change in weather conditions along its course. coast during the night of t8he2d. The high area following However, the eastern and southern hi h area was slow1 this storm was accompanied by a considerable fall in (riving way, and by the evening of tE e 10th the nortK temperature with heavy to killing frosts on the 2d from ~CSCcoast low of the 9th had reached ,

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 02:25 AM UTC NOVEB~BER,1912. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 1749 after sending an offshoot to Iltah. Rains were general generally, except in the Pacific Northwest, where rains west of the Rocky Mountains, but as yet there had been continued. Low temperature also continued in the no results to the eastward, escept a marked rise in tem- South. On the evening of the 16th a depression appeared perature. By the evening of the 11th the trough of low off the extreme north Pacific coast. It caused rains and pressure extended froin western to witli- high winds on the 18th on the Washingt,on coast (storm out preci itation, except some rain and snow in Montana warnings ordered on the evening of the 17th), and then and the Rocky Mountain region, but by the morning of moved eastward over Canada without precipitation, the 12th the northern center had reached the lower St. reaching the Newfoundland coast on the morning. of the Lawrence Valley with some snow and rain in that imme- 30th, the barometer at St. Johns reading 39.40 iwhes. diate vicinity, while the southern center had movecl to Another disturbance of similar character followed quic,H , western attended by general rains in the Mis- leaving t,he north Pacific. coast on the evening of the 1St,iTl , souri and upper Mississippi Valleys and w-estern upper nncl reaching the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the evening of Lake region. t'he 21stm. high area of good proportions followed this The storm continued northeastward during the 13th, low, nncl it spread e,astward and southeastwarcl over the and storm warnings were ordered for the northern and middle mid soubherii Plateau and Rocky Mountain western upper Lake region. By the morning of the 13th regions, reaching the central valleys with lessened the storm was central over southern , the rains strength on the 21st, but continuing in nearly full vigor had extended through the Ohio Valley, the Lake region over t'he middle Plat8etxuuntil the 23d, when it moved generally, , and New England, and storm warn- enst,witrtl. In the meantime a third low had moved ings were ordered for the balance of the Great Lakes and eastward over Cttnada, leavine the Pacific coast on the on the Atlantic coast from Cape May, N. J., to Eastport, 20t'h mcl reaching the Gulf of Et. Lawrence on the morn- Me. Snow fell in the up er Lake region, and severe gales ing of the 23d. This low was also practioitlly dry, except occurred on the Great La1 -es and along the Stlantic coast, on the Washington coast8, where t,liere were reins with causing considerable damage to shipping. In the lower some high winds for which warnings were necessary. St,. Lawrence Valley the high winds on the 13th and 14th The clisburbance of t,he 1Sth also sent an offshoot south- were accompanied by a fall of snow so heavy that ship- eastward over t,he Plateau region, causing light rains and ping was paralyzed and outside business brought to a snows. It c.oatinued southeastward and passed into standstill. By the morning of the 14th the storm had the Gulf of on the 23d, after causing general and lost niuch of its definite forinntion and presented two dis- wbstnntial rains over east,ern Tents. No cold weat,her tinct centers, one over Lake Huron and the other off the of consequence followed, and frost, forecast,s for the New Jersey coast, with genernl rains in New England and Southwestern States failed of verificabion in eastern the middle Atlantic States and rains and snows in the Te.sas. Lake region. The depression then moved slowly east- During t,he 31st anot,her disturbance nioved in from ward aiid northeastward ancl it was not until the 17th t,he extreme. north Pacific c,onst8. This one inclined more that the last indications were observed off the coast of to the sout,hwnrcl t>hmhad it's immediate predecessors. Nova Scotia. A fair1 well-defiled li@i area, with a tem- It WRS followetl by n decided fall in t,emperat,ure in t8he perature fall to nearr" y normal conditions, followecl this Plains St,nt,esixntl by the P1ate:tu high before mentioned, storm, and on the 15th warnings were issued for the frosts ixnd when it, renchetl on the morning of that occurred in the Southern States on the following the 53tl it' liacl developed int,o a ~ronounc.edlow with morning. Pressure still reintiinecl low from the Pacific snow ant1 increasing wintls, for 157ll iich storm warnings coast northward, and, begiuning on the 13tli, another were ordered. On t,lie following morning it was found depression moved across the Canadian northwest. It t,liut the storm center hnd moved only N few niiles t,o t,he was nearly dry and almost entirely lost its energy by the enstwnrd, wibh high winds continuing ancl rnin and snow time it reached western Lake Superior on nccount of the still falling over the upper Lnke region. Several lives marked high pressure both in front ancl in the rear. How- were lost, arid some shipping casualt.ies were reported on ever, there was a redevelopment during the 16th, with n t,he upper Lakes. The situation liacl now become com- rapid eastward movement, and by the time the low had plicated t.lirough bhe approach of the West Indian clis- passed off the Nova Scotia coast on the 30th it had turbance t,liat had visited the island of Jamaica a week attained the proportions of a severe storm. Snows and before. This storm was now () near the rains fell from the Lake region eastward, but there were southern New Jersey coast, and rains and snows hac1 no high winds, and the high area following over the Lakes extended into the lower Lake region and the iniddlr WRS short lived and of moderate character only. The Atlantic States. Storm warnings were ortle,recl on the interior high area was of much greater magnitude and coast from Delawnse Breakwater nort,limtisd, and clurinu proved to be the most extensive and pronounced one of ancl the clay following high winds occurre8 the month. It first ap eared in ver moderate form over ~~~e~t$?~with heavy snows aiid rains in New York and British Columbia on t Re evening o s the 14th and after- New England. The storm center by this time (Novem- wards s read eastward and southward over the entire west- ber 35) had moved into northwestern New England, ern ha9 of the country with a crest of 30.80 inches over while the one over Michigm had disappeared. The western South Dakota on the morning of the 16th. It coast storm then moved northeastward and clisap- then apparently joined forces with the southern portion peared into the Atlantic during the night of t'he 35th. of the eastern high area that had rapidly recoverecl after The ligh mea following kept well to the southward, the passing of the last low area, and high pressure was necessit,ating general warnings on the 24th for the general except over the northeastern ancl northwestern heavy frosts that occurred on the following morning extremities of the countr . There was a sharp fall in as far south as extreme northern Florida. Pressure temperatures and heavy 9rosts or freezing temperatures did not recover rapidly to the nort'hward as another low were general in the Southern States on the 17th. had reached eastern Lake Superior. This low appeared The pressure remained high in the Southeast until over Alberta on the 23d, but did not develop to any the 21st, with resulting fair weather over the country extent until it reached the Great Lakes, It was not

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 02:25 AM UTC 1750 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER,1912 severe at any time, but was attended by generd rnin On the 27th a de ression appeared over northern and snow, mostly snow, and passed out of the Gulf of Alberta. It was pro {ably an offshoot from the ab- St. Law-rence on the night of the 27th: Over northern normally low area that prevailed over Alaska during the New York the snowfall was very heavy, and at Cmton greater portion of the month and it moved eastward there was a fall of 24 inches during the 13 hours ending over Canada after sending an arm to the southward at 8 a. m., of the 27th. An extensive high pressure area along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The followed this disturbance and temperatures fell c.011- secondary depression disappeared during the niqht of siderably. Frosts occurred, as foremst, for several clays the 28th without unusual incident, while the mam one in California. continued eastward, with only light local preci itation On the night of the 27th the barometer was still high over the northern border States, and disappearecf off the over the interior of the country except the Northwest, Nova Scotia coast during the night of the 30th. At the with the crest of high pressure over Texas, and cold end of the month kvh pressure prevailecl over the east- wave and heavy frost and freezing tern ierature warnings ern half of the country and low ressure over the western were ordered for the Sou t,Jiwest. Coiit\ itsions as forecast half. A disturbance attended I! y rains appeared on the occurred on the following morning, and estenclecl on t'he ext,rerne north Pacifk coast on the mornlng of the 29th 29th and 30th to the south Atlantic coast, except over and storm warnings were ordered for the hi h winds that Florida. The low temperature in the east Gulf and prevailed later in the day. By the end of ta e month the south At,lantic States wn.s preceded by a very reiiiarkable center of t'he disturbance was over eastern Colorado and change in weather conditions. On the niorniiig of the rains and snows hacl fallen over Idaho, western Montana, 27th the pressure was high ancl rising, ranging from Utah, Wyoming, and western Colorado. Another low 30.68 inches over the Tesas Panhandle to 30.26 inches had also appeared off the northern Washington coast. on the coast,. It fell somewhat during the day over the south At,lantic States, but rose in the Avmtge tenipmutures and departuresfrom the nornml. Gulf States, and snow fell generally ancl in substantial quantity throughout the Southern States east of the Amrage Depar- Accumu. Average 1 Num- tempera- tures lated de- depar- Mississippi River. There had also been some snow on 1 krof tures Districts. lor the partures ..tures from ; sbr for the current since smce tlie 26th Arkansas westward to northwestern I tionq. c1mnt Texas, ancl light rains to the southward of this area. month. month. Jan. 1. Jan. 1. By the evening of the 27th there were some indicat>ions of a disturbance off nntl near t8he nortliern const of Kew Enxland ...... 1 12 ~ 52.3 +?.9 - 5.9 -0. .-, Middle Atlantic...... I 15 I 46.1 +2.2 - 6.1 -0. li Florida, and caut'iontwy atlvices we,re at once telegraphed Ro1it.h Atlautic...... 10 53.1 -1.0 - 0.9 -0.1 Florida Peninsula 1...... I 9 1 63.t -1.6 - 0.9 -0.1 to coast st,ations. BIT-the morning of the 28th pre,ssure -2.3 - 8.1 -0.7 hacl fallen 0.42 inch it Hat,teras, N. C., with a northwest West Gulf ...... 11 56.4 +o. 1 - 9.6 -0.9 Ohio Voller and Tennessee...... 14 45.4 +o. 5 -15.8 -1.4 wind of 4s miles an hour and storm mnrnings were at Lower Lakes ...... 1 11 41.7 +2. ti -21.8 -2. 0 Upper Lakes ...... 13 37.2 +2.9 -21.5 -2. n once ordered along the entire coast from Hatteras nort'h- North Dakota1 ...... 1 R 31.7 +6.1 - 9.4 -0.9 ward. The storm did not t,ouch the coast but continued Upper Mississippi Valley...... 14 42.1 +4.5 -1S.4 -1.7 Missouri Valler...... I 12 43.1 +5.7 - 4.5 70. s to make rapid progress to the iiorth-iiort,lie,nst~~ar~l,and Northern slope ...... I 9 37.7 +5.7 -15.6 -1.4 hiiddie slope...... 6 45.4 +3.6 -16.8 -1.5 on the morning of the 29th the center wms t)o the north- Southern slope 1...... 8 m. 1 -0.3 - 9.6 -0.9 ward of St. Johns, Newfoundland, tlie barometer at that Southern Plateau 1...... 10 46.3 -0.6 -12.9 -1.2 Middle Plateau 1 ...... 10 38.0 +O. 8 -14.9 -1.4 place reading 29.24 hc,hs. Snow occurre.d generally in Nort.hem Plateau 1...... 10 40.0 +3.0 -10.4 -0.9 North Pacific...... 1 7 46.2 fl.1 + 7.6 +o. 7 the At,lantic States, but the only high winds north of the Middle Pacific...... 7 53.5 +O. 5 - 2.9 -0.3 Virginia coast occurred on the New England coast, South Pacific ...... 60.0 +2.9 + 5.4 +o. 5 Nantucket, Mass., reporhing 60 miles an hour from tho ~ northeast during the afternoon of the 2Stli. 1 Regular Weather Bureau and selected cooperatire stations. A mail report from t'he captain of the steamship damnge nnd depurturesfrom the normnl. Lakonia stated that while in latitude N. and longi- precipitation 40' ~--~ ______tude 68O W., approximately 200 miles southeast of Nan- tucket, a fresh southerly gale blew during the evening of I 1 Average. 1 Departure. the 28th and at 12.15 a. m. of t,he 29th shifted to nort'h- Distncts northeast, backing later to northwest ancl blowing with hurricane force and accompanied by rain and hail. At 1 a. m. of the 29th the ship's barometer read 29.02 1 inches, but by 4 a. m. it had risen to 29.50 inches, when the position of the vessel was lat8itucle 39' 41' N. ancl longitude 69" 1' W. approximately. It is impossible to ,i speak with recision as to t,he origin of this storm. It \\"l.st Gulf ...... 10 1.04 34 I -2.00 - 5.50 apparently evelopecl in its incipiency immediately above Ohio Valley and Tennes%e...... 14 0.99 28 -2.50 - 0.m R Lower Lakes ...... 10 2.56 -0.50 + 0.80 the cold and shallow high in the neighborhood of the Upper Lakes ...... 13 1.75 5: -0.70 - 1.10 North Dakota 1...... 9 0.17 22 -0.60 + 1.60 northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico, possibly near the UppPr Mississippi Valley ...... 15 1.14 56 -0.90 - 2.20 Missouri Valley...... 12 0.i5 60 -0.50 - 3.40 Louisiana coast', not inc;reasing to any ext'ent,, and not Northern slope...... 9 0.56 55 -0.40 + 0.30 reaching the surface untd it had crossed over the north- Middle slope...... 6 0. -l@ 40 -0.60 + 0.20 Southern slope 1...... 8 11.44 2i -1.20 + 0.50 ern portion of the Florida Peninsula. It presents a SouthPrn Plateau I...... 9 0.12 19 -0.50 - 0.10 striking illustration of the 1imitat)ions that, encompass Middle Plateau E...... 11 11.6: 87 -0.10 + 0.58 Northern Plateau 1...... 10 1.59 s9 -0.21, + 3.80 the art of weather forec;asting and affords another effec- North Pacific...... 7 7.56 104 fO.30 -1.20 Middle Pacific...... 7 2. 64 87 -0.40 - 3.w tive argument for the mcrease of our facilities for the South Pacific...... 4 2.3Y 80 -0.m - 1.40 observation and study of the upper atmosphere by _~._____~___~_~~- means of the kite and balloon.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 02:25 AM UTC NOVEMBER,1912. MONTHLY WEL4THER REVIEW. 1751

Average relative humidity and departure from the normal. h€m*mumwind velocities. ___- - - -~ - I Depart- ve- I Ve- ire from Stations. )ate loc- Dire+ 11 Stations. 1 Date loc- Direc- Districts. Average. the nor- ity. tion. ity. tion. mal. - - - - - Block Island, R. I.. 25 56 W. NeN York, N. Y.... 1 53 sw. New England...... 75 -3 Missouri Valley...... 62 -9 Do ...... 23 55 n. Do...... 7 58 S. -6 Northern slope ...... 65 -2 Buffalo, N. Y ___.__. 1 72 sw. Do...... 9 52 nw. -10 Middleslo e 60 -2 Do ...... 5 54 sw. Do ...... 24 57 W. Florida Peninsula.. . 73 -2 Southern $ope:::::: 60 -2 Do ...... 13 54 sw. Do...... 25 60 nw. East Gulf ...... 69 -7 Southern Plateau. ~.. 47 +4 Do...... 14 54 SW. ii North Head, Wash. 4 66 se. West Gulf...... 68 -6 Middle Plateau...... 61 +3 Do ...... 19 56 sw. Do ...... 7 60 se. Ohio Valley and Northern Plateau.. .. 70 -4 Do...... 26 56 sw. Do ...... 9 60 se. Tennessee...... 67 -6 North PaciEc______38 +4 Do...... 29 60 W. Ij Do ...... 10 57 sa. Lower Lakes. __.___. 75 -2 Middle Pacac______73 +3 Do ...... 30 52 W. Do ...... _' 11 66 se. Upper Lakes...... 73 -2 South Pacific...... 60 -7 Canton N. Y ...... 1 66 SW. Do ...... 1 12 76 se. North Dakota ...... 78 -1 Clevelahd Ohio..... 9 50 W. Do ...... IS 60 se. U per Mississippi Duluth dinn ...... 20 50 W...... 29 56 se. tal1ey...... 70 -4 Eastpo;t, Me...... 25 60 ne. Pierre, S. Dak...... 22 51 nw. El Poso, Tes.. ___.. 16 51 ne. Grand Haven, Mich 23 52 W...... 9 54 S. Green Bay, Wis.. -, 24 54 n...... I 10 50 nN. Average cloudiness and departure from the normal. Hatters N. C ._.__. 2s FJ nw. 11 Do...... 19 60 nw. Helena kont...... 22 TO sw. I Portlmd, Me ...... 25 50 e. Mount' Tamalpais, Sand Keg Fla...... 2s 54 nw. Depart- Cal...... 5 54 SW. I Tatoosh 'Island, re from Do ...... 10 51 nw. W'ash...... 6 60 sw. Districts. Averam. Districts. Average. the nor- Do ...... 19 66 nw. DO...... 7 51 sw. Do ...... 29 62 nw. 1 ...... Y 52 ne. mal. 1 ID:: Do ...... 30 64 nw. Do ...... 12 S4 S. Mount Weather, Vg, S 53 nw...... 14 50 e. New England...... 6.1 +o. b Missouri Vallev -. -. 3.7 -1.1 Do ...... 9 50 na.. Do...... 20 60 S. Do 65 nw. S. Middle Atlantic ..... 5.0 -0.3 Northern slopi...... 5.4 +O. 6 ...... 25 Do...... 21 66 Nantucket, Mass .... 25 55 S. Do ...... 26 50 e. South Atlantic.. __ .. 3.1 -1.4 Middleslo e 3.1 -0. s Florida Peninsula.. . 4.5 +o. 2 Southern sfo;,:::::: 3.1 -2.1 Do ...... 2s 62 ne. East Gulf ...... 3.4 -1.2 Southern PlSteau ... 2.2 -0. 6 ~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ .~~ I West Gulf...... 3.8 -0.8 Middle Plateau...... I 3.6 -0.3 Ohio Valley and Northern Plateau. -. 7.3 +1.5 Tennessee...... 4.3 -0.9 North Pacific.. -.~ -. 8.3 +o. 8 Lower Lakes...... 6.7 -0.6 Middle Pacffic...... 5.1 +O. 6 Upper Lakes...... 6.7 -0.4 South Pacific...... 2.8 -0.5 North Dakota ...... 5.2 -0.2 U per Mississippi Galley...... 4.6 -0.7

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