DOCSLIB.ORG

America's Money Machine: the Story of the Federal Reserve

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
America's Money Machine: the Story of the Federal Reserve AMERIC~S MONEY MACHINE BOOKS BY ELGIN GROSECLOSE Money: The Human Conflict (I934) The Persian Journey ofthe Reverend Ashley Wishard and His Servant Fathi (I937) Ararat (I939, I974, I977) The Firedrake (I942) Introduction to Iran (I947) The Carmelite (I955) The Scimitar ofSaladin (I956) Money and Man (I96I, I967, I976) Fifty Years ofManaged Money (I966) Post-War Near Eastern Monetary Standards (monograph, I944) The Decay ofMoney (monograph, I962) Money, Man and Morals (monograph, I963) Silver as Money (monograph, I965) The Silken Metal-Silver (monograph, I975) The Kiowa (I978) Olympia (I98o) AMERIC~S MONEY MACHINE The Story of the Federal Reserve Elgin Groseclose, Ph.D. Prepared under the sponsorship of the Institute for Monetary Research, Inc., Washington, D. C. Ellice McDonald, Jr., Chairman A Arlington House Publishers Westport, Connecticut An earlier version of this book was published in 1966 by Books, Inc., under the title Fifty Years of Managed Money Copyright © 1966 and 1980 by Elgin Groseclose All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in connection with a review. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Groseclose, Elgin Earl, 1899­ America's money machine. Published in 1966 under title: Fifty years of managed money, by Books, inc. Bibliography: P. Includes index. 1. United States. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System-History. I. Title. HG2563·G73 1980 332.1'1'0973 80-17482 ISBN 0-87000-487-5 Manufactured in the United States of America P 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For My Beloved Louise with especial appreciation for her editorial assistance and illuminating insights that gave substance to this work CONTENTS Preface lX PART I The Roots of Reform 1. The Quality of the Times 3 2. The First Shock Wave IO 3. The Lapping at the Dikes I6 4. The Rich Man's Panic 22 5. A Measure of Expediency 3 I 6. The Aldrich-Vreeland Bill 43 7. An Interlude for Debate 46 8. The Great Investigation 53 9. The Setting of the Current 6I 10. The Bill Considered 67 PART II The Great Reversal I 1. Advent of Storm 8I 12. The First Inundation 87 13. Collapse of a Theory 93 14. The Path of Retreat IOO 15. When to Reef Sail Io8 16. The Wounds of War II8 17. Wading in the Big Pond I27 18. The Lapping Waves of Crisis I35 19. The Fulcrum and the Lever I43 20. The Gushing Fountain I5I PART III Debacle of an Idea 2 1. The Crumbling of the Dikes I57 Vlll CONTENTS 22. The New Thermopylae I63 23. The Keynesian Influence I70 24. The Not So New New Deal I79 25. The New Deal and the Federal Reserve I85 26. New Bridles for Old I95 27. Where Two Tides Meet 205 28. The Reversals of War 2I2 29. Doubtful Victory 2I9 30. The Role of Atlas 227 31. The Not So Golden Years 235 32. The End of a Dream 240 33. The Chute 247 34. Into the Pit 252 35. Out of the Pit 259 Notes 267 Selected Bibliography 275 About the Author 279 Index 281 Preface N SEPTEMBER 30 , 19 1 3, at a moment when American attention O was focused· on the revolutionary monetary reform then under debate in Congress, the New York Times astounded and diverted its public by a bitter attack on a former president of the United States. The former president was Theodore Roosevelt who had, the year before, broken away from the Republican Party to run as the Progressive Party (Bull Moose) candidate for president. He had been defeated by Woodrow Wilson, but he had been a powerful candidate who had attracted the greater part ofRepublican Party votes, and his views on public questions still commanded a large following among the electorate. What had aroused the mortal apprehensions of the Times' editors was an article in the Century Magazine in which Roosevelt had outlined his proposals for a reorganization of government and society. The editorial attacked his blueprint as "super-socialism." Without going so far as to charge Roosevelt with being a Marxist-this was before the Russian Rev­ olution, but Marxism was even then anathema on these shores-it de­ clared that he would in effect bring a Marxian redistribution ofwealth in a "simpler and easier way." "He leaves," the editorial went on to say, "the mines, the factories, the railroads, the banks-all the instruments of production and exchange­ in the hands of their individual owners, but of the profits of their opera­ tions he takes whatever share the people at any given time may choose to appropriate to the common use. The people are going to say, We care not who owns and milks the cow, so long as we get our fill of the milk and cream. Marx left socialism in its infancy, a doctrine that stumbled and IX x PREFACE sprawled under the weight of its own inconsistencies. Mr. Roosevelt's doctrine is of no such complexity. It has all the simplicity of theft and much of its impudence. The means employed are admirably adapted to the end sought, and if the system can be made to work at all, it will go on forever." The means by which Roosevelt would achieve these ends, the Times explained, drawing from the Century article, would be by a monolithic one-party political system, along with an indefinite expansion of govern­ ment· powers and functions. ("It will be necessary," the Times quoted Roosevelt as saying, "to invoke the use of governmental power to a degree hitherto unknown in this country, and, in the interest of democ­ racy, to apply principles which the purely individualistic democracy of a century ago would not have recognized as democratic.'') Roosevelt would also abolish competition. ("The business world must change from a com­ petitive to a cooperative basis.") He would remove the restraints of an independent judiciary. ("The people themselves should ... decide for themselves ... what laws are to be placed upon the statute books, and what construction is to be placed upon the Constitution....") He would confiscate the great fortunes (by a "heavily progressive inheritance tax" and a "heavily graded income tax.") This was the Roosevelt who had been the idol ofthe Republican Party, then as now regarded as the citadel of plutocracy and special interest. This was the Roosevelt whose portrait, despite his 1912 defection from orthodoxy, still adorns the walls of the Union League Club and other Republican strongholds. And this is the New York Times which became the loyal supporter ofFranklin D. Roosevelt, his New Deal, and the successor Fair Deal, New Frontier and Great Society administrations that have out-Roosevelted Roosevelt. The Theodore Roosevelt article and the Times' editorial are significant in disclosing how far the political economy of the country was even then being borne on the currents of authoritarian dogma. What Roosevelt failed to see was that these immense changes which he proposed were even then in course ofexecution. They were brought about by means far more subtle and invisible than those he proposed, and without the neces­ sity "to invoke the use of government power to a degree hitherto un­ known in this country," without abolishing competition, or the indepen­ dence ofthejudiciary, without quite confiscating the great fortunes. The succeeding years witnessed the extension of a system whereby govern­ ment became the senior partner in most businesses, in which it deter­ mined what expenses should be incurred; at what prices the product Preface Xl should be sold; how much employees, from the lowest to the highest, should be paid, and how long they should work; how much ofthe income of the business should be retained and how much distributed; and what share should go to the senior partner. At the same time the government would undertake to create or modify the climate in which business was conducted; it would influence, if not determine, the general level of prices; it would determine the optimum rate of business activity, either to stimulate or retard as in its wisdom appeared most desirable; it would conclude what forms of business activity should be favored and devel­ oped, what forms should be discouraged; it would determine the costs of capital to those who would embark in enterprise, according to its judg­ ment; and it would make such capital available or not available, and set the rate of interest to be paid. It would even, for a season, reach down into the household and decide the important questions of household finance: is an electric washing machine a capital investment or a conven­ ience of luxury? The means by which these ends would be accomplished without the strong arm ofthe state police were then in process offormation through two legislative enactments of the year in which Roosevelt penned his Century article. The first of these was the income tax; the other was the Federal Reserve Act. Our concern here is with the latter, and for that purpose a thumbnail sketch of the monetary system as conceived by the founding fathers and as developed through the first one hundred and twenty years of our history is necessary. The word money, derived from the Latin moneta, and its equivalents in European tongues, have always meant coinage, as has the term specie in the U. S. The framers ofthe Constitution, having before them the experience ofthe Continental paper currency, were ofone mind that the only author­ ized currency should be coinage; a proposal in the Convention for the issuance ofpaper currency ("to emit bills") was rejected without a record vote, and there was added a further provision that no state might issue paper currency or declare anything to be legal tender except gold and silver coin.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why We Worry Top-Down and Invest Bottom-Up
    “Remember that there is nothing stable in human affairs; therefore avoid undue elation in prosperity or undue depression in adversity.” —Socrates, 399 B.C. “In the economy, an act, a habit, an institution, a law, gives birth not only to an effect, but to a series of effects. Of these effects, the first only is immediate; it manifests itself simultaneously with its cause— it is seen. The others unfold in succession— they are not seen: it is well for us if they are foreseen.” —Frederic Bastiat, That Which Is Seen, That Which Is Unseen , 1850 “Res nolunt diu male administrari . Things refuse to be mismanaged long. Though no checks to a new evil appear, the checks exist, and will appear.” —Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1844 “Men, it has been well said, think in herds; it will be seen that they go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one.”—Charles Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds , 1912 2014 ANNUAL REPORT _______________________________________________________ For further information, contact Chris Ridenour at (574) 293-2077 or via email at [email protected] 1 Why We Worry Top-Down and Invest Bottom-Up “A rising tide lifts all ships” is bandied about in our profession like a shuttlecock at a garden party badminton game. It seems that whenever an analogy is that simple and quaint, there must be a catch. And there is: the waves. In their endless repetition they mask the invisible but prodigious ebb and flood tides. The daily headlines are almost always about the waves, particularly, even if unnoticed, when the tide is rising.
    [Show full text]
  • Apartment Buildings in New Haven, 1890-1930
    The Creation of Urban Homes: Apartment Buildings in New Haven, 1890-1930 Emily Liu For Professor Robert Ellickson Urban Legal History Fall 2006 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 II. Defining and finding apartments ............................................................................................ 4 A. Terminology: “Apartments” ............................................................................................... 4 B. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 9 III. Demand ............................................................................................................................. 11 A. Population: rise and fall .................................................................................................... 11 B. Small-scale alternatives to apartments .............................................................................. 14 C. Low-end alternatives to apartments: tenements ................................................................ 17 D. Student demand: the effect of Yale ................................................................................... 18 E. Streetcars ........................................................................................................................... 21 IV. Cultural acceptance and resistance ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Contracts and Currency Regulation Charles S
    Cornell Law Review Volume 23 Article 2 Issue 4 June 1938 Gold Contracts and Currency Regulation Charles S. Collier Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Charles S. Collier, Gold Contracts and Currency Regulation , 23 Cornell L. Rev. 520 (1938) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol23/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GOLD CONTRACTS AND CURRENCY REGULATION CHARLES S. COLLIER Is the historic "gold clause" controversy. still alive?' Can we find in the leading opinions of the Supreme Court a firm foundation for constructive currency policies within the true limits of the constitutional grants of power to the federal government which relate to this subject? Is there perhaps a hitherto undiscovered, but intrinsically acceptable "middle ground" as between the conflicting views that have been maintained on the question of the constitutionality of the gold -clause legislation of June 5, 1933,2 so that the hope may be entertained that eventually a consensus of legal and political opinion on this subject can be established? -The central questions with relation to the gold clause controversy have been brought into focus once more by two arresting decisions of the United States Supreme Court rendered in the course of the year 1937. The first of these is the decision in the case of Holyoke Water Power Company v.
    [Show full text]
  • When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
    WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Van Buren: the Greatest American President
    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Martin Van Buren The Greatest American President —————— ✦ —————— JEFFREY ROGERS HUMMEL resident Martin Van Buren does not usually receive high marks from histori- ans. Born of humble Dutch ancestry in December 1782 in the small, upstate PNew York village of Kinderhook, Van Buren gained admittance to the bar in 1803 without benefit of higher education. Building on a successful country legal practice, he became one of the Empire State’s most influential and prominent politi- cians while the state was surging ahead as the country’s wealthiest and most populous.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCUMENT RESUME RC 021 689 AUTHOR Many Nations
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 424 046 RC 021 689 AUTHOR Frazier, Patrick, Ed. TITLE Many Nations: A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Indian and Alaska Native Peoples of the United States. INSTITUTION Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ISBN ISBN-0-8444-0904-9 PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 357p.; Photographs and illustrations may not reproduce adequately. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Books (010) Guides Non-Classroom (055) -- Reference Materials Directories/Catalogs (132) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Alaska Natives; American Indian Culture; *American Indian History; American Indian Languages; *American Indian Studies; *American Indians; Annotated Bibliographies; Federal Indian Relationship; *Library Collections; *Resource Materials; Tribes; United States History IDENTIFIERS *Library of Congress ABSTRACT The Library of Congress has a wealth of information on North American Indian people but does not have a separate collection or section devoted to them. The nature of the Librarv's broad subject divisions, variety of formats, and methods of acquisition have dispersed relevant material among a number of divisions. This guide aims to help the researcher to encounter Indian people through the Library's collections and to enhance the Library staff's own ability to assist with that encounter. The guide is arranged by collections or divisions within the Library and focuses on American Indian and Alaska Native peoples within the United States. Each
    [Show full text]
  • Campaign and Transition Collection: 1928
    HERBERT HOOVER PAPERS CAMPAIGN LITERATURE SERIES, 1925-1928 16 linear feet (31 manuscript boxes and 7 card boxes) Herbert Hoover Presidential Library 151 Campaign Literature – General 152-156 Campaign Literature by Title 157-162 Press Releases Arranged Chronologically 163-164 Campaign Literature by Publisher 165-180 Press Releases Arranged by Subject 181-188 National Who’s Who Poll Box Contents 151 Campaign Literature – General California Elephant Campaign Feature Service Campaign Series 1928 (numerical index) Cartoons (2 folders, includes Satterfield) Clipsheets Editorial Digest Editorials Form Letters Highlights on Hoover Booklets Massachusetts Elephant Political Advertisements Political Features – NY State Republican Editorial Committee Posters Editorial Committee Progressive Magazine 1928 Republic Bulletin Republican Feature Service Republican National Committee Press Division pamphlets by Arch Kirchoffer Series. Previously Marked Women's Page Service Unpublished 152 Campaign Literature – Alphabetical by Title Abstract of Address by Robert L. Owen (oversize, brittle) Achievements and Public Services of Herbert Hoover Address of Acceptance by Charles Curtis Address of Acceptance by Herbert Hoover Address of John H. Bartlett (Herbert Hoover and the American Home), Oct 2, 1928 Address of Charles D., Dawes, Oct 22, 1928 Address by Simeon D. Fess, Dec 6, 1927 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – Boston, Massachusetts, Oct 15, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – Elizabethton, Tennessee. Oct 6, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – New York, New York, Oct 22, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – Newark, New Jersey, Sep 17, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – St. Louis, Missouri, Nov 2, 1928 Address of W. M. Jardine, Oct. 4, 1928 Address of John L. McNabb, June 14, 1928 Address of U.
    [Show full text]
  • German Jews in the United States: a Guide to Archival Collections
    GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE,WASHINGTON,DC REFERENCE GUIDE 24 GERMAN JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES: AGUIDE TO ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Contents INTRODUCTION &ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 ABOUT THE EDITOR 6 ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS (arranged alphabetically by state and then city) ALABAMA Montgomery 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History ................................ 7 ARIZONA Phoenix 2. Arizona Jewish Historical Society ........................................................ 8 ARKANSAS Little Rock 3. Arkansas History Commission and State Archives .......................... 9 CALIFORNIA Berkeley 4. University of California, Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Archives .................................................................................................. 10 5. Judah L. Mages Museum: Western Jewish History Center ........... 14 Beverly Hills 6. Acad. of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Margaret Herrick Library, Special Coll. ............................................................................ 16 Davis 7. University of California at Davis: Shields Library, Special Collections and Archives ..................................................................... 16 Long Beach 8. California State Library, Long Beach: Special Collections ............. 17 Los Angeles 9. John F. Kennedy Memorial Library: Special Collections ...............18 10. UCLA Film and Television Archive .................................................. 18 11. USC: Doheny Memorial Library, Lion Feuchtwanger Archive ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Presidents Worksheet 43 Secretaries of State (#1-24)
    PRESIDENTS WORKSHEET 43 NAME SOLUTION KEY SECRETARIES OF STATE (#1-24) Write the number of each president who matches each Secretary of State on the left. Some entries in each column will match more than one in the other column. Each president will be matched at least once. 9,10,13 Daniel Webster 1 George Washington 2 John Adams 14 William Marcy 3 Thomas Jefferson 18 Hamilton Fish 4 James Madison 5 James Monroe 5 John Quincy Adams 6 John Quincy Adams 12,13 John Clayton 7 Andrew Jackson 8 Martin Van Buren 7 Martin Van Buren 9 William Henry Harrison 21 Frederick Frelinghuysen 10 John Tyler 11 James Polk 6 Henry Clay (pictured) 12 Zachary Taylor 15 Lewis Cass 13 Millard Fillmore 14 Franklin Pierce 1 John Jay 15 James Buchanan 19 William Evarts 16 Abraham Lincoln 17 Andrew Johnson 7, 8 John Forsyth 18 Ulysses S. Grant 11 James Buchanan 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 20 James Garfield 3 James Madison 21 Chester Arthur 22/24 Grover Cleveland 20,21,23James Blaine 23 Benjamin Harrison 10 John Calhoun 18 Elihu Washburne 1 Thomas Jefferson 22/24 Thomas Bayard 4 James Monroe 23 John Foster 2 John Marshall 16,17 William Seward PRESIDENTS WORKSHEET 44 NAME SOLUTION KEY SECRETARIES OF STATE (#25-43) Write the number of each president who matches each Secretary of State on the left. Some entries in each column will match more than one in the other column. Each president will be matched at least once. 32 Cordell Hull 25 William McKinley 28 William Jennings Bryan 26 Theodore Roosevelt 40 Alexander Haig 27 William Howard Taft 30 Frank Kellogg 28 Woodrow Wilson 29 Warren Harding 34 John Foster Dulles 30 Calvin Coolidge 42 Madeleine Albright 31 Herbert Hoover 25 John Sherman 32 Franklin D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Instrumental Role of Congressman Hatton Sumners in the Resolution of the 1937 Court-Packing Crisis, 54 UIC J
    UIC Law Review Volume 54 Issue 2 Article 1 2021 “What I Said Was ‘Here Is Where I Cash In’”: the Instrumental Role of Congressman Hatton Sumners in the Resolution of the 1937 Court-Packing Crisis, 54 UIC J. Marshall L. Rev. 379 (2021) Josiah Daniel III Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.uic.edu/lawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Josiah M. Daniel III, “What I Said Was ‘Here Is Where I Cash In’”: the Instrumental Role of Congressman Hatton Sumners in the Resolution of the 1937 Court-Packing Crisis, 54 UIC J. Marshall L. Rev. 379 (2021) https://repository.law.uic.edu/lawreview/vol54/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UIC Law Open Access Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UIC Law Review by an authorized administrator of UIC Law Open Access Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “WHAT I SAID WAS ‘HERE IS WHERE I CASH IN’”: THE INSTRUMENTAL ROLE OF CONGRESSMAN HATTON SUMNERS IN THE RESOLUTION OF THE 1937 COURT- PACKING CRISIS JOSIAH M. DANIEL, III* I. THE CONGRESSMAN’S “CASH IN” UTTERANCE UPON DEPARTING THE WHITE HOUSE ON FEBRUARY 5, 1937 ... 379 II. HATTON W. SUMNERS’S LIFE AND CONGRESSIONAL CAREER ......................................................................................... 384 III. THE NEW DEAL’S LITIGATION PROBLEM AND PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT’S PROPOSED COURT-PACKING SOLUTION ........................................................................ 393 IV. SUMNERS’S TWO JUDICIAL BILLS AS BOOKENDS TO THE CRISIS .............................................................................. 401 a. March 1, 1937: The Retirement Act ....................... 401 b. August 24, 1937: The Intervention Act .................
    [Show full text]
  • Woodrow Wilson's Conversion Experience: the President and the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment Beth Behn University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected]
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 2-2012 Woodrow Wilson's Conversion Experience: The President and the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment Beth Behn University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Behn, Beth, "Woodrow Wilson's Conversion Experience: The rP esident and the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment" (2012). Open Access Dissertations. 511. https://doi.org/10.7275/e43w-h021 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/511 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WOODROW WILSON’S CONVERSION EXPERIENCE: THE PRESIDENT AND THE FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT A Dissertation Presented by BETH A. BEHN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2012 Department of History © Copyright by Beth A. Behn 2012 All Rights Reserved WOODROW WILSON’S CONVERSION EXPERIENCE: THE PRESIDENT AND THE FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT A Dissertation Presented by BETH A. BEHN Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________ Joyce Avrech Berkman, Chair _________________________________ Gerald Friedman, Member _________________________________ David Glassberg, Member _________________________________ Gerald McFarland, Member ________________________________________ Joye Bowman, Department Head Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would never have completed this dissertation without the generous support of a number of people. It is a privilege to finally be able to express my gratitude to many of them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Progressive Movement and the Reforming of the United States of America, from 1890 to 1921
    2014 Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. University of Oran. Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts. Department of English. Research Paper Submitted for a Doctorate Thesis in American Civilisation Entitled: The Progressive Movement and the Reforming of the United States of America, from 1890 to 1921. Presented by: Benketaf, Abdel Hafid. Jury Members Designation University Pr. Bouhadiba, Zoulikha President Oran Pr. Borsali, Fewzi Supervisor Adrar Pr. Bedjaoui, Fouzia Examiner 1 Sidi-Belabes Dr. Moulfi, Leila Examiner 2 Oran Dr. Belmeki, Belkacem Examiner 3 Oran Dr. Afkir, Mohamed Examiner 4 Laghouat Academic Year: 2013-2014. 1 Acknowledgements Acknowledgments are gratefully made for the assistance of numerous friends and acquaintances. The largest debt is to Professor Borsali, Fewzi because his patience, sound advice, and pertinent remarks were of capital importance in the accomplishment of this thesis. I would not close this note of appreciation without alluding to the great aid provided by my wife Fatima Zohra Melki. 2 Dedication To my family, I dedicate this thesis. Pages Contents 3 List of Tables. ........................................................................................................................................................................ vi List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction. ........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]