Federalism and the Creation of New States: Justifying Internal Secession

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Federalism and the Creation of New States: Justifying Internal Secession Federalism and the creation of new states: justifying internal secession Anthony C. Gilliland TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2013 DIRECTOR DE LA TESI Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES POLÍTIQUES I SOCIALS To Arthur, Jonathan, C.L. and my big brother John Acknowledgements My greatest thanks are reserved to the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra. This department has supported me and provided me with the space, the time and the opportunity to develop and grow. It has provided the environment that has allowed me to advance at my pace and rhythm. Within the department, I am most grateful to my thesis director Dr Klaus-Jurgen Nagel. He provided clarification and guidance that allowed me the freedom to learn for myself, to get frustrated and retain (and on occasions regain) motivation. But I would also like to express thanks to Camil who has provided me with invaluable advice on how to survive doing a PhD. Raimundo, for his support, training and assistance in carrying out my teaching duties and the whole administrative team who selflessly support the teaching and research activities of the department. The department has also provided me with the majority of the funding I have received, and I am grateful for this. Without the department’s scholarship I would not have been able to embark or complete this venture. During the course of my research I have spend time at the Institute of Governance, University of Edinburgh and the Institute for International and European Policy at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, I thank these institutes for accepting to host me and for providing me with a space to work in. I have also benefited from the resources and assistance of staff at the National Library of Scotland and the British Library among other assorted libraries across Barcelona, London, Leuven, Edinburgh and Perth. I am grateful that I have had the opportunity to do so. The years it has taken me to complete this work have been long and I have come across many colleagues in the department and elsewhere that have undoubtedly made a contribution to my life while a PhD candidate, and I would like to express a thank you to all those who have. Particularly, and on a personal level, I thank Elena, Sergi, and Marinha, for having accompanied me from the start to the end, they have been friends and have provided moral support throughout the process. I would also like to thank other colleagues who have made my tenure at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra worthwhile, and in particular Wiebke and Lorena (primarily in the first few years of this venture) and Nuria, Cecilia and Itxel. I reserve special acknowledgement for Jonathan for his support, patience and friendship. Then there are those that have supported me with life in general. Haifa, Joel, Anushya, and Alexandra: thank you for always putting me up when I’ve come to London, for hanging around with me and enjoying coffee. These years would not have been the same without you. Alex and Ines, along with Beatrice, Thomas, Arthur and Honor: thank you for welcoming me and supporting me year on year. Catherine and Gabriel, thank you also for your support. John, too, thank you for your patience. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all those others who have directly or indirectly, knowingly and unknowingly, had an impact on my development throughout this process. Abstract (English) This thesis addresses the creation of new states within federal arrangements – particularly federations - and their justification in liberal democratic contexts. It is presented as a set of three cumulative articles each of which makes a particular contribution to this topic. The first article argues that existing liberal approaches to justifying secession have important shortcomings if they are to provide moral guidance to when internal secession is justified. In order to address this shortfall, the second article examines the process followed in three existing cases (the creation of the Canton of Jura in Switzerland, Nunavut in Canada and Jharkhand in India) and how they were justified. Based on the process identified, the third article develops a procedural account of the grounds that may justify internal secessions. Overall the thesis argues that internal secessions should be negotiated between the secessionists, the existing unit they belong to, and the federation as a whole, delimited by the specific federal context in which they take place. Resum (Catalan) La present tesi doctoral tracta la creació de nous estats en el marc de les federacions, així com la seva justificació en contextos de democràcies liberals. Es presenta com un conjunt de tres articles cumulatius on cadascun fa una aportació al tema principal. El primer argumenta que les teories liberals sobre la secessió presenten importants mancances com a guia moral quan una secessió interna és justificable. Per abordar dites mancances, el segon article examina el procés que s’ha seguit en tres casos existents (la creació de Jura a Suissa, Nunavut al Canada i Jharkhand a l’India) i les justificacions que s'hi van donar. A partir d’aquests casos, el tercer article desenvolupa una teoria normativa procedimental que considera quins són els fonaments que justifiquen les secessions internes. En conjunt, la tesi defensa que les secessions internes s’haurien de negociar entre la part seccionista, la unitat existent a la qual pertanyen, i la federació; tenint en compte el context federal específic en el qual te lloc. Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................... 1 Part 1: A deficit of secession theories: internal secession ........ 19 Introduction ................................................................................. 20 Existing secession theory and the deficits therein ...................... 23 Internal secession within literature of federalism ....................... 42 On necessary further research ..................................................... 46 Conclusions ................................................................................. 49 References ................................................................................... 52 Part 2 Divorce without separation: the process of internal secession in liberal democratic federations .................... 61 Introduction ................................................................................. 62 Switzerland: the creation of Jura ................................................. 65 The creation of Jura as a model .................................................. 75 The creation of Nunavut and Jharkhand ..................................... 78 Conclusions ................................................................................. 94 References ................................................................................. 101 Part 3 Justifying state creation within federations: towards a theory of internal secession ............................................ 111 Introduction ............................................................................ 112 Internal secession and existing liberal approaches to justifying secession ................................................................................. 113 A liberal approach to justifying internal secession ................. 121 Evaluation of past processes ................................................... 148 Conclusions ............................................................................ 154 References .............................................................................. 157 Conclusion ........................................................................ 163 Introduction Introduction The general motivation for my thesis Some of Europe’s largest multinational states are facing demands for independence by stateless nations’ nationalist and secessionist parties and social movements.1 Relatively important parties such as the Scottish National Party in Scotland, Plaid Cymru in Wales and Esquerra in Catalonia air explicit demands for independence. What makes these interesting is the fact that their claims are for independence in Europe2, or in other words, independence from the member state they are part of but not from the European Union.3 However the debates to date have been shaped almost exclusively in terms of the relevant domestic constitutional framework or international relations, law and jurisprudence. As such, it is considered to be an issue between the secessionist and the existing state they are part of, set within the context of international relations.4 This assumes that the outcome of secession is the creation of an independent state in which its government holds absolute authority. But as Keating (2004) argues, “Europe challenges the doctrine of unitary and exclusive state sovereignty”.5 Indeed, this may be true not only in Europe. Elazar (1996) noted 1 See for example K.J. Nagel (2004, 2005, 2011) or M. Keating (2001, 2004, 2012) 2 The term Independence in Europe was coined as an SNP slogan in the 1980’s. 3 For a detailed account of the SNP’s aim and change over time see for example E. Hepburn (2006). For a study of Plaid Cymru see, for example, A. Elias (2006). 4 For an account of how secession is envisaged see D. Siroky (2011). 5 M. Keating (2004: 368). 1 Introduction that “the world as a whole is in the midst of a paradigm shift from a world of states, modelled after the ideal of the nation-state developed at the beginning of the modern epoch in the seventeenth century,
Recommended publications
  • Federal Systems and Accommodation of Distinct Groups: a Comparative Survey of Institutional Arrangements for Aboriginal Peoples
    1 arrangements within other federations will focus FEDERAL SYSTEMS AND on provisions for constitutional recognition of ACCOMMODATION OF DISTINCT Aboriginal Peoples, arrangements for Aboriginal GROUPS: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY self-government (including whether these take OF INSTITUTIONAL the form of a constitutional order of government ARRANGEMENTS FOR ABORIGINAL or embody other institutionalized arrangements), the responsibilities assigned to federal and state PEOPLES1 or provincial governments for Aboriginal peoples, and special arrangements for Ronald L. Watts representation of Aboriginal peoples in federal Institute of Intergovernmental Relations and state or provincial institutions if any. Queen's University Kingston, Ontario The paper is therefore divided into five parts: (1) the introduction setting out the scope of the paper, the value of comparative analysis, and the 1. INTRODUCTION basic concepts that will be used; (2) an examination of the utility of the federal concept (1) Purpose, relevance and scope of this for accommodating distinct groups and hence the study particular interests and concerns of Aboriginal peoples; (3) the range of variations among federal The objective of this study is to survey the systems which may facilitate the accommodation applicability of federal theory and practice for of distinct groups and hence Aboriginal peoples; accommodating the interests and concerns of (4) an overview of the actual arrangements for distinct groups within a political system, and Aboriginal populations existing in federations
    [Show full text]
  • Secession and the Theory & Practice of International
    SECESSION AND THE THEORY & PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Linda Suzanne Bishai A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Summer 1999 London School of Economics & Political Science UMI Number: U123126 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishing UMI U123126 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 yscit5 7'0S23 Abstract Secession has been noticeably absent from International Relations theory although its role in the creation and recognition of states is clearly relevant. Traditionally, the dominant perspectives in IR have not questioned state formation and this has effectively barred secession as a topic since it cannot be thoroughly treated without looking across the inside/outside divide of state sovereignty. Secession must be placed in its historical context — as a phenomenon only possible in the modem era and only perceived as a global threat in this century. Theorists from other disciphnes who have discussed secession have rehed on a problem­ solving theoretical perspective which has kept them from considering secession as an outcome of problematic assumptions about identity and territory in the international system.
    [Show full text]
  • India Creates Three New States
    India creates three new states BY HARIHAR BHATTACHARYYA The Indian federation took a very of the linguistic characteristics of the States Reorganization Commission significant turn in November 2000 country. This pledge led to an awakening in 1953, and on the basis of its with the creation of three new states. of interest in self-rule among various recommendations, to pass the nationalities and ethnic groups prior to States Reorganization Act in 1956. Although infrequent, the creation of new independence. Many of the post- states is not unusual here. India has a As a result of this Act in 1956, India independence movements for statehood long history of what is called “states undertook the first major reorganization had their origins in this reorganization”. of states, and the reasons were strongly pre-independence phase. linguistic: the new federal units were created so that the states’ boundaries Language: the original basis A dynamic period of change would better correspond with linguistic for statehood boundaries. When the Indian republic was The formation of states on the established in 1950, there were 27 Since 1956, there has been a more- basis of language was a pledge states of different status and powers. or-less continuous process of states and a demand of the anti-colonial reorganization. For most of this period, nationalist movements in India. During the first major territorial the creation of new states was based The federal idea in India began reorganization in 1956, the number on both ethno-regional and linguistic to take shape on this vision. of states was reduced to 14, largely characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Secession and the Senate
    CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER TEACHERTEACHER LESSONLEssON PLAN SecessioN aNd the SeNate Introduction In November 1860 a deeply divided nation teetered on the brink of a civil war. In December 1860 South Carolina became the first southern state to secede from the United States. Eventually ten additional southern states left the Union. What political issues caused these states to leave the Union? Did they have the right to withdraw from the Union? What actions did the Senate take in response to the seceding states? This activity engages students in analyzing primary sources, including a Senate Seating Chart from 1863, to determine what the Senate’s responses and actions were toward the seceding states. While intended for 8th grade students, the lesson can be adapted for other grade levels. 1 TEACHER LESSON PLAN: SECEssION AND THE SENATE CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER TEACHER LESSON PLAN National Standards U.S. History National Standards United States Era 5: Standard 1 – The Causes of the Civil War Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, grade 8 Reading Informational Text 2, 3, 4 Speaking and Listening 1, 4 Learning Skills Reading, building vocabulary, analyzing documents, group discussions, presenting and internet research Essential Question What is secession? How did the secession of the southern states from the Union affect the Senate and how did members respond? Documents and Materials Needed • Vocabulary Building Worksheet • Background Information: Secession and the Senate • Document Analysis Worksheet • Newspaper Headline: South Carolina
    [Show full text]
  • India Country Name India
    TOPONYMIC FACT FILE India Country name India State title in English Republic of India State title in official languages (Bhārat Gaṇarājya) (romanized in brackets) भारत गणरा煍य Name of citizen Indian Official languages Hindi, written in Devanagari script, and English1 Country name in official languages (Bhārat) (romanized in brackets) भारत Script Devanagari ISO-3166 code (alpha-2/alpha-3) IN/IND Capital New Delhi Population 1,210 million2 Introduction India occupies the greater part of South Asia. It was part of the British Empire from 1858 until 1947 when India was split along religious lines into two nations at independence: the Hindu-majority India and the Muslim-majority Pakistan. Its highly diverse population consists of thousands of ethnic groups and hundreds of languages. Northeast India comprises the states of Arunāchal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghālaya, Mizoram, Nāgāland, Sikkim and Tripura. It is connected to the rest of India through a narrow corridor of the state of West Bengal. It shares borders with the countries of Nepal, China, Bhutan, Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh. The mostly hilly and mountainous region is home to many hill tribes, with their own distinct languages and culture. Geographical names policy PCGN policy for India is to use the Roman-script geographical names found on official India-produced sources. Official maps are produced by the Survey of India primarily in Hindi and English (versions are also made in Odiya for Odisha state, Tamil for Tamil Nādu state and there is a Sanskrit version of the political map of the whole of India). The Survey of India is also responsible for the standardization of geographical names in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Irredentism: the Case of Hungary and Its Transborder Minorities in Romania and Slovakia
    Explaining irredentism: the case of Hungary and its transborder minorities in Romania and Slovakia by Julianna Christa Elisabeth Fuzesi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Government London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2006 1 UMI Number: U615886 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615886 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is entirely my own. Signature Date ....... 2 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Abstract of Thesis Author (full names) ..Julianna Christa Elisabeth Fiizesi...................................................................... Title of thesis ..Explaining irredentism: the case of Hungary and its transborder minorities in Romania and Slovakia............................................................................................................................. ....................................................................................... Degree..PhD in Government............... This thesis seeks to explain irredentism by identifying the set of variables that determine its occurrence. To do so it provides the necessary definition and comparative analytical framework, both lacking so far, and thus establishes irredentism as a field of study in its own right. The thesis develops a multi-variate explanatory model that is generalisable yet succinct.
    [Show full text]
  • States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India Occasional Paper Number 29
    Occasional Paper Series Number 29 States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India Harihar Bhattacharyya States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India Harihar Bhattacharyya © Forum of Federations, 2019 ISSN: 1922-558X (online ISSN 1922-5598) Occasional Paper Series Number 29 States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India By Harihar Bhattacharyya For more information about the Forum of Federations and its publications, please visit our website: www.forumfed.org. Forum of Federations 75 Albert Street, Suite 411 Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) K1P 5E7 Tel: (613) 244-3360 Fax: (613) 244-3372 [email protected] 3 States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India Overview What holds India, a vast multi-ethnic country, together in the midst of so many odds? The question is particularly significant because India’s unity and integrity has been possible despite democracy. The key to the above success lies in a mode of federation building that sought to continuously ‘right-size’ the territory of India. The method followed in doing so is called ‘states reorganization’ in India as a result of which ethno-territorial cleavages have been accommodated and regulated. The result has been durable ethnic peace and political stability. At independence (15 August 1947), India inherited nine provinces and over 560 princely states from the old colonial arrangements. An interim state structure was put in place, but it was recognized that a fundamental restructuring would be required in due course. The process was complex and painstaking but managed to create sub-national units called ‘states’, mostly on the basis of language; subsequently non-linguistic ethnic factors were also taken into consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses to Secessionism in Advanced Democracies: Accommodation Instruments, Institutional Design and the Politics of Federal Reforms
    Santander Fellowship in Iberian and European Studies Conference. European Studies Centre, St Antony’s College, University of Oxford. 25-26 May 2017 Responses to Secessionism in Advanced Democracies: Accommodation Instruments, Institutional Design and the Politics of Federal Reforms The Conference is conceived as one of the annual activities of the Santander Fellowship in Iberian and European Studies at the European Studies Centre and is co-sponsored by the Gwilym Gibbon Centre for Public Policy, Nuffield College Oxford; The Elcano Institute in Madrid; the Forum of Federations; and the Centre on Constitutional Change. It will bring together a number of first-class scholars from Europe and North America to deal with the issues raised by the current discussion in the political realm and academia about possible constitutional, institutional or political responses to secessionist demands in several advanced democracies such as UK, Spain, Belgium or Canada using an innovative approach. The conference will count on around 25 participants, both seasoned scholars and younger ones, with cutting- edge expertise in comparative federalism, constitutional change and reforms, secessionism and ethnic politics and nationalism, coming from Spain, UK, Germany, and Canada. Several scholars of St Antony’s, Nuffield, Worcester College or St Cross Colleges from Oxford University will also participate as discussants or chairing the panels. The conference will address five main issues: 1. What different paths do different multinational countries take, and with what effects, when they seek to respond to secessionist challenges and accommodate secessionist demands? Are there coherent national models of accommodation or are all governments muddling through amid short-term electoral and economic preoccupations that hinder reform initiatives and/or ratification? 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Determination: Constitution Brief
    Constitution Brief September 2018 Summary This Constitution Brief introduces the concept of self-determination and its evolution over time, and provides Self-determination a survey of different approaches to self-determination from comparative Amanda Cats-Baril constitutional practice. 1. Background About the author Self-determination can be defined as (a) the act or power of making one’s Amanda Cats-Baril is International own decisions and determining one’s own political status; or (b) the state IDEA’s Constitution-Building Advisor of being free from the control or power of another. for the Asia-Pacific region, supporting The right to self-determination is a fundamental tenet of international constitution-building processes in law, influencing relationships between states and amongst the subunits Nepal, Myanmar and the Philippines, and peoples who make up those states. Rooted in the politics of among other contexts. She is an decolonization, the right to self-determination is now invoked by groups international lawyer (J.D. NYU 2011) in a variety of political contexts around the world to support claims for who specializes in constitutional law, secession, increased autonomy and democratic participation. It is used human rights, post-conflict transitions to support the coming together of nations, as in the reunification of and democratization. Germany (1990), as well as the breaking up of nations, such as the former Yugoslavia. Disclaimer Implementing the right to self-determination has always been International IDEA publications are complicated, involving a careful balancing of fundamental human independent of specific national or rights and state interests, plus a perceived global interest in maintaining political interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Profile
    INDUSTRIAL PROFILE OF UNION TERRITORY OF PUDUCHERRY 2014-15 Complied by MSME - Development Institute, Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India, 65/1. G S T Road, Guindy, Chennai - 600032 Ph: 044 – 22501011, 12 & 13. Fax 044- 22501014 Website:www.msmedi-chennai.gov.in, e-mail: [email protected] C O N T E N T S.No TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. General Characteristics 1 1.1 Location & Geographical Area 1 1.2 Topography 2 1.3 Availability of Minerals. 2 1.4 Forest 2 1.5 Administrative set up 2 2. U.T of Puducherry - at a Glance 3 2.1 Existing Status of Industrial Areas in UT of Puducherry 6 3 Industrial Scenario of UT of Puducherry 7 3.1 Industries at a Glance at Puducherry 7 3.2 Industries at a Glance at Karaikal 7 3.3 Year Wise Trend of Units Registered at Puducherry 8 3.4 Year Wise Trend of Units Registered at Karaikal 8 3.5 Details Of Existing MSEs & Artisan Units (2013-14) 9 3.6 Details Of Existing MSEs & Artisan Units (2014-15) 10 3.7 Large Scale Industries/Public Sector undertaking 11 3.8 Major Exportable Items 10 3.9 Growth Trend in UT of Puducherry 14 3.10 Vendorisation / Ancillarisation of the Industry 14 3.11 Medium Scale Enterprises 15 4. Service Enterprises 17 4.1 Potential for New MSMEs 18 5 Existing Clusters of Micro & Small Enterprises 18 6. General issues raised by Industrial Associations 19 7 Steps to Set up MSMEs 19 Addresses of various Licensing Agencies and 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Secession and Federalism: the Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria Obehi S
    Global Business & Development Law Journal Volume 26 | Issue 2 Article 2 1-1-2013 Between Secession and Federalism: The Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria Obehi S. Okojie Adeleke Adeyemo & Co., Lagos, Nigeria Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Obehi S. Okojie, Between Secession and Federalism: The Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria, 26 Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. & Dev. L.J. 415 (2013). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol26/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Law Reviews at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Global Business & Development Law Journal by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. [2] OBEHI.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 5/10/2013 11:16 AM Between Secession and Federalism: The Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria Obehi S. Okojie* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 416 II. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 420 A. Nigeria and Sudan at a Glance ............................................................. 420 B. Similar Features
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Year Perspective Plan for Tourism in Union Territory Of
    20 YEAR PERSPECTIVE PLAN FOR TOURISM IN UNION TERRITORY OF PONDICHERR Y ¹ FINAL REPORT¹ MARCH 2003 TATA ECONOMIC CONSULTANCY SERVICES 20 YEAR PERSPECTIVE PLAN FOR TOURISM IN UNION TERRITORY OF PONDICHERRY ¹ FINAL REPORT ¹ Prepared for DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI MARCH 2003 TATA ECONOMIC CONSULTANCY SERVICES VI-A, ELDORADO, 112, NUNGAMBAKKAM HIGH ROAD CHENNAI - 600 034 CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-15 I UNION TERRITORY OF PONDICHERRY – 1-45 AN OVERVIEW II PONDICHERRY REGION – A PROFILE 1-16 III KARAIKAL REGION – A PROFILE 1-17 IV MAHE REGION – A PROFILE 1-16 V YANAM REGION – A PROFILE 1-22 VI RECOMMENDED PROJECTS AND THEIR 1-23 ECONOMIC BENEFITS VII FINANCING THE TOURISM PROMOTION 1-9 PROJECTS VIII INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 1-2 IX PRIVATISATION OF TOURISM ASSETS 1 X ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1-27 i.exe EXHIBITS EXHIBIT TITLE PAGE NO. A LIST OF RECOMMENDED TOURISM PROJECTS FOR 13-14 UNION TERRITORY OF PONDICHERRY B RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TOURISM PROMOTION 15 POLICY MEASURES 1.1 PROJECTIONS OF LIKELY FUTURE POPULATION 34 IN PONDICHERRY UT 1.2 UNION TERRITORY OF PONDICHERRY – 35-38 A COMPOSITE STATE PROFILE 1.3 TRENDS IN TOURIST INFLOW INTO PONDICHERRY 39 UT 1.4 PLAN SCHEMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM 40-43 PROJECTS 1.5 ESTIMATES OF TOURIST INFLOW – PONDICHERRY 44 AND KARAIKAL 1.6 ESTIMATES OF TOURIST INFLOW – MAHE AND 45 YANAM 2.1 TOURIST INFLOW INTO PONDICHERRY REGION 16 3.1 TOURIST INFLOW INTO KARAIKAL REGION 17 6.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF RECOMMENDED 20-21 PROJECTS 6.2 PROPOSED INVESTMENT SCHEDULE FOR 22-23 RECOMMENDED PROJECTS MATRICES IN CHAPTER X 12-27 i.exe M A P S NO.
    [Show full text]