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Driving Toward Equality Driving Toward Equality: WOMEN, RIDE-HAILING, AND THE SHARING ECONOMY International Finance Corporation: IFC—a sister organization of the World Bank and member of the World Bank Group—is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work with more than 2,000 businesses worldwide, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities in the toughest areas of the world. In FY17, we delivered a record $19.3 billion in long-term financing for developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to help end poverty and boost shared prosperity. For more information, visit www.ifc.org. Accenture: Accenture is a leading global professional services company, providing a broad range of services and solutions in strategy, consulting, digital, technology, and operations. Combining unmatched experience and specialized skills across more than 40 industries and all business functions—underpinned by the world’s largest delivery network—Accenture works at the intersection of business and technology to help clients improve their performance and create sustainable value for their stakeholders. With approximately 435,000 people serving clients in more than 120 countries, Accenture drives innovation to improve the way the world works and lives. Visit us at www.accenture.com. Uber was founded in 2009 to solve an important problem: how do you get a ride at the push of a button? More than five billion trips later, we’ve started tackling even greater challenges: making transportation safer with self-driving cars, delivering food quickly and affordably with Uber Eats, and reducing congestion in cities by getting more people into fewer cars. Visitwww.uber.com . © International Finance Corporation and Uber Technologies, Inc. 2018. All rights reserved. International Finance Corporation (“IFC”), a member of the World Bank Group (“WBG”) 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 Internet: www.ifc.org Uber Technologies, Inc. (“Uber”) 1455 Market St. Suite 400 San Francisco, CA 94103 Internet: www.uber.com The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. IFC and Uber encourage dissemination of this work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly, and when the reproduction is for educational and noncommercial purposes, without a fee, subject to such attributions and notices as we may reasonably require. IFC and Uber do not guarantee the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the content included in this work, or for the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accept no responsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group or Uber concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of Uber or of the Executive Directors of IFC or the World Bank or the governments they represent. The contents of this work are intended for general informational purposes only and are not intended to constitute legal, securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment, or a solicitation of any type. IFC or its affiliates may have an investment in, provide other advice or services to, or otherwise have a financial interest in, certain of the companies and parties (including those named herein). IFC is an international organization established by Articles of Agreement among its member countries, and a member of the World Bank Group. All IFC names, logos and trademarks are the property of IFC, and you may not use any such materials for any purpose without the express written consent of IFC. Additionally, “International Finance Corporation” and “IFC” are registered trademarks of IFC and are protected under international law. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to IFC Communications, 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433. Uber is a company headquartered in San Francisco, California. UberTM is a registered trademark of Uber Technologies, Inc. Uber’s trademarks may not be used in connection with any product or service that is not provided by Uber, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion, or in any manner that disparages or discredits Uber. March 2018 COVER PHOTO: COURTESY OF UBER Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. ii FIGURES, BOXES, GRAPHS, AND TABLES . ii FOREWORDS .....................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. vii Executive Summary . ix Top 10 Findings . .xi Recommendations. .xvi 1. Objectives and Approach . 1 Objectives ................................................................1 Data .....................................................................1 2. The Sharing Economy ........................................ 3 Introduction. .3 Sharing Economy: Evolution, Scope, and Impact . .5 Ride-Hailing. 8 Implications of Growth in the Sharing Economy . 11 3. Women and Ride-Hailing . 17 Private Transportation. .17 Public Transportation. 18 Women and Ride-Hailing . 18 4. Women Drivers: Opportunities and Barriers . 21 Driver Profiles ............................................................21 Benefits of Ride-Hailing Work . 24 Barriers to Ride-Hailing Work .............................................30 5. Women Riders: Opportunities and Barriers . 41 Rider Profiles . .41 Benefits for Women Riders ............................................... 43 Barriers for Women Riders . 50 6. Recommendations. 55 Appendix A: Country Deep Dives. .60 Arab Republic of Egypt ....................................................61 India. 69 Indonesia ................................................................77 Mexico ................................................................. 85 South Africa. 93 United Kingdom .........................................................101 Appendix B: Methodology. 109 Research Scope. 109 Research Approach ......................................................110 Appendix C: Bibliography . .112 Main Report. .112 Country Chapters . 116 i Abbreviations and Figures, Boxes, Graphs, Acronyms and Tables ADP Accenture Development Partnerships FIGURES AfDB African Development Bank Figure A.1: Key Gender Indicators in Arab Republic BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CBEC Central Board of Excise and Customs of Egypt .............................................62 CNBC Consumer News and Business Channel Figure A.2: Key Gender Indicators in India. .70 EGP Egyptian Pound Figure A.3: Key Gender Indicators in Indonesia ............78 EPRS European Parliamentary Research Service Figure A.4: Key Gender Indicators in Mexico. .86 FTC Federal Trade Commission (US) Figure A.5: Key Gender Indicators in South Aftrica .........94 GDP Gross domestic product Figure A.6: Key Gender Indicators in the GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit United Kingdom .....................................102 GPS Global positioning system Figure ES.1: Countries at a Glance. xiv GSMA GSM Association Figure 2.1.1: Selected Gender Gaps in Terms of Paid Work, IFC International Finance Corporation Education, and Financial and Digital Inclusion. 4 ILO International Labour Organization Figure 2.7.1: A Lack of Benefits is Often Cited as a Barrier to IMF International Monetary Fund Entering Ride-Hailing Where Working Women Are More ITU International Telecommunication Union MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Likely to Be in Formal Employment. .14 NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development Figure 4.1: Survey Responses by Women Drivers to the NLC National League of Cities Following Question: What was your main occupation before NGO Nongovernmental organization you started driving with Uber?. 22 ODI Overseas Development Institute Figure 4.2: Difference in Hours Driven by Men over OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Women on Average per Week. 22 Development OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Figure 4.3: Share of Women Drivers Who Use Commissioner for Human Rights the Uber App . .24 ONS Office of National Statistics, United Kingdom Figure 4.4: Earning Boost for Women Ride-Hailing PRC Pew Research Center Drivers Compared to Men .............................26 Rp Indonesian Rupiah Figure 4.2.1 Survey Responses by Women Drivers to the RSA Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce Following Question: What are the main things the SIC State Information Center money you earn through Uber allows you to buy SDGs Sustainable Development Goals that you could not before? .............................28 Stats SA Statistics South Africa Figure 4.5: Survey Responses by Men and Women SUM4ALL Sustainable Mobility for All Drivers to the Following Question: Which, if any, of the TFL Transport for London UITP International Organization for Public following, do you view as the primary benefits of Transport driving with Uber? ....................................30 UN United Nations Figure 4.3.1: Survey Responses by Women Driver- UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Entrepreneurs to the Following Questions: In a typical
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