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Dağlık Karabağ (Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ), Nagorny Karabagh

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Dağlık Karabağ (Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ), Nagorny Karabagh Tarihten günümüze Artsakh (Արցախ), Dağlık Karabağ (Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ), Nagorny Karabagh Armenian on web Ardaşes S./HOCASARYAN 03 Mart 2013 http://team-aow.discuforum.info/t14074-Tarihten-g-n-m-ze-Artsakh-Da-l-k-Karaba-Nagorny- Karabagh.htm#p49737 (Not : link açılmazsa kopyala/yapıştır uygulayın) Sunuş 1 – Önsöz 2 - Etiomolji : Artsakh, Karabagh, Yukarı-Karabağ, Dağlık-Karabağ 3 - Coğrafya 4 - Tarih - Ilk çağ 5 - Hristiyanlığın kabulu 6 - Orta Çağ 7 - XX ci yüzyıldan sonra 8 - Günümüzdeki çatışmalar 9 - Dağlık Karabağ’ın Bölgesel dağılımı 10 - Dağlık Karabağ Cumhuriyeti (Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն - Lernayin Garabaği Hanrapetutyun) 11 – Sembol 12 – Ek linkler (Hocalı olayları) ~ 1 ~ 1 - Önsöz Günümüzde pek çok devlet ve kurumun gündeminde olan bu konuyu, çarptırılmış açıklamalara bir alternatif olarak hazırladım. ‘Kuşkulu’ açıklamalara yer vermediğim gibi, ulaşabildiğim kaynaklar her düşünürün erişebileceği verilerdir; ulaşamadıklarımı ise bibliografya olarak vermekle yetindim. Şüphesiz başka araştırmacılar saydığım resmi veya gayrı resmi belgelere eklenti getirecektir. Günden güne yenilenen, çeşitli yöntemleriyle, belgelere ulaşabilmenin Altın Çağ’ını yaşadığımız yüzyılımızda, yazılı, sözlü bilgiler sonsuz olmasalar da çoktur. ‘ Sağlıklı’ bir sonuca varılabilinmezse bile çelişkili noktalar konunun önemini ortaya koymaktadır,. Bu da insan oğlunun tarihinin zenginliğini gösterir. Ermenilerce Artsakh olarak bilinen Dağlı Karabagh, Sovyet dönemine, hatta sonrası işgallere, göçlere rağmen Libaridian’ın da yazdığı gibi ermeniliğini sürdürmektedir. (1) Çoğu kez Stalin’in bu gölgeyi Azerilere bıraktığı öne sürülür. Oysa ki Garbis Armen bunun Lenin tarafından da istediğini ve Atatürk’ü Stalin safhında görmeyi arzuladığını yazmıştır. Lenin politikası Ermeni toprakları olan Akhalkalakh, Nakhitchevan, Kars, Ardahan başka devletlere dağıtılmaya sebep olmuştur. (2) Bu yazıda kısmen çeşitli dillerden tercümelerimle, Wikipedia’dan ve diğer kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- Gerard J. Libaridian, ed., The Karabagh File, Cambridge, MA, Zoryan Institute, 1988; Christopher J. Walker, Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, 2nd edition, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1990; and Yuri Rost, Armenian Tragedy: An Eye-Witness Account of Human Conflict and Natural Disaster in Armenia and Azerbaijan, with a forward by Andrei Sakharov, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1990. Rost's pro-Armenian account of Nagorno- Karabagh's attachment to Azerbaijan, seems to be the most revealing to date. See Appendix A 2- Garbis Armen, "The Loss of Armenian Territories 1920-1923: Confidential Letter to Lenin Confirms the Political Motives Behind the Most 'Intolerable' Treaty in History," Armenian Life Weekly, March 28, 1990, pp. 22-23. ~ 2 ~ 2 - Etiomolji : Artsakh, Karabagh, Yukarı-Karabağ, Dağlık- Karabağ Artsakh (Արցախ ) kelimesi kaynağını, Artaxiade hükümdarı ve Ermeni Kralı (1) Artaxias ‘den almaktadır. Halk geleneğinde ise « Ar » «Ար » = Aran ve tsakh (ցախ) = orman, bahçe kelimelerinden türemiştir i.e. ilk Ermeni soylu kişi, hanedan (nakharar) olan « Aran Sisakyan (2) bahçeleri ». Առանի ծառաստան (3) Artsakh aynı zamanda Ermenistan Krallığının (4) onuncu vilayetidir ve karşılığı Yukarı Karabakh (5) bölgesine eş değerdir. Ermeni tarihçilerinden Moiz Khorenatsi (Մովսես Խորենացի 410 - 490) (5) ve Moiz Kaghankatvatsi (Մովսես Կաղանկատվացի) (7) Aran adıyla anılan Artsakh, ermeni patrikleri ve krallarının atalarıı, i.e. Hayk ve Aram, sayılan Aranşahik’lerin memlekti olduğunu yazmışlardır. (8) Stépanos (Étienne) Orbélian (Ստեպանոս Օրբելյան ; ca. 1250 - 1303/1305) Bu konuda açıklık getirmiştir. (9) Karabagh ise kaynağını Turc ve Perslerden almaktadır ve XIII cü yüzyılda görülmektedir : kara bahçe (kara = siyah, bagh = bahçe) (10) Nagorny Karabagh (Нагорный Карабах), nagorny=yüksek, dağ, adlandırması sovyet rejimi esnasında görülmektedir. Ne Ermenistan ne de Azerbayjan bu adlandırmayı artık kullanmamaktadırlar. Günümüzde kullanılan adlandırmalar şöyledir : · Ermenice : Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ (Lernaïn Gharabagh), Artsakh (Արցախ ) · Rusca : Нагорный Карабах (Nagorny Karabah) · Azerice : Dağlıq (montagneux) ou Yuxarı (haut) Qarabağ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1-(en) David M. Lang, The Armenians: a People in Exile, Unwin, Londres, 1988 (ISBN 0-0440-0289-9), p. x 2- (hy) Shahen Mkrtchyan, Trésors de l'Artsakh, Tigran Mets, Erevan, 2000, p. 10 ~ 3 ~ 3-10- Շահեն Մկրտչյան, «Արցախի գանձերը», Երևան 2000 - Տիգրան Մեծ հրտ., էջ10 4- Gérard Dédéyan (dir.), Histoire du peuple arménien, Privat, Toulouse, 2007 (ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5), p. 43. 5-(en) Sergei Gradirovski et Neli Esipova, « Gallup Exclusive: Conflict in the Caucasus — New Surveys on Azerbaijan-Armenia [archive] » sur Harvard international Review. Consulté le 18 janvier 2009. 6- http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_de_Khor%C3%A8ne 7- (en) Agop J. Hacikyan (dir.), The Heritage of Armenian Literature, vol. II : From the Sixth to the Eighteenth Century, Wayne State University Press, Détroit, 2005 (ISBN 0-8143-3221-8), p. 171-172 8- en) The History of the Caucasian Albanians: by Movsēs Dasxuranc'i, trad. Charles Dowsett, Oxford University Press, Londres, 1961 (ASIN B0014RJGXA), p. 3-4, 7, 24 9- (en) The History of the Caucasian Albanians: by Movsēs Dasxuranc'i, trad. Charles Dowsett, Oxford University Press, Londres, 1961 (ASIN B0014RJGXA), p. 3-4, 7, 24. 10- (hy) Ulubabyan, Bagrat. Karabagh (Ղարաբաղ). The Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia, vol. vii, Yerevan, Armenian SSR, 1981 p. 26 3 - Coğrafya Artsakh, Kuzey-Doğu’da Yüksek Ermeni Platosu’nun (1) (Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ ), Doğu’da coğrafyacı Anania Şirak’ın Ermeni Krallığının onikinci vilayeti olduğunu yazdığı Utik (Ուտիք), Güney Batı’da Araks Nehiri ile sınırlanan Siuni’i (2) ve Sevan gölünün Güney Doğu kıyılarına kadar olan bölgeyi kapsar ve yaklaşık 11 528 km² yüzölçümü vardır. (3) Yunan cografyacı Strabon ve I.Ö. VI yüzyıl Ermeni Tarihci Movses Khorenatsi Outik ile Artsakh’ın Ermenistan’ın Doğu sınırını teşkil ettiğini yazmışlardır. Oniki Kantondan meydana gelmektedir. (4) 1. Myus Haband ; 2. Vaykunik ; 3. Berdadzor ; 4. Mets Arank ; 5. Mets Kuenk ; 6. Harşlank ; 7. Mukhank ; 8. Piank ; 9. Parsakank ; 10. Sisakan Vostan ; 11. Qusti Parnes ; 12. Koght. ~ 4 ~ Bu coğrafi bölge etnik geçmişi hakkında kesin bilgiler olmakla beraber Armen’lerin (Proto- Ermeniler Artsakh’a I.Ö. VII – I.Ö. II ci yüzyılları arası olabileceği iler sürülmektedir. (5) Halkı Batı Ermenicesi bir dialek (Artsakhian –Halen Yukarı Karabagh’da konuşulur) konuşduğunu Stepanos Syunetsi yazılarında belirtmiştir. (6) XII ci yüzyılda Artsakgh Krallığı’nı kuran Dizak’lılarla birleşen Koght’ların asıl yerlileri olduğu düşünülmektedir. (8) Ermeniler her zaman çoğunluğu teşkil etmişlerdir. (9) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- (en) Robert H. Hewsen, « The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study », dans Revue des Études Arméniennes, IX, 1972, p. 255-329. 2- (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (ISBN 978- 0226332284), p. 63 3- (hy) Suren Yeremyan, Armenia according to « Askharatsoyts », Erevan, 1963, p. 41 4- (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (ISBN 978- 0226332284), p. 100-103 5- (en) H. Papazian, sur Encyclopedia Iranica. Consulté le 18 janvier 2009. (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (ISBN 978- 0226332284), p. 58 6- (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (ISBN 978- 0226332284), p. 100-103. 7- Proto-Ermeniler, Colin Renfrew teorisine göre Frigyalı’lardan ayrılan bir kolun Frat nehri boyunca ilerleyip bugünkü Malatya’ya yerlşmişler ve bugünkü Anadolu, Ermenilerin ve Indo-European grupun beşiği olduğudur. Cf; Wikipedia: (fr) Arméniens 8- (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (ISBN 978- 0226332284), p. 118-121. 9- Patrick Donabédian, Claude Mutafian, Artsakh : histoire du Karabakh, Sevig Press, 1991, 174p., (ISBN 2-909-00200-4) 4 - Tarih - Ilk çağ Bölgede yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda, I.Ö. 800 yıllarında Urartu, Asur ve Med’lerin ataları Mini’lerin izlerine rastlanmıştır. I.Ö. VI cı yüzyılda Urartuların çöküşüyle (1) Proto-Armenler Artsakh ve Koura –Kafkasya ve Küçük Kafkasya- bölgesine yerleşirler. (2) Med’lerin ve daha sonra da Akemenid’lerin –Pers Imparatorluğu’nun ataları- boyundurluğu altına geçmiştir. Artsakh I.Ö. 189 traihlerinde Siuni ve Utik bölgeleriyle beraber Ermenistan Kırallığı’na (3) katılmışlardır. Daha sonra Ermeni Arşagunilerin çöküşünden sonra, 387 yılında, Bizanslılar ve Persler Ermenistan’ı ikiye bölerler. Albanie (Աղվանք – Aghvank) (4) , kontrolüne geçmiştir(5). 821 yılında ise Ermeni Sahl Smpadyan Khaçeni hükümdarlığını kuracaktır. Bu prenslik 1000 yıllarında Artsakh Krallığı adını alacak Doğu Ermenistan krallığına dönüşecektir. (6) Daha sonra Ermeni hükümdarlıklarından olan ve Gandzasar Manastırı’nı (Գանձասարի վանքը ) kuran Hasan Jalalyan (Հասան-Ջալալյաններ ) (7) Prensliği idaresine geçer. (8) IV cü yüzyılın ikinci yarısıda Roma Imparatorluğu yanında Ermeniler Sasani’lerle Ermeni Krallığının her iki devlet arasında paylaşılmasına kadar savaşırlar. Artsakh Sasani hükümdarlığı altına girer. (9) 451 de Avarayr savaşından sonra bir kısım soylu Ermeniler Artsakh’ın erişilmesi güç dağlık bömgesine yerleşirler. (10)
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