1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE 641't The just and lasting peace which the tained only by the acceptance of those moral emancipation of all those nations which Christian and Judean ' world so earnestly principles which support civilized mankind today still suffer the degradation of enslave­ yearns and strives for, cannot be won by everywhere in the world. ment and tyranny by the Russian Com­ · In the true spirit of Eastertide, we .must munists. the simple utte~ances of high sounding ftnd r.enewed hope for a better future for all With a firm faith in the Fatherhood of phrases or by platitudinous promises sealed mankind. Our faith in G'od demands that God and the brotherhood of man, we will by a toast accompanied by the clinking of we never lose courage in the face of difficul­ somehow find our way through to that glasses filled with martini c_ocktails. That ties. On this Easter Sunday, man's spirits golden era of a universal, just and lasting just and lasting peace can be won and main- must · be raised up and dedicated to the peace.

In 1954, Poland bought $4,000 worth; provisions. The Small Business Commit .. -uousE OF REPRESENTATIVES in 1955, $700,000. tee of the 83d Congress earnestly sup­ What did Poland buy with all these ported all of these revisions. TUESDAy' APRIL 17' 1956 other millions and where did she spend In its final report to the 83d Con .. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. these United States dollars? Your gress-House Report 2683-however, the Rev. Malcolm E. Nygren, minister, guess is as good as mine. Small Business Committee stated that First Presbyterian Church, Champaign, I hope immediate relief from this current tax rates had acted as a major Ill., offered the following prayer: flood of Red pork is forthcoming. Were deterrent to an improved competitive Poland free, as it once was, and we hope status for small-business enterprises. Bless our country, O Lord. and pray it will again be, the situation and I quote from a portion of that re .. Protect it, we pray, not only from the we face would be different. port-pages 59-60: strength of its enemies, but from the The Democrats-now in the major­ This committee is of the opinion that cur• weakness of those who love it. ity~have the votes to do it, if. they but. rent tax rates have acted as a major deter­ Quide us as we bear the dangerous re­ have the desire and will to do so. rent to an improved competitive status for sponsibility of being free men. Deliver small-business enterprises. As. mentioned. us from the temptation to degrade the earlier, many small concerns have been un-· freedom to do what we think right into SMALL BUSINESS AND THE CORPO­ able to retain sufficient earnings after taxes t1ie freedom to do as we p,lease. RATE TAX BURDEN to finance necessary expansion through addi-. Help.us to build in our country a future toins to working capital and fixed assets. that is worthy of its past. Grant us Thy Mr. SEELY-BROWN. Mr. Speaker, I Lack of capital has, therefore, placed undue ask unanimous consent to address the emphasis on longer-term borrowing which guidance for difficult decisions, Thy in itself has been difficult to obtain. It is strength in times that call for courage, House for 1 minute and to revise and ~x- felt that a healthier climate for small busi­ Thy hope when our hopes fail; that we tend my remarks. _ ness might be achieved through further re- may serve Thy will as free men ought. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to lief fom the tax burden. · Amen. the request of the gentleman ·from Many beneficial changes have resulted from Connecticut? congressional action on H. R. 8300 which pro­ The Journal of the proceedings of There was no objection. duced revisions in the Internal Revenue Code yesterday was read and approved. Mr. SEELY-BROWN. Mr. Speaker, of both a substantive and procedural na­ the need for tax relief by the small ture. · Financial benefits have also accrued· to small concerns through reduction in per­ POLISH PORK business concerns of. this country admit-. tedly is not a new subject. For years we sonal income tax rates and in excise and - Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Speaker, I ask­ sales taxes. Many small corporatlons also have recognized the need of these en­ benefited . by the expiration of the exce~s­ unanimous consent to address the House terprises for additional funds with which profits tax. The committee believes, never­ for 1 minute and to revise and extend my to expand operations, to modernize theless, that a continuing study must be remarks. plant and equipment, to develop new conducted to detel'.mine how more effective The SPEAKER. Is there objection to products and markets and for other legi­ relief may be achieved, with particular at­ the request of the gentleman .from timate business purposes. · The Congress tention paid to the possibility of higher ex-. Kansas? has long supported the thesis that a Fed­ emptions or reduced income-tax rates . for There was no objectfon. eral agency was necessary to fill the gap small firms. · Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Speaker, upori for intermediate and long-term loans to I should like to point out to my col­ occasion nearly all of us like ham sand­ small business which could not be sup­ leagues that these statements were made wic)les, but sandwiches made out of Red, plied by private financial institutions. after a careful examination of the finan­ ~pelled, with a capital '~R,'' .ham com.in~ The volume of small business loans made cial problems of small concerns, through from communistic satellite of Poland are by the RFC and the SBA has been subcommittee hearings, consultation unpalatable and leave a bitter taste in clearly indicative of the need by small with individual small-business men and the mouth. firms for this additional financing. staff studies. The majority, that is Democrat, lead­ Despite the recognized need for such As we all know the corporate tax con.. ership in the Congress, House and Sen­ credit, Mr. Speaker, it does not get at the sists of a normal tax of 30 percent and a ate, can .by a very simple. amendment root of the financial problems of small surtax of 22 percent on that part of a. stop the competition of Red Poland's business. The demand of small business corporation's income in excess of $25,000 pork with American pork products. now concerns for longer-term credit is almost and that an extension has been passed · in surplus. entirely the result of an oppressive tax which carries these tax rates through With one simple amendment, the ma­ burden. We must give these firms the March 31, 1957. It is quite obvieus that jority-Democrat-party in Congress lawful right to retain a greater portion of such high rates cannot long continue to can help not only the American farmer their earnings. If this is done, there will be absorbed by small corporations in the but the American taxpayer by making be a tremendous strengthening of com- lower income groups. We are no~ talk­ unnecessary the purchase ·of 20 million . petitive position of small business. This ing about some 80 percent of the corpo­ pounds of American surplus pork. course of action will enable small busi­ rate tax returns filed for 1952 which were Without such an amendment, the ad­ ness to make a greater contribution to on net income of $25,000 and less. But. ministration and the Department of Ag­ the defense effort and will place our it is almost as obvious for the 13.6 per­ riculture are powerless to stop the flood peacetime economy on a more firm of Polish pork into the United States of cent of corporations earning from $25, .. foundation. · 000 to $100,000. America. Tax benefits did accrue to small firms In 1954, Poland pork products arriv­ during the 83d Congress when we had an Mr. Speaker, can anyone tell me that ing in this country amounted to 20,- extensive revision of the Internal when the Federal Government takes al­ 305,000 pounds, valued at $17,483,0-00. Revenue Code. Small firms have bene­ most a third of your $25,000 that what . , .Jn 1955, the imports were 24,86~,ooo; fitted .from changes in methods of com­ remains is enough to permit the pur.. the value $19,173,000. puting depreciation, dividends received chase of even two machines, the addition Theoretically, Poland was to use the credit, ·partnership filings, handling of of a wing to the present factory struc.. proceeds of these sales to buy American research and experimental expenditures, iure or the· introduction of a new prod­ agricultural surpluses. · net operating loss deductions and other uct into the market? It is absurd to ex:. :6418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 pect a small concern to improve its com- AMENDING UNITED STATES HOUS- Mr. METCALF. Mr. Speaker, I would petitive position through the use of re- ING ACT OF 1937 like to be out in Griffith Stadium this tained earnings when 30 percent of its Mr. KLEIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- afternoon for the opening game of the income is taken away, if it is a poor year, mous consent to extend my remarks at American League season. and when 52 percent of its income is this point. One of the reasons is that I would like taken, if it has had a reasonably profita- The SPEAKER. Is there objection to to see a Montana boy in action again. ble year. the request of the gentleman from He is Herb Plews, one of the· few Mon­ Our subcommittee in the 83d Congress New York? tanans ever to make the major leagues. learned that a small firm has difficulty There was no objection. Herb, a second baseman from East compensating for loss years which fre- Mr. KLEIN. Mr. Speaker, I have to- Helena, recently came to the Senators quently occur during the early years day introduced a bill to amend the from Denver, where he batted .302 last after organization of the company. United states Housing Act of 1937 to year. Similarly after having established a authorize the admission of single persons Herb went to grade school in East place for itself in our competitive sys- to federally assisted low rent housing Helena, high school in Helena. He at­ tem, it is unable to improve on its projects. tended the University of Illinois, where growth. For a small firm to stand still 1 want to bring this to the attention he captained the baseball team his senior is to lose the competitive battle and of my colleagues in the conviction that year. eventually to give up entirely. the considerations that led to the pas- As a neighbor, I saw Herb play sandlot ! wish to cite from our subcommittee's sage of the Housing Act itself and their and American League junior baseball. tax report of 1953 a good illustration of undoubted concern for the welfare of His joining the Washington Baseball the difficulty encountered by a small firm aged people who are single or who have Club has made Senator fans all over in its effort to grow; This company's lost ·a husband or wife will persuade them western Montana. They will follow the growth was demonstrated by an increase to support this measure. team with interest this year. in sales of from $35,700 in 1946 to $896,- It is· a subject that is of profound con- I am proud of Herb. The people of 500 in 1952. During this time there were. cern to me and that justifies the concern 2 loss years but in the last year taxable of all of us. the Helena area are proud of him. His earnings amounted to $66,600. Now if a The aged widows and widowers and will be a bright future. major portion of those earnings had been other single people who have reached an I am sure my colleagues will be inter­ allowed to remain with the company for advanced age are an integral part of the ested in this information about Herb reinvestment we would have had no com- American people. Their well-being Plews from the press-radio-TV guide of plaint. But, of course, this did not hap- should be and is important to us; indeed; the Washington Nationals: pen. The Federal Government took elementary considerations of human Plews, Herbert E.: Born June 14, 1928, at $39,000, leaving a little over $27,000. In sympathy and a decent respect for the Helena, Mont.; 5 feet 11 inches; 165 pounds; fact, we were told that for 7 years of op- difficulties and trials of old-age justify bats left and throws right; wears glasses. eration the company had taxable earn- prompt action in their behalf. Herbie's a pesky, spray-type hitter, patterned ings of some $241,000, of which the Fed- With the rise in the general age level on the lines of Nelson Fox and Billy Good­ man. He's a good playmaker around second eral run, he came pany was bemg penallze~ ~o~ its e~cient . their condition is knocking at our con­ to the Nats frnm the Yankee -organization · management and that its mcen~ive to sciences. We must not .fail them. we in· a· seven-player trade last winter: further. g_rowth ur1der_ ti+ese circum- must at the very least make adequate stances would be reduced o.r d~stroyed. provision for such aged, single people to Year Qlub BA . Mr. Sp~aker, we need this. kmd .of a be able to live in the public housing that . company m our economy. Give t~e~ a take the place of the slum buildings from 1950: ____ _ QuincY------~------·---- , 295 · chance t? compete on .equal t.erms· w~th whicm, in many case~. they hav~ had to l95i-52_~_ 1953 ______Jn militar.y.serv.ice _____ :. _~------~-- - - l • firms which ~ec::tme large durmg earller remove. ' i953 ______~:?~~~-t~~==:::::::::~::::::::::::: ~m y~ars whe~ ta~ rates ~ere lower. Other- To require them tp take up quarters 1954 ____ ~_ Birmingham_------. 299 w~se, the big will get ~1gger and the small in a completely new neighborhood alien· i95?------Denver_ ------7------.------• 30~ will get smaller ~r disappear altogether. to their past memories and personal his- H. R. 9851. will answer the great~r . tories is to add still another burden to problem of mcorporated s?lall bus1- the many heavy burdens of old age. To EXTENSION OF REMARKS nesses, namely, the oppor~umty to grow impose upon them drastic alternatives Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I and expand through earnmgs, requiring, in many cases, that they live ask unanimous consent to extend my with a member of their family is to com-· remarks in the RECORD in two instances plicate their lives and the lives of their anff to include therewith extraneous POLISH HAMS family still further. matter. · Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I ask It appears to me only fitting . and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to unanimous consent to address the House proper that the Congress of the United the request·of the gentleman from Mas­ for 1 minute and to revise and extend States as representative of all of the people, not just of the young or middle­ sachusetts? my remarks. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, reserv­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to aged and not just of those with families, the request of the gentleman· from· should· give due consideration to · the ing the right to object, .may I ·inquire at Ohio? . . plig~t of these. single elderly· men . and this point as to the program for today?_ There was no objection. women. Mr. McCORMACK: I am very glad Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I My bill makes the required provision my~ friend, the gentleman from New want to point out to the gentleman from for them. I hope it will be acted upon York, makes .that inquiry. There will Kansas who made such an eloquent plea promptly and favorably and !'appeal for be no legislative business today. I am on · the subject of the ·importation of the support of all the Congressmen of gl'ad .that the gentleman has given me Polish hams and said that the Demo­ both parties for this essential relief. . tpis opportunity to advise the Members crats could stop it if they had the desire l of .that fact. to do so, that it is not necessary for the HERB FLEWS Mr. K~ATINO. I thank the gentle­ Congress to take any action at all. There Mr. METCALF. Mr. Speaker, I ask man. The information is very illumi­ is adequate legislation on the books, and unanimous consent to address the House nating. the administration can stop the thing in for 1 minute and to revise and extend my Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ 5 minutes, if they so desire. So I would remarks. tion of objection. like to pass the buck back to the gentle­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The SPEAKER. Is ·there objection to man from Kansas. If there is any blame the request of the gentleman from the request of the gentleman from Mas- involved, the blame lies with the admin­ Montana? sach,usetts? · · istration, and not with the Congress. There was no objection. There was no objection~ 1956 CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD - HOUSE M19 . RECRUITMENT OF YOUNG MEN FOR who not only can make sure that ·our congressional district from students ask .. · OUR FOREIGN SERVICE; way of life and our way of thinking is ing me about the Foreign Service. The The SPEAKER. Under previous or.. taught to the people of those countries, principal of one of the high schools asked der of the House, the gentleman from but also can look for opportunities for me if I would speak to the high-school New York [Mr. O'BRIEN] is recognized the investment of private capital from group on the Foreign Service. for 60 minutes; · our country in those other countries. I checked with the State Department Mr. O'BRIEN of New York. Mr. I think this is a job not for Congress and found that they have several people Speaker, I am grateful to you and to the alone but for the Congress, the Presi­ who are willing to and· do go out to House for the opportunity to speak today. dent, the State Department, and the address high schools and colleges to ex­ It might sound paradoxical to say I have American people. It may be asked why, plain the Foreign Service to them and waited 8 years to make these remarks in if I am so interested in this, I have not try to get recruits from all over the this particular place because I have made introduced a bill. The reason is quite country. them in a hundred places throughout the simple. I do not believe that a bill in­ I suggest this to the gentleman at this country before college students, veterans• troduced by an individual Member of point so that other Members who have, organizations, businessmen, women's or­ this House who is not a member of a similar requests may know that the State ganizations and many other groups. All powerful committee, who has not great Department is interested in the recruit­ of them embraced at least the germ of seniority, would get very far. I think ing of young men all over the country what I propose. All of us know that we the time has arrived in the current of and are willing to speak to groups of are now engaged in a new form of the world affairs when we should cast parti­ them. cold war. It has been called an eco­ sanship entirely aside and forge the Mr. O'BRIEN of New York. I thank nomic war. All of us know that to fight weapons we need in this economic cold the gentleman. If my remarks can in this particular phase of the cold war re­ war. Then we could proceed to fashion any way be interpreted as a criticism of quires what a distinguished gentleman them from the material we have at hand. It would seem very absurd to all of us the State Department, I regret it. I has called an agonizing reappraisal. if the Russians tomorrow were to chal­ do believe that the State Department is Yesterday I heard three great reporters lenge, say, the New York Yankees, whom doing exactly what the gentleman says, just returned from Asia, where they I understand are helping open the sea­ but it is doing it in a very limited way, visited Japan, India, Pakistan, and other because we ourselves by law have limited places, stating coldly and factually that son here today, to a world series. We opportunities in the Foreign Service. we are losing the cold war in Asia. would say that such a series would be We do not hesitate, if the cold war takes duck soup for us, that we could beat the to The other day I read an item in a Russians handily. It should be equally a hot turn, build bigger and better Washington paper which stated that absurd for the Russians to challenge us bombs; we do not hesitate to invest tens Amerjcan industry is sending more talent to an economic war. They are chal­ of millions of dollars in new battleships scouts than ever before to colleges and we hope will never have to fire a gun in lenging us at the point of what should anger. universities this year in a scramble for be our greatest strength, and yet ob­ the most valuable of raw materials, eager, servers who have just come back from I .suggest that the economic war, in the educated_young men and women. One these far-off places tell us that at least final long race between the free world company alone, the Bell Telephone Sys­ in the opening round of the economic and the Communist world, is just as im­ tem, expects to interview 13,000 students war we are losing, losing in many places. portant as the other phases of the cold on 300 campuses, and to employ 3,200 of I have often felt that the young people war. The State Department-and I them at salaries of between $350 and $400 of our country, and there are many of shall point out later why I believe so­ a month. The United States Steel has them in Washington at this time of the would, in my opinion, welcome it if the 56 men touring the campuses looking for year, have felt consciously or subcon­ Congress and the President jointly woutd 1,000 graduates. General Motors is seek­ sciously that there is a silken curtain say: We are going to create a division of ing 2,800. General Electric expects to between them and opportunity to serve economic cooperation in the State ne .. put on 1,000, or 20 percent more than last their country in foreign fields unless that partment; we are going to recruit that year. opportunity is accompanied by the obli­ division from our colleges and from the I suppose on those campuses there are gation to carry a rifle ·into those places. ranks of discharged servicemen, and we some rather lonely figures representing When my son was in college I was in­ are going to send them out to speak for the State Department of the United trigued when I heard him and his young Main Street and Cripple Creek in the States Government, but I am very sure friends talk about what they were going United States. that they are in the minority and I am to do when they received their diplomas. We have all had the experience when very sure that 'they are not and cannot Some were planning to be lawyers, some we lose a battle in a war of hearing peo­ bring into this great economic war the doctors or businessmen, some newspa­ ple in our community say reluctantly: eager, intelligent young men and women permen, but in all those conversations We lost that battle. Why do we say that we so desperately need. upon which I eavesdropped, I never "We"? Because our sons or our neigh­ It has been suggested from time to heard one of those younc men suggest bors' sons were in the ranks or even time in Washington and elsewhere that that he wanted to go into the Foreign commanded trobps. But when we lose a we should create in this country ·a sort Service of the United States. diplomatic battle we do not say "We.'' of West Point for diplomacy. It is a I know there are many ·people who will We say "They." We disassociate our• pleasant idea, revived every 2 or 3 years, say that the young people do not want :,elves as a people from those who repre .. but nothing ever happens. Even if to­ to go into the Ctate Department because sent us in foreign affairs, unconsciously. morrow the go-ahead signal was given you get kicked around too much there, perhaps, but we do it. · for such a college, it would .take from 10 you. are accused of disloyalty, and so That is why I say that not only do we to 15 years to bring into our Foreign forth. I do not think that is true. I need the intelligence and the zeal of our Service the full weight of the knowledge think the reason the young people do ·young people but we also need Main acquired by those students. not aim.for those particular jobs is they Street in our Foreign Service so that we I wonder if anyone here or elsewhere feel they are reserved for certain people will support it just as zealously as we do would say th~. t we can afford to wait 12 in our society, that you must have money, our troops in combat. or 15 years in this economic war. social background, or political pull, that I have great admiration for the State I suggest that the United states Gov­ it is much easier to become a scientist Department but I think it is being forced ernment reach out, as does private in­ or a doctor than it is to become a repre­ to function under outdated rules, pre­ dustry, to the campuses of our Nation, sentative of the Government of. the atomic-age rules, and, in my opinion, the recruiting several thousand young men United States in the foreign field. time has come when we must take our and · women and· then giving them on­ Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ Foreign Service out of the drawing room the-job training. I do not propose that tleman yield? and send it into the market place where we send those young people to the vari­ Mr. O'BRIEN of New York. Gladly. American genius has always triumphed. ous continents as handout boys, as just Mr. BOW. I should like to say to the I cannot help thinking of a. memoran­ additional hands to give away of our sus­ gentleman I appreciate what he is talk­ dum I se-nt 3 years ago on this subject te:p.ance. I suggest that we send them ing about, the Foreign Service. Recently to a friend of mine in the White House. out as economic troops, as young people I have been receiving letters from my I hoped it would come to the attention ·:6420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 1-'l, o-f the President. I said that it was pos­ of bipartisanship in connection with for .. Virginia University to· be the first sible under our system for a young man eign policy. . speaker. They also decided -that their from Kansas or elsewhere to aspire to be . You might ask if I have ever talked banquet would be different. They and become the top general in our Army, about this with anyone in the State pe­ would get all the 'food and all the and it was possible for him also to aspire partment.. The answer is "Yes"; not work donated, and the11 turn around and to be and become President of the United with the Secretary of State, but about require everyone-cooks, waiters, school. States, but that, perhaps, with the dif­ 3 years ago I happened to be at an affair officials; and even the honored guests-­ ficulties in the way, it was just as wen · which was attended by a very able diplo­ to pay $5 for his meal. West Virginia for that young man if he did not aspire mat, a very able member of our State University's president came, spoke, and to the Foreign Service or to become an Department. His name was John Peuri­ paid his $5. Financially the banquet was ambassador. foy. We know that he met a tragic end successful and the Ravenswood group I know that a plan of this kind costs not too long ago. I had the temerity to decided to make it an annual affair.· money, but I know also that every year ask John Peurifoy where he went to Since that spring in 1948 there have been we vote 35 or 40 billion here for na­ school. He told me that he had an ap­ seven other banquets. Each has in­ tional defense. I know that in the very pointment to West Point and that after creased in size. Each has· brought in near future we are going to have a rather a year he became ill. He had a lung more money for the Ravenswood schools. heated discussion here about foreign aid, infection or something of that sort. He Some of the speakers at this banquet a proposed $4,900,000,000 appropriation could not go back to West Point when have been a Governor of West Virginia; in that field. I say to you that what we he left the hospital, and he obtained a Senator Alben W. Barkley, of Kentucky; should do in the foreign field diplomat­ job as assistant manager of a diner in and the industrialist, Henry J. Kaise!". ically and economically is a national-de­ Queens County, New York City. He By the way, Ravenswood is the site of fense problem and is in a sense a foreign­ came to Washington as a laborer in the the Kaiser aluminum sheet and ore re­ ~id problem. In my opinion, we would Botanical Garden. Finally he obtained duction plants now being built at a cost be just as much justified in using some a job as clerk in the State Department of $216 million. of these funds for this division in the and went on to a record of which we This year, America's greatest electri­ economic war as we are in using them are all proud. John Peurifoy was the cal engineer, Phillip Sporn, president of · for a battleship that we hope we will not kind of man that I have in mind as -· 1 the American Gas & Electric Co., is the have to use or for aid to a foreign coun­ speak today. We know what he did for speaker at the banquet, · which will be try. If we embark upon this plan we us in Greece, in Guatemala, and what held at the Ravenswood High School should make very clear that we do not he was doing for us at the time of his gymnasium on April -23. A former want a division limited to Phi Beta Kap­ death in Thailand. And I think one Member of the House, Jennings Ran­ pas, although I admire Phi Beta Kappas, reason he was so successful was that he dolph, of West Virginia, will be the toast­ never having reached that particular spoke the language of the people of this master. goai myself. · · · country; and if you speak the language · There are five reasons that I would I think we have a new form of diplo­ o'f the people of this country, o(·Main like you to accompany· me to Ravens­ macy in the world today, a diplomacy Street, you will be surprised at how wood for this ninth annual banquet: which involves more than the knowledge readily that language is accepted by the First, we need your $5. of a dozen languages or more than the people of Main Street anywhere· in the Secondly, your distinguished presence graceful· art of dangling a teacup world. . will contribute to the success of the precisely. I think there are places Mr. Speaker, I believe that we have affair. throughout this world where we could in our country among our fine young Thirdly, you should come to West Vir­ use a rough, tough halfback from the people 10,000 potential John Peurifoys. · ginia to see how the people in this Eden University of Michigan, for example._ I Nine thousand or more of them will be­ of America do things and, consequently, think we have in our young people the come doctors or lawyers or businessmen. will be in a better position to help your greatest missionaries anywhere in the They will listen to the Bell Telephone Co., own more backward district. world. I would like to see them go out General Electric Co., or General Motors. Fourthly, you will be doing yourself a and take on this issue of nationalism, for They will not think of a place in the great disfavor if you miss the unmatch­ example. That, as we know, has been Foreign Service because · they believe it able cooking of the ladies of Ravenswood, most difficult to handle, because na­ is closed to them. I say we' should reach and · tionalism in and of itself is not bad. We out for them and enlist them in the most are a great Nation today be.cause we be-· important undertaking before our coun­ Finally, we need your $5. lieved firmly in nationalism. But, na­ try today. I think we should send sales­ tionalism is being perverted in. this cold men for Americanism into every corner war. . It is being used as a tool for evil of the earth. I think we would, at far GENERAL GIWENTHER'S purposes, ' and by the Communists. I less cost than other courses, bring a suc­ RETIREMENT think some of our young people could cessful end to the economic cold war. Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, I ask-unani­ spread · very well indeed~ the idea, the . mous consent to address the House for 1 conviction, that we ·are not interested in minute. · this country in colonialism. I think NINTH ANNUAL RAVENSWOOD The SPEAKER. Is there objection to they could spread before the peoples of BANQUET the request of the gentleman from those countries, and talk their languages Mr. BURNSIDE. Mr. Speaker, I ask Conne.cticu.t? while they are doing it, that our own There was· no objection. country has backed away at every step unanimous consent to address the House from colonialism. · for 1 minute and to revise and extend my Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, the an­ remarks. nouncement from the White House that Mr. Speaker, I do. not say that this General Gruenther is retiring at the end should be done all at once. I know the The SPEAKER. Is .the.re objection to the request of the gentleman from of 1956 came as a great shock, I am sure, ·difficulties involved. I know th'at it is a to most Members of Congress, and par­ plan that will require the best efforts of West Virginia? . the best minds in our Government, but I There was no objection. ticularly to those Members who have do fe_el that we should not wait too long. Mr. BURNSIDE. Mr. Speaker, I wish had an opportunity to know him. Perhaps this year we should attempt a to invite the Members of this distin­ Only 3 weeks ago, General Gruenther guished body to come to West Virginia, was in Washington and appeared before pilot plan. Let us get out to those in the heart of the beautiful.Ohio River congressional committees urging a con­ campuses or to the places where our Valley, to attend the ninth annual tinuation of the.foreign aid .program. young men are discharged from the Ravenswood $5 banquet.· · According to the White. House an­ services and enroll, recruit, perhaps 500 In 1948, the Ravenswood townspeople nouncement, General Gruenther is re­ of them this year. Give them this on­ decided that they would raise some tiring at 57 ~ears of age in good health tpe-job training and send them out, and money for the local schools by having with an accumulation of wisdom and ex­ then we will have an opportunity to see a banquet. They formed the ·Ravens­ perience as an officer of the United States if the plan Will really work. I think it is wood School Improvement Associa­ Army, and ·as Supreme Commander of an opportunity for a real demontration . tion and asked the president of West NATO for personal reasons. 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE It is my belief that every Member of when nature seems to have forsaken peace.'' Farmers believed this. They Congress who has had an opportunity to them. went to work determined to do their full know General Gruenther rates him as The period of economic readjustment part. a first-class intellect in our military es­ after a great war, is always difficult. It The same war gave a tremendous im­ tablishment. The United States has a is not less difficult for farmers than it is petus to the production ef nitrates for great investment in General Gruenther. for industry, but our Government has at explosives. Shortly, those new cheaper It educated him, trained him, and sus­ all times recognized the problems of in­ nitrates were showing up as· fertilizers. tained him throughout his entire life. dustrial readjustment. At the close of Farmers poured them into the soil. Pro­ At the height of his career, in the full World War II we paid our industries $41 duction zoomed. Farmers, short of help flower of his vigor, and with a vast ac"." billion in round figures, for losses on con­ invested in all kinds of new machinery~ cumulation of knowledge, it is announced tracts which were never completed be­ till the investment per worker in Ameri~ that he is retiring, and no better excuse cause the need no longer existed. A few can agriculture is today $14,389, com­ is offered than that of personal reasons. years later, when the Korean war broke pared with an investment of only $13,000 Mr. Speaker, I believe that the people out, we had to pay many of these same per worker in industry. of the United States are entitled to know industries to reconvert to war work. Of course, industry tooled up also but exactly why General Gruenther is retir­ Right now, in the year of 1956 we are . when the war ended, the Government ing, and I think General Gruenther owes extending to them more than $800 mil­ never lo_oked- b~ck; It paid the bill for the people of the United States a more lion, per year in the way of accelerated reconversion. t ! ~ adequate explanation than has been tax write-offs. I am not criticizing. I When the ,war came labor demanded made. think we should deal fairly with indus­ and received higher wages, a longer work I am gravely concerned about the wel­ try but I have heard some of the very week and greatly enlarged fringe berie­ fare of our Nation if our top generals are beneficiaries of this costly arrangement .fits. When the war ·ended labor found to leave us in this way at a most critical speak very sneeringly of our efforts to that our economy did not need the pro­ time in our history. I cannot believe give farmers a comparable reconversion duction of a 48-hour week. The hours that the General himself would walk out program. were cut back, but not the take-home without the most compelling reasons for Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the pay. Again. I am not complaining or doing so. gentleman yield? criticizing. , I think labor should receive At 57 years of age, I think it is not too Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman generous treatment. I only ask, how can much to expect that an officer who has from Oklahoma. the farmer exist if he is not treated attained the rank of full general should Mr. ALBERT. Does not the gentle­ somewhat comparably with labor and be expected to continue to give his serv'­ man, who certainly is one of the best­ industry? · · ices to his country if his health is good. : informed members of the Committee on Has the farmer received too much? I believe that General Gruenther is Agriculture as well as a conferee on H. R. The President seems to think so. Actu;. truly an outstanding man. I have great 12, agree that the biggest issue so far as ally the per capita income of farm people admiration for him. I am deeply dis­ the farm problem is concerned is the from all sources stands at only $865 per· tressed over his departure from active question of farm income and the ques­ year as against a national average for duty, at a time when there is such a tion of farm income this year? nonfarm people of $1,913 per year, and dearth of greatness and leadership ln the Mr. POAGE. That is it exactly. nearly one-third of that meager income free world. Mr. ALBERT. The question , of the ·attributed to· farmers was earned from w~ should know why he is leavi~ us. disposition of surpluses, while it is an :i;ionf arm ·sources. In other words, a important question, is not as important great many farmers are able to stay-on immediately as the question of raising ·the f artn only because they or some THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF THE , farm income: . , ·member of their familY. works off the . FARM BILL . Mr. POAGE. Of course not. farm. _ . The SPEAKER pro iemi>o.re (Mr. Mr. ALBERT. Is it riot a_fact that the . .Qf course, the misfortunes ' of the THORNBERRY). Under previous order of soil bank,· which, through the acreage­ 'farmer should not be used as an excuse to the House, 'the gentleman from Texas reserve program, will eat up a part of impose- on the consumer. So, maybe we CMr. POAGE] is recognized for 30 minutes. the allotted acreage, is actually an in- should see just how the consumer has Mr. . POAGE. Mr. Speaker, when come-depressing device in that you take fared under 90-percent · supports and President Eisenhower sent his message out of production a part of the allotted how he is doing today. The consumer is of veto of H. R. 12 to the House on yes- crops, rather than an income-increasing paying· a constantly decreasing share of terday, he wrecked the hopes of literally . device? his-or her-food dollar to the farmer- hundreds of thousands of American farm Mr. POAGE. It will indeed. I hope to 38 cents today · as against .53 . cents· in families. For practical purposes he took elaborate on that and to show to every'­ · 1946. .Yet during that time, gross na­ the shoes off millions of farm children one who is interested that the soil bank tional production has increased by 50 throughout this Nation. He blasted tlie alorie when operated without combina­ percent, wages are up 60 percent, and f ond hopes of hundreds of thousands of tion with some other program will actti­ corporate profits are up 74 percent. And farm wives that they might have pape'r ally reduce the income of the entire still' the American public is able to buy on their walls or covers on their floors. United States by exactly the amount more food in exchange for less hours He laid the Nation open to the possibility that is spent on the soil bank, which is . of labor than any people at any time in of the repetition of the debacle of 1929. estimated to be, $1,200,000,000. history. The' President's v~to of the farm bill Here let me take just a moment to re- · In most of those cases where there is came as a cruel blow· to the men arid view the events which led up to our over­ complaint about retail prices it might be women who are dependent on the pro.- generous farm production of recent well to look before we condemn the duction of food and fiber for their liveli- years. Actually when World War II farmer as the culprit. , Within the iast hood. broke out, we had a full generation of few days, I have ~had a number of wires For 5 years, many of the farmers of the first class but unused researc}l and scien­ calling on me to oppose this farm bill West and particularly of the Southwest tific knowledge neatly catalogued and .on the theory that it would raise the have battled searing drought. This · filed. All dt.ring the twenties and thir­ price of wheat and would therefore spring their prospects are the darkest ties· farm income had been so low that "place a tax on bread." This is an in­ since that country was placed in cultiva- farmers had not been able to apply the genious argilment. It looks sound on its tion. , practices they knew were desirable. We face. I fear the President has accepted For an equal period of time, the farm- were farming as well as we could afford, it. Let us look at the facts. ers of the eastern seaboard have had to not as well as we knew how. Crop yields Ten years ago wheat was selling for contend with recurrent hurricanes. were not much higher in 1940 than they $3 per bushel in the United States. Each year their losses mount. were in 1920. Bread sold for an average of 13.C cents Farmers realize that their Government Then came the war. The world needed per pound. Today wheat is bringing is not responsible for the weather. but food and fiber. Prices shot up. So did about $2 per bushel and bread is selling they have rather naturally hoped their our patriotic fervor. · Farmers· were for an average of about 18 cents per Government would be a little more, not urged to produce as a patriotic duty. pound. No farm program caused that , less, interested in their welfare at a time "Food will win· the war and write the rise. During the past year the price of ~6422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD...;.. HOUSE April 17 hogs has dropped 38 percent. The retail what has happened in recent days, in re­ Mr.· POAGE:· The · gentleman· may price of pork has dropped only 14 percent cent hours to make the soil bank. more have his ideas about that, and the gen­ during the same time. The shirt I am acceptable to some individuals than it .tleman is a very ·substantial farmer, I 'Wearing cost, I believe; $4.95. Twenty was heretofore. ·understand, ·but r ·am talking about the years ago it would have cost no more Mr. KING o! Pennsylvania. Mr. .kind of farmers who owe debts. Down than $1.50. At today's price of cotton it Speaker, will the gentleman yield? my way that is most 'farmers. -contains about 25 cents worth of cotton. Mr. POAGE. I yield. · Mr. EDMONDSON •.. Mr. Speaker, will The farmers' 90-percent support could Mr. KING of Pennsylvania. I was the gentleman yield? ·hardly account for the 300-percent just wondering if in view of what the Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman increase in the price. gentleman has just said about the soil from Oklahoma. But I believe the need of the farmer is bank that he will personally support the Mr. EDMONDSON. Is it not a fact too clear to need further argument. President's suggestion that fallowing the that the mortgage debt of the farm Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, will veto vote tomorrow we promptly enact population in the United States has in­ the gentleman yield? the soil bank. creased at least a billion dollars in each Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman Mr. POAGE. I expect we will go .year for the past 3 years? from Oklahoma. along with a soil bank. I served on the Mr. POAGE. I think that is substan­ Mr. EDMONDSON·. I would like to committee, as the gentleman from Penn­ tially correct. express my appreciation for the splendid sylvania did, that wrote H. R. 12; but I Mr. DA VIS of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, analysis which·the gentleman is making voted for it and I do not believe the gen­ will the gentleman yield? of the farm situation today, and to ask tleman from Pennsylvania did. Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman him this question: Can the gentleman, I served on the conference committee from Wisconsin. as a member of the Committee on Agri­ and worked out the bill that we brought Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin. That state­ culture, tell me what magical new quali­ to the Congress. We had in it a soil ment on its face does not mean too much, ·ties and provisions have been added to bank which I believe, as I stated to the unless you also tell us the difference in the soil bank in the last few months gentleman from Oklahoma [Mr. AL­ ·the assets of the farmers in the course which makes it acceptable. when about BERT], would help make any support pro­ ·-or that same period of time. But what 9 months ago the Secretary of Agricul­ gram work more efficiently and more I really wanted to ask the gentleman ture was informing the Congress that easily. ·about, in defending the action on H. R. the same proposal would not work? Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. 12, is as to why the conferees saw flt tO Mr. POAGE. I doubt that anything Speaker, will the gentleman yield at that take out the only important protecti'on significant has been added during the point? for the dairy farmers of the northern last months, at least up until last night. Mr. POAGE. Surely. part of this country. That was the pro­ ·1 see 2 gentlemen on the ftoor, 1 on the Mr. H. ·CARL ANDERSEN. There is tection against the use of diverted acres . Democratic side, 1 on the Republican one point that I believe the President for the production of cheap feed for side, who introduced soil-bank legisla­ was not aware of and that ts ' that when ·dairying in other parts of the country. tion more than a year ago, I believe it the conferees agreed to the 85 percent Mr. POAGE. I do not know just what ·was a year ago last January; was it not? protection under feed grains at the very the gentleman refers· to, but I presume Mr. H. C:ARL ANDERSEN. Two years same time that the individual farmer he means the cross compliance. ago. took advantage of that he would have Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin. That is part Mr. POAGE. Two years ago. I have had to put 15 percent of his normal of it. There is no protection at all, of 'here with me today a copy of letters from feed grain acreage into the acreage re­ course, against farmers taking their the Department of Agriculture written serve portion of the soil bank, and that land out of the acreage allotments and less than 9 months ago condemning this in itself would have brought many mil­ putting them into forage and -pasture soil bank, in which the Secretary advises lions of acres under the soil bank f ea­ that could be used to produce other crops, the Committee on Agriculture that he ture. mainly dairy products that would strictly then considered it too expensive and un­ Mr. POAGE. Of course. The gentle­ compete against Wisconsin. workable. ·man from Minnesota is so right. Mr. POAGE. Apparently this illus- Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. I think . trates one of the reasons why the Presi­ Speaker, will the gentleman yield? the gentleman will agree with me that dent vetoed the bill. - Apparently certain Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman the conference report as agreed to by Members as well as those in the execu­ from Minnesota. the House and the Senate had in it a tive department have not read the bill. Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. The hear­ very fine and effective soil-bank provi­ It does provide specifically a 150-percent ings before my Subcommittee on Appro­ sion. penalty for those who use any part of priations for Agriculture will show that Mr. POAGE. I think it was excel­ the land placed in the soil bank for- any on January 28, 1954, Mr. Benson in di­ lent and I am hopeful that we may yet ·kind of crop, grazing, or otherwise; rect answer to a question I asked with enact equally good legislation. Mr. SIMPSON of · Illinois. Mr. reference to what was wrong with the Mr. KING of Pennsylvania. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? general principle of establishing such a Speaker, will the gentleman yield once Mr. POAGE. - I ·yield to the gentle­ soil bank in~o.rmed us th~t in nis opinion more? man from Illinois. it was unworkable . . He said there wer~ Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman Mr. SIMPSON Of ·Dlinois. I would like many things wrong with the principles of with pleasure. to inform the House that today I have such a program. Mr. KING of Pennsylvania. Assum­ introduced a bill along the lines of the Mr. POAGE. Yes; and yet he was for ing we do with your generous support President's soil-bank suggestion and I it in January 1956. enact the soil bank and put a billion ·have lifted the language out of the con.. The gentleman from Oklahoma asked dollars into the hands of the farmers, ference· report ·exactly. me what has happened recently; I will what do you think they are going to do Mr. POAGE. I am glad t.he gentle­ tell him what happened. Last night I with it with respect to productive opera­ tions this year? man has read the conference report. listened to the President's speech over Mr. KING of Pennsylvania. Just one the radio, that campaign spe~ch he de­ Mr. POAGE. What are they going to more question with respect to the worth livered last night, and I will tell you what do with the billion dollars? of the farmers. Is it not true,, regardless happened then. It was not in the veto Mr. KING of Pennsylvania. Are they of the mortgage debt, that the net wealth message that he sent up here yesterday, .going to use.the billion dollars in the pro­ . after all indebtedness of the farmers to­ but last night he propm;ed to place the duction of more surpluses, or are they day is the highest in history and higher farmers further· in debt and that we going to salt"it away? than any other class. of our society of should go into 1957 and take 50 percent · Mr. POAGE. They will probably use equal size? · · of the funds he proposed to pay to ·most of it to pay their debts, if I know ' Mr. POAGE. - The answer to the sec­ farmers for soil-ban;k compliance in 1957 farmers. · · ond part of the question is "No." Pos­ ·and to pay them out before the election Mr. KING of Pennsylvania. The sibly in th'e first par_t· of his, statement ·in 1956. Maybe that is the answer to farmers are not the segment of our the gentleman is correct because we have the gentleman's question; maybe that is society which· has· the debts, you know. Whether I should say ''enjoyed" or "suf~ 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 6423 fered" I do not know, but we have expe .. felt that when there are arguments be· would result to the detriment of one sec­ rienced a considerable degree of infia .. tween the people in the dairy area, as tion of agriculture as it did to Wisconsin tion particularly in the field of real there obviously are, and when the gen· agriculture . . estate. That inflation is reflected in the tleman proposed to me a group of ques­ Mr. MARSHALL. Mr. Speaker, if my book value of our farm assets, but it has tions relating to local situations in Wis­ friend would yield to me, I was going to added absolutely nothing to the living in· consin and Minnesota that I should not ask if he had observed any great move­ come of the farmer. It has put no clothes be condemned when I look to the knowl­ ment of cows from Wisconsin to the on his children, it has put no rugs on his edge of my distinguished colleague from ·state of Iowa? floors, and it has put no gasoline in his Minnesota who has served so long on Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker. That is the car. our committee. _ reason we were very mu,ch interested in Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, will the gen· Mr. MARSHALL. Mr. Speaker, will having tight grazing safeguards written tleman yield? the gentleman yield? into the soil bank proPosal. We do not Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman feel it is right to establish supports for from Wisconsin. from Minnesota. some sections of the country at a high Mr. LAIRD. I think the gentleman Mr. MARSHALL. I thank the gen­ level -without also putting certain con­ from Wisconsin [Mr. DAVIS] was refer· tleman for yielding to me. We in Min· trols on the use of land taken from pro­ ring to the provision which was taken nesota, of · course, recognize our col· duction. We were most interested in out of the conference report providing league, Congressman AUGUST H. ANDRE­ having the agriculture support program that the support payments would still SEN, as having complete kn<;>wledge of tied in with the soil bank so that we be made even if the soil-bank contract the dairy problems. I would like to call would not be threatened with that di· was violated. the attention of my good friend and col­ verted acreage problem. What· I wanted to address my. ques­ league from, Wisconsin, whom I have had Mr. POAGE. Having discussed the . tion to is this: We in ·Wisconsin have a the pleasure of serving with on a sub.." dairy question, now let us turn to the State in which we have a feed deficit, committee, to the fact that the last is- veto message. What has the President feed that is not produced on the farms. . sue of .Wallace's Farmer, in Iowa, car­ vetoed? He has vetoed the only present· Our dairy farmers purchase this feed ried a rather interesting article point­ hope of a higher income for American and the dairying and livestock consists ipg out that because of the uncertainty farmers this year. of about 82 percent of our farm .cash of grain prices and because of the uri­ True, he says that he wants a soil bank income. Our Wisconsin farmers pur.­ certainty of livestock prices that there and he suggests that· a soil bank alone chased for their farms about $130 mil· was a great demand for dairy cows in the would in some unexplained manner add lion worth of feed last year. _The pro­ State of Iowa, and in parts of Minne­ . to farm income. How would it increase visions of. the conference report would sota, I might _add. It would app·ear to· farm· income? The President does not have raised the feed cost in excess of . me .that the gentleman from Minnesota . tell us. .The .truth is, while.the soil bank 20 -percent of $26 .million. The provi­ . mit;ht .take. cognizance of that. -Since. will, if intelligently administered, make sions of the bill as far as. supports are they have the feed, they very likely have any price support· program work more concerned merely raised the income of· the livestock industry, particularly the effectively, it only proposes to directly our farmers by $14 ·million, leaving us dairy industry, in that· particular. area. reimburse the farmer for the net income ·a deficit· as far as cash income· to our Furthermore, .I would like to point out he is expected to lose as. a result of .his farmers in. Wisconsin are concerned -of that nationwide no segment of our ag- · particip~tion. Supp0se. you· have. 100 · $20 million. · It seems to me we should ricultural prosperity gains when you pull acres of allotted cropland eligible to go not be put in the position wherein by down the economy of any other segment ·into the acreage reserve. Suppose your legislation we hurt one segment of agri- · of our argricultural economy. averaige net income from that land has -culture to the benefit of another. I think The SPEAKER pro tempore. The been $25 per acre. Suppose you put 20 ,. .that is the main objection of the gentle­ time of the gentleman from Texas has acres into the soil bank. For. this you man from'Wisconsin. · It was my objec- expired. would expect to get· 20 times $25 which •' ... . · tion to the bill as it finally passed. · · · Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, I ask would be $500. · Presumably this would Mr. POAGE. I will be happy· to · dis­ ·unanimous· consent to proceed for 30 equal but not exceed the profit you eould cu~s the· question of feed prices ·in . just additional minutes. · · have otherwise' made by growing and a moment. I would like 'to ·suggest in The SPEAKER. Is there objection to selling a crop from this lan~ :' Where .is .passing in regard to the .dairy situation the request of the . gentleman from your : J:lew or additional . income? _Of .that the largest investment that I as an Texas. course, it isn't there. The soil bank does ·individual have is in a dairy. I myself There was no objection. not add to farm income per se. have been supporting a dairy; and I say Mr: LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, · will the But it does greatly reduce national "supporting" because probably I could gentleman yield further? income. In the first place it is expected not have done if it I had not had this Mr. POAGE: I yield for a question. to cost $1,200,000,000 of tax money in 1 _job for a number of years·. . I cer~ainly Mr. LAIRD. -1· thank the gentleman year. That. is more than twice as much do.not want to injure the dairy industry. for yielding again. I wish to comment as the whole 9Q-percent .sl,lpport progra.m Actually, those of us on the conference, on the statement of the gentleman from on all six. of the ·basic commodities has ·following the practice of a good .many Minnesota, whom I have seFved with· on cost for the past 23 years. See Mr. Ben­ ·of us on the ·committee on ·Agriculture, the • Subcommittee on Agriculture Ap­ son's own statement in the January 31 relied upon 'Our Members from·the strict-' pr·opriations -and for· whom I have a · analysis of ·program results published by ly dairy areas. I think it will be ad­ great deal of respect. I commend him the Commodity Credit Corporation. But mitted by the gentleman from Wiscon­ on his statement, -because ·that is the it is not the expenditure of this-vast sum sin that his colleague across the. river .reason we ·in Wisconsin could not -go which disturbs me as much as the fact .in Minnesota [Mr. AUGUST H. itNDRESEN], along with the bill. H. R. 12 did bring that it wili actually reduce gros& farm . income by :at as rquch as . the _ex-' '· who has served on our committee more down cash-f.arm income in our .State, leas~ years than any other Member, is rather and we do not feel that you can adverse­ .penditures for the soil l;>~nk. conversant with the dairy situatioI_l. The · ly affect one section of agriculture with· · Again think of the 100-acre farmer . gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. AUGUST out · having an ·adverse effect · upun all who puts 20 acres in the acreage reserve . H. ANDRESEN] signed the conference re­ agriculture: That is the reason that we Had he grown a cotton er corn crop on port and supported it and voted for it, · could not go along with the bill. Now, those· 20 acres-he would have expected to and I felt that as one from the cotton a _person that represents a State with gross $50 per acre-$1,000 in all. Re­ area I was in r~asonably good company a feed deficit is in a much different posi­ gardless of his net, if any, this $1,000 :is as far as the dairymen were concerned tion than our distinguished and beloved going to be spent in the community. It when I followed the lead of my distin­ colleague from Minnesota [Mr. AUGUST is going to pay for ·labor, for _fertilizer, guished Republican colleague from Min­ H. ANDRESEN] because figures as far as for machinery, for gasoline. It is going nesota on matters of dairying. And, Minnesota is concerned are · somewhat to turn the wheels of commerce, but with all the great deference I have for different than they are in Wisconsin. under the soil bank alone there is not the knowledge that the gentleman from Certainly we in Wisconsin could not going to be $1~000. There is only going Wisconsin has of the dairy situation, I support any type of legislation that to be $500. The total money produced 6424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 and spent into the economic blood in the final analysis the Nation-needs law as administered prior to the veto stream is going to be.cut exactly in half. to continue the gross at least where it is. message. Certainly, the farmer as an individual is The President would reduce this gross. It then shows what the farmer would going to have the same net on the acres In addition, the President's proposal receive under the farm bill the· Presi­ he had before, but the community is not would reduce the income from every dent has vetoed, H. R. 12. Then is shown going to have but 50 percent as much acre of basic crops the farmer produces. the payments the President offers in his gross. Here is a table showing just what the veto message. It then shows just how The farmer clearly needs an increased present law offers the producer of each much farmers are going to lose by the net. He does not get it under the Presi­ of our basic commodities. It first shows -President's plan as compared with the dent's proposal. The community-and the farmers' returns under the present farm bill we passed: Analysis of the estimated effects in 1956 of the administration's preveto announced farm support program, ofH. R. 12, passed by the Congress · and vetoed,_and of the President's veto message prices _ [Percentage of parity support level is shown beside dollar figures in (1), (2), (3))

Preveto Estimated 19116 Estimated 1956 announced Postveto crop values Estimated crop values Unit of quantity program under H. R.12 announced in unde: prev&to crop values under postveto pqlsent law veto message program H. R.12 program (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

BasicCotton crops: ______: ______Millions Millions Millions Bushel_Pound ______------$0. 2623 (75) $0. 3181 (90) $0. 2885 (82~~) $1, 923 $2,332 $2, 115 Wheat ______------~ ------1. 81 (76) 2.27 (90) 2.00 (84) 1, 698 2, 129 1, 876 ____ _do .. __ __------1. 40 (81) 1. 65 (90) 1. 50 (86) 2,395 3,350 2,566 ~y~-~~~~-e~~!~~>-~======~======HundredweightPound ______4.04 (75) 4.90 1(90) 4.50 (83) 216 23D 230 Peanuts ______,: ______------_------___ • 91 (80) .123 (90) .107 (82}'2) 147 198 172 Feed grains: Bushel______Oats ____ ---_____ ----_. __ --___ • ----_. --___ • ___ •• ______do ______.59 (70) • 72 (85) .59 (70) 930 1,050 930 Barley------______do ______.93 (70) 1.13 (85) .93 (70) 364 409 364 Rye ____ -- __ ---___ ------______------____ --_. __ 1.16 (70) 1. 41 (85) 1.16 . (70) 34 38 34 Grain sorghum_------___ ------__ ------__ Hundredweight_ __ 1.80 (70) 2.18 (85) 1.80 (70) 419 471 419 Noncommercial area corn ______BusheL ______1.05 2(75) 1.40 : (85) 1.125 4(75) . 728 890 780 Dairy industry: Butterfat______------_____ ------.. • 562 (78) • 586 (81) .586 • (81) (5) Manufacturing_------___ _ ------·--- 3.15 (82) 3.25 (84) 3.25 (84) ~~ (5) ~~ 8,854 11,097 9,486 TotaL------~------. ------

1 90 percent for United States and Cuba, lower for export. ' 75 percent of commercial area corn support. 1 75 percent of commercial com support. 1 Figures on milk production not available. · a 85 percent of commercial area corn support. On these calculations, not including postveto figures, since the President · tical thing this bill contains for livestock figures on butter and manufacturing said the 1956 supports would not be growers is a limit on the overwhelming ·milk, H. R. 12 gives the farmer $2,243,- less than 82 % percent. In the case of "flood of cheap feed which has been de­ 000,000 more, in terms of thz crop values f eed graina, including corn in the non- stroying our markets in recent years. We in 1956, than the administration sup­ commercial area the income estimate as- · -had no 10-cent hogs until we had cheap ports announced prior to the veto. H. R. sumes. that one-half of the 15 percent ·corn. The bill the Congress passed re­ ·12 gives the farmer $1,611,000,000 more .acreage reduction loss to farmers would -quired a reduction· in both corn and feed than the crop value to be reflected in have been recovered under H. R. 12 .grains-a thing that Mr. Eisenhower's ·Prices announced by the President in his ·through· soil bank. payments. In the ab­ low. 70-percent supports had not hereto­ -veto message. ,sence of any estimates of soil bank par­ .fore been able to accomplish~ Remem­ The President's action yesterday will, ticipation through H. R. 12, these compu­ . ber, feed grains have long been supported 1f it is allowed to ·stand, cost cotton ,tations assume-participation in the acre­ at ·only 70 percent of parity, ·but their -farmers exactly -$15 per bale, or a net . age reserve only where such would have production has increased pheI\omenally. loss of $217 million. It will lesseri· the been required as a condition for higher While I am speaking of the failure of value of the corn crop of the commercial level price supports. low support prices to control the produc- corn area. by $784 million. It will cost However, the requirement of a 15-per­ ·tion of feed grains, I wonder if we might the growers .of corn in the noncommer­ cent reduction of acreage of both non­ not right here examine the utter fallacy ·.cial corn area. 35 cents per ,bushel or commercial corn and of other feed grains .of the President's whole charge and the around $110 million, aI\d the growers of contained in the bill as. passed is not ·charge of so many uniformed writers and other feed grains from 38 cents per 100 contained in the President's plan. Ap­ .com.ttlentators that high rigid support .pounds of grain sorghum, to 13 cents per •parently he would go back to the old pro:.. prices built up our present surpluses and bushel on oats, 20 cents per bushel on gram of planting feed without limit and account for most of our losses on our barley and 23 cents per bushel on rye. then piously wonder why the Govern·­ .previous support programs. · Doubtless These grains will suffer a total loss of ment had to take so much corn into the most people who have never studied the about $221 million. Wheat will lose $253 loan. The President offers corn growers ·question believe that, including the Pres­ million, plus the opportunity to increase in the commercial area 86 percent of par­ -ident. It sounds reasonable.. Why the volume of export wheat. ity supports with no effective controls on would a farmer plant more if he knew The above computations are on the production. that the price was going down? That is ·basis of 1955 production except in the Mr. Speaker, a fourth-grade child a good question and it deserves a fair case of corn the 43-million-acre allot;. could tell General Eisenhower that if you answer. I will"tell you why. ment for 1956 is used. in ·computing the have no production controls on feed · Farmers are just like other people. estimated crop value under the admin• grains-and practically none on corn, They do the best they can· to care for istration's pre- and post-veto programs, and the President proposes no new con­ ·their loved ones just as city people do. and the 51-million-acre allotment which .trols-that we will, of course, grow too Suppose you were a cotton farmer. Not, would have been provided for corn in much feed; and a fifth-grade child c.ould necessarily, ·one of the smallest but sup­ ·H. R. 12 is used in computing income tell him that if we grow too much feed, pose you· grew 10 bales. Last year, the under the bill passed by Congress and that we are going to have too many hogs price of cotton was 31 cents-nearly $160 vetoed. In the case of cotton and pea­ and cattle. Cheap feed makes cheap -per bale. For this 10 bales you got nuts for which no definite programs livestock. I have · been in the cattle roughly $1,600 gross. Suppose you have been announced, support levels of business, at least in a very small way, all learned that next year the price of cot­ 75 percent for cotton and 80 percent my life, and I never made a dollar on ton would be only half as much, or $80 for peanuts are supplied for the purpose cattle when everybody's feed was cheap. per bale. The President assumes you of computing the preveto programs and I do not believe many other growers have, would cut your production of cotton. Of 82 % percent is used for both crops in the either. Ii;\ fact, one important and prac- , course; he assumes you would go into 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE -.6425 ·some more pro.fitable line of farming. That. is exactly what the President asks With many others, Republicans as well That would be fine but for two things- us to do. as Democrats, I worked long and hard on in the first place, the price of all crops ·Let us-now-look a moment at the veto -this bill. I have never seen a conference is depressed. There are no profitable message itself. The President expresses committee work harder. We brought to alternatives. And in the second place, as his bitter disappointment at the long our respective Houses a bill which I sin­ :a cottongrower you doubtless live in a delays "which this legislation encoun- cerely believe will help our farmers and one-crop country. There is no other tered." Actually, this conference report will help stabilize our whole economy, ·cash crop available to you. You cannot was passed by both Houses just 3 months Evidently many of our Republican col- grow oranges, If you are a wheat farmer and 2 days from the date the President leagues thought so last week when 48 you cannot grow asparagus. No, my made public his first rough outline of Republican Members of this House and friends, these six basic crops are called his wishes. I submit this is almost rec- 15 Republican Members of the other basic because they are, each in its own ord time for any major legislation. It House voted for this bill. I assume that area, so basic to the economy of the area could not have been achieved had this those men all voted for this bill because in which produced. Peanuts, rice, and House not last year foreseen the neces- they believed it to be a good bill. I as­ tobacco are small in total value but they sity for relief for our farmers. Just 2 sume that those men voted for what they are of tremendous importance to the weeks more than a year ago we passed thought was in the best. interests of their man who lives in their area of produc- H. R. 12. · people, just as I did. Conditions have tion. They are each, indeed, basic to That was not an election y·ear. We not changed during the last 6 days. Uii­ those who must depend on them for a were merely trying to do what we knew less those men now believe that General living. So as a cottongrower you simply should be done for the farmer. we had Eisenhower knows farm conditions bet­ cannot shift. Your only recourse, if you no help at that time from the White ter than they themselves do there can be are to maintain the living standard of House. Not·even a kind word. General no reason for them to now change their your family, is to grow . more, not less, Eisenhower was not then interested in votes. If they will but recognize as I do, cotton. a soil bank or any other farm program. that they know agriculture better than This is exactly what the farmer will In fact, our committee submitted 2 soil- does the general, then they will vote with do. We grew our largest cotton crop bank bills-one by a Democrat and an us tomorrow and we will together over­ when we had 52 percent of parity sup- identical one by a Republican to Mr. Ei~ ride this veto and move on to a better . ports, According to General Eisenhower senhower's Department of Agriculture. day on the American farm. we .should have been importing cotton We asked for comments and recommen- The Congress passed a bill remarkably that year. dations. We submitted the bills on Jan- free of any partisan politics. We- gave It is the failure to understand this siin- uary 17, 1955. It was not until July 27, the President the soil bank he has so ple economic iact which has caused so 1955, that we got a reply. The reply recently embraced, and we gave him the ·many people to be so critical of OU:t:' 9(}- was that a soil bank was too expensive. same support- program we had hereto­ percent supports. It has been and is this The administration did not then sup- ·fore given to President Roosevelt and to misunderstanding which ha.s caused so port it. President Truman. No one cried "foul" many people to make the mistake the on October 31, 1955, our chairman, when we sent similar bills to former President has made and to charge that Hon. HAROLD D. COOLEY, wired Mr. Ei- Presidents. There has been no change in :what they call high rigid suppor.ts·have senhower's secretary of Agriculture "and . the congressional determination to as• ,caused the accumulation of" vast sur- ·offered to call the Agriculture comm.it- . sur.e all producers who accept acreage pluses at great loss to the Government. tee of the House to eohsider any sug·- restrictions of 90-percent support. ·Why Of course, 90-p.ercent supports are not gestions the administration cared to sub- should we now be suddenly charged with high. They are orily nine-tenths of a mit. Mr. cooLEY explained that he did partisan politics? -I do not believe that fair price. Would .our labor unions set- this in the interest of time. • on No- charge is fair. I do-not believe this veto tle for nine-tenths of a fair wage? · vember 9, 1955, the secretary replied message is sound. I have an idea that Would the Bell Telephone C.o. take a rate that he had no suggestions to offer and . ·the President's. inability to clearly an­ which gave them only nine-tenths of a that he would have none until in.- Jan- -alyze the alleged defects of this bill .fair return? uary. . He sarcastically added that per- prompted the use of more generalities in ·· They are not rigid, because parity it- haps our committee would want to ·ask ·his-message, and the unfounded charge self is a changing figure. · It comes down Mr. Walter Reuther.for a :farm plan. ·of "politic.$" .by his pblitical spokesmen. whene..ver .farmers' .costs .come down and Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent I do not believe that the· 48 thoughtful it can never go up until after !armers' to include copies.of the above-mentioned .Republican · Representatives who less costs have gone up. exchange of messages at the en,d of my than 1 week ago voted for this bill will But let' us look at the record. I again remarks. allow someone else, anyone else, to cast quote the January 31, 1956, ·statement The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is _there their vote for them this week. I believe of the Commodity Credit Corporation. objection to the req-uest of the gentle·- we can and sh-0uld override the veto. It shows that as of that date our total man from Texas? . · · OcToBER 31, 1955• . ,losses on all 6 of the basic. commodities There was no obJ"ection. Hon. EzaA TAFT BENsoN, . W.,.., only $5<12 433 922 Th1's · inc1'den The Secretary.of Agriculture , .a..-i ""' ' ' • ' • - Mr. POAGE. Thus the record is clear tally, compares with a net profit on these proof t·hat for a full year th1's Ho·use _h_as . Washington, D. c.: -6 commodities of over $13 million the _ Press reports indicate that you have defl· day General Eisenhower became Presi- sought to .come to grips with this· farm nite recommendations to ~ake which will .dent. On that S"'"'e date we· had lost ·program but that it was not until the tend to improve the deplorable situation in ·ust about $120 mill1·on~~ on m1"lk a-nd milk 9th d ay 0 f th'is year th a t we were given· which the farmers of America now find J th t tr f th p "d t themselves. Press reports further indicate products. As of last January our losses e vagues ou ine 0 e resi en •s ·that President Eisenhower wm · make con· -on milk and milk products alone stood ·wishes and it was the 27th day o-f ·Feb,- structive recol'.Xlm.endations to Congress when .at $958,606,000-and supports on milk ruary before our committee received a it convenes . in Jaµuary. If either you or have been flexible every day since the . completed bill from the Department. President Eisenhower have recommenda· , program began. ·Where, Mr. Speaker, where Mr. Presi- tions to make which may even tend to im- Two things .stand out-the great bulk dent, ha:> been the delay? . ·prove or check the downward trend of farm of all losses has been sustained under I reahze that I have already spoken incom~. I shall appreciate your advising me. t l th I 1 , R: The House of Representatives, by appropri- the present administration, which has . a eng : can on Y. as m!- fri<:nds ate resolution in the last session of congress, constantly insisted that it was going to to bear with me very briefly while I refer . authorized me to c;all meetings of the House lose money-insisted so strenqously that ·to the ugly P~ase of the veto messag~. committee on Agriculture at any time and it had to lose money to make good its We could forgive the failure of. a .great authorized. our committee "to sit and act _own claim-.and second, the great bulk .general to understand th.e ~cc;mo~1es of during the present Congress at such times of the losses have been sustained in sup- ~ ~ot~on ~arm, but .when it is imphed, ~-s and places within or outside of the United orting commodities which have been on it is rmplled by thIS message, and as 1t States, :whet.her the ·House is in session, has P h b t t d b f th d recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such a flexible basis. Why should we con- · as een s a e Y so many 0 e a - hearings, to make such inspections or inves- ,demn the program which has lo.st the ministration stalwarts, tpa.t the Con~ tigations • • • as it .deems necessary." As .least money· and enibrace the one which _gress passed a political bill hoping for a chairman of the House committee ·on Agri­ ha..s proven itself to be the greatest ·1~er? ve_to, I must resent t_he implication. .culture, I h.ere and now advise you that I CII--404 6426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April' 17 deem it necessary to hold meetings of the tents of your telegram to the press I am Do we rieed the expensive foreign bases committee for the purpose of receiving, con­ taking the liberty of doing the same. which' appear at strange parts of the sidering, and acting upon any and all rec­ EZRA TAFT BENSON. world today? ommendations which either you or Presi­ dent Eisenhower may desire to make and to How does United States airpower com­ have considered by the House Committee on THE STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND pare with Soviet airpower in 1956? Agriculture. These are a few of the questions which If either you or President Eisenhower hav~ . The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under come to mind, as one takes a careful look recommendations to make to Congress the previous order of the· House, the at the principal offensive ·striking Power which you believe, if adopted, will tend tO gentleman from Oklahoma [Mr. En- of the Air Force . today. Schoolboys improve the tragic situation in which MONDSONJ is recognized for 45 minutes. know the answers to some of these ques- American · agriculture now finds itself, and Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask tions, and ·some of them can already dis­ if you believe that legislation is needed, you unanimous consent to revise and extend cuss the relative merits of F-94's and should not wait. You should act now and my remarks and include extraneous F-89's, or B-36's; and B-47's. be prepared to present legislation to Coli_­ gress when' it convenes in January. Unless matter. Among the American people at large, , you request a hearing before our committee, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to however, there is a great and continuing I shall assume that neither yo·u nor Presi­ the request of the gentleman from curiosity concerning the Strategic Air dent Eisenhower have recommendations to Oklahoma? ·command-its men, its mission, and its make and that the administration does not - There was no objection. future. believe that new legislation is now needed. - Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, the A great motion picture. was made on The farmers of America can no longer liv·e ·military security of the United States is this subject not long ago, and millions of on promises. If, after the many months you . today, as always, a matter of paramount ·Americans lined up at the theaters of our have been in office, you have new and con,­ ·structive -recommendations to ·make, I am and.overriding concern to the Ameri~an .country to learn more about the force certain that the members 6f the House Com­ .people.. - known as SAC. mittee on Agriculture will be grad to meet . In 1956, however, there is a new di- Recently, a well-known radio and tele- at any time and place that ·wm suit your mension to that concern. vision personality, -Arthur .Godfrey, de- . convenience, and to consider such legii::J.a­ Atomic Energy Commissioner Murray ·scribed in .a program an important mag­ tion as may be recommended.· If additional defined the new dimension clearly as . azine article on the subject of the Stra­ authority is either necessary or desirable, I early as 1953, when he bluntly stated: tegic Air Command, which appeared in regret that you did not advise us before the first session of the 84th Congress adjourned. There can no longer be any doubt that Air Force magazine for April 1956.· The farmers of America are ready, willing, mankind now has in its grasp the power There followed a great flood of re- and anxious to cooperate in any program to destroy the human race. quests to Air Force Association, pub- which may tend to improve the pitiful The awe-inspiring potential of atomic lisher~ of this magazine, for copies of . plight in which they now find themselves. weapons in today's world was expressed this· article, one of the most authorita- The problems of agriculture are paramount. . on January 25 by Air Secretanr Donald tive .reports ever written on the -subject Delayed action may prove to be· disastrous to · the entire economy of our country. As you Quarles when he listed as the number 'of SAC. The American people wanted k·now, Congress cannot act up~m such recom­ one offensive f Orce of this country "a. . to know more about the .command which mendations as. you may have to make until Strategic Air Command capable of de·- :held in · its grasp the awful force .of · our committee bas appraved such recom• · uvering on an aggressor, in 1 week, 1,000 atomic war-which .a .. great British ·mendations. The situation' is desperate. . times as much e~plosive force as hit Ger- statesman had . described. as the best We should act without delay~ · . ~ many in all of World War TI." ' peace insurance in the world today. • HAROLD D. COOLEY, Mr.. Speaker, many of us have had the · The Air Force magazin,e article is . Member of Cpngress. opportunity, in the years fallowing . authoritative because it is written in . World War II, to see at first hand the ·very large part by the m~n who know NOVEMBER 9, 1955• . ·terrible destruction of German industry SAC ·besk-the men who ·flY the_ planes - - Reurtel October 31 you have correctly in­ and economy which was inflicted during ·and man the guns of the Strategic Air terpreted press report indic~ting this·admin­ th~ war years, -in large ·part by aerial Comll}and. · istration will make definite recommendations bombardment. . . ' For example, there is an enlightening aimed. at strengthening and improving present agricultural legl:slation. These rec- _ : It is·· ~ifficult . to contempla:te an ex- section- on the Bomber's ·Role in Diplo­ . ommendations are now in the process of plosive force 1,000 times as great as the : mac_y, by Maj. _Gen. James C. Selser, Jr., · · preparation. I would anticipate they will be -terrible power which reduced mighty -deputy c.ommander of the 8th Air Force presented to Congress by President in.tradi­ ·Berlin to rubble and leveled sprawling in SAC. · tional message form next January. The spe­ Frankfurt. There is an eye-opening discussion of cific suggestions wouldil assume,·then-be re­ It is almost as difficult to picture the How SAC Tackles Its Security Problem, ferred to the agricultural committees of the aerial armada necessary to do this thou- ·by Brig. Gen. David Wade, SAC inspec­ Senate and House and to some other inter-· ested committees in the usual way. Mean­ sandfold job of destruction, and to do in . tor general. while, I would· be happy to receive from you i week many time·s the damage · which Col. David C. Schilling has written any new suggestions which you may have -required years of terrible sacrifice and about the fighters of 1956 and the future, for alleviating the farm· price-cost squeeze. effort in World war II. ·and as a Harmon Trophy. winner he Perhaps Mr. Walter Reuther, whose appear­ When .the mind succeeds In grasping -writ.es ~s an authority.. . ance before your committee drew such high these awful pictures, we then have some - .The 1mportanc_e of aer~a~ reconna~s­ praise from, ¥OU earlier this year could be . comprehension of Commissioner Mur- .. sance has. been pictured .vividly. by Brig.• helpful in, suggesting-means of checking the advancing cost. of goods and-services farmers ~ ray's fearful assessme·nt of our present ·Gen. Hew1t~ T. :W:h.eless; commander of ml.\st buy. As .you know, it is this :factor Of · atomic' power. : the 80lst Air D1vis10n. inflexible - high operating· expense that is · · At the same time we should also have ·, Concluding the .great series of articles, . largely responsiple for the economic difli- ~ a.n !~mediate and c~mpelling respect fo.r -~hich includ~ a m.':~ber of ot~er discus- culties faced . by farmers. . · the arm of American military power _ sion~ by leadmg .air experts, 1s a pen~­ In your telegram you exp~essed regie~ you . which today carries the major resport- · tra~g summary by the C~mmander m were not advised earlier ;that additional leg­ sibility for delivery of this awesome Gh1ef of SAC, Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, ... islation· "is either necessary· or· desirable." force---the Strategic Air-Command. entitled ''SAC's Readiness Is Our Peace Yo'ur committee files· will sho_w' that' I urged you to bold bearings on a number, of bills What is the Strategic Air Command? ·Insurance Po,licy." . . carrying Department of Agriculture endorse­ : , Who is the man who leads it and what The entir,e series is of such comP,elling ment. For example, not once· but twice I do we know about him and his 'concept of ·public interest today, and of such great implored you to schedule hearings on badly ·SAC responsibility? · importance in a full understanding of needed legislation which would have ex­ , - What is the principal job of the Amer· .our military picture, that I welcome this empted from marketing quota penalties ican general in the nuclear age, as de- . oppo:tuniW to read it into the RECORD farmers who produced wheat exclusively for fined by SAC's commander? of this Congress: . . . use on the farm where grown. As you know, hundreds of legal actions are now pending What are the most . dependable aerial SAC: MEN WITH A MISSION against individual farmers throughout the weapons of SAC today, and their likely (By Ed Mack Miller) country 'Yhose only crime was that they grew replacements? . Shortly after 1900, Maj. Gen. Leonard wheat to feed to. their own livestock on their What are-our major problems in main- Wood, United States Army, then commander own farm. Since you have released the con- taining air supremacy in the nuclear age? of the Department of the East, was asked by 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 6427 a reporter if "Airplan~s such as are now in Spaatz in Europe. He commanded the 305th of them are jets, ranging from nuclear­ operation could be us6d in direct attack?" Bomb Group, one of the First United States bomb-carrying fighters to the world-span­ "Hardly," General Wood replied, "for the Air Force's bombardment units to enter ning B-52. SAC now has more than 30 bases airplane, wonderful as it is, has simply European combat, and pioneered numerous in the United States and more than 10 over­ reached a, poln.t , as yet where it is able to strategic bombing tactics, including the seas operating bases, and is ready to go at travel with a mlni;oo~m .bµrden, at a com­ straight-in bomb run and formation pattern any time-when, as the men of SAC say, "the paratively low elevatio~. ~n<;l for a compara­ bombing. whistle blows." tively brief space -of time. It has not yet He initiated the lead crew system whereby General LeMay wants the world to know essayed to carry niore :than 2 persons, the all planes on strike were guided by one crew his boys are good but like every other sen­ mental and physical ·activities of at least and developed a new bomber combat forma­ sible citizen, he doesn't want a showdown if 1 of whom are constantly engrossed in the tion Which cut combat losses throughout a showdown can be averted. task of manipulation and control. The air­ World War II. General LeMay led the 1943 . The world of SAC is controlled from Offutt plane· of today must have certain definite shuttle mission of Flying Fortresses from Air Force Base at Omaha, Nebr., where Gen­ tonditlons ·to insure a successful start and England to Regensberg, Germany, and in _eral LeMay keeps C-97 command transports successful alighting. As a factor in warfare, August of 1944 was given the 20th Bomber in constant readiness for quick inspection .the airplane has not yet demonstrated its Command, where he used techniques devel­ trips to any part of his far:flung domain. ut111ty." . oped over Europe to increase the number That domain includes 3 major subordinate "Someday; 0 the good general added. how­ of B-29 raids in the China-Burma-India commands and 3 air divisions: The 2d, 8th, ever, ''the airplane is likely to become a de­ theater. Other Pacific area assignments fol­ and 15th Air Forces in the continental United vice that wm have to be reckoned with." lowed, including command of the Marianna­ States; the 3d Air Division on Guam·; the 5th General Wood was indeed more perceptive based 20th Air Force, and General Spaatz's Air Division in north Africa; and the 7th than another general who, years later, while chief of staff until September 1945. Air Division in the United Kingdom. testifying before the Morrow Board in 1925, After the war he served as Deputy Chief of The 51 wings in the command train con­ said, "I see no reason why the range of a Air Staff for research and development. From stantly, with an atmosphere of wartime ur­ military airplane should ever exceed 3 days' October 1947 to October 1948 he commanded gency governing all their actions. Through a march for the infantry." United States Air Forces in Europe, where he vast system of global communications, SAC Fortunately, there were men of vision in began the Berlin airlift, after which he re­ measures its efficiency in its ability to get in the early years of the century who clearly turned to the United States, taking over tne touch with -a single plane :flying anywhere foresaw the tremendous impact strategic Strategic Air Command in October of 1948. in the world. aviation ·would have on the history of · the LeMay, the man, is a dedicated airman who And if it takes longer than 20 minutes to world-Doubet, the Italian strategist; Count thoroughly learned the lessons taught by contact him, there may be a little hell to pay. -Caproni di Taliedo, builder .of the Capron! General Mitchell, Arnold, and Spaatz. A For Commander LeMay must figure that if bombers of World War I, who said, "No re­ matter-of-fact person who does not easily he can't reach. all of his outfit, wherever they sistance is possible against the domain of the tolerate small talk or small ideas; he dislikes may·be, in that length of time it may be too air"; a.nd America's Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell, speeches and publicity. His life is in the late. .who told the Congress: "Remember, gentle­ Air Force and SAC. When SAC was organized 10 years ago, men, that national defense in the next war · Although those men close to LeMay say global capability became its primary objec­ will be measured primarily by airpower." that too much fiction has already been fab­ tive, and the combined brains of American And nothing thus far h~ weakened ·the ricated about the SAC Commander in Chief's scientists, industrialists, :fliers, and states­ ·reply that Mitchell made .t6 th.e House com­ cigar-in-jaw toughness (they say he is a men pushed toward it from several direc­ mittee chairman who asked: "Do you mean pretty regular fellow who has the sense to tions. to say that aircraft will dominate all arms know that in his world-guarding job he must The first was foreign bases. As SAC moved ,of defense?" be without feelings or sentiment or fear), its big planes across the oceans in the years Mitchell's answer: "I mean that aircraft they admit that in fulfilling his mission~ following 1946 and found bases close to the can go straight to their destination, no mat­ Curtis LeMay has had to be as hard as the periphery of Soviet territory from which they ter where they may be. Nothing known at job that faced him in building the world's could operate, its dynamic character began present can stop them." greatest aerial deterrent force, the Strategic to take shape. The dropping of the atomic bomb by a Air Command. The second way took a leaf from Norse ·B-29 on Hiroshima offered undebatable proof "At our bases," he has said, ~'There is a mythology. The eldest son of Woden, king of the capabilities of the strategic .air arm, certain urgency in our operations. That is of the Norse gods, was Thor, a strong, brave, and in so doing vindicated the foresight of its because the training in this command must and kind warrior who wore iron gloves (like proponents. simulate combat conditions as accurately as the one on the SAC crest) and a belt of This devastating strike brought about the possible. The continuing job of all of us, strength around his waist. His chariot first capitulation of a major enemy home­ whether airman or officer, is to use the re­ wheels made thunder as he rode through land without full-scale invasion by ground sources we are provided to give the Nation the sky, and in his strong right hand he held troops, thus saving the lives of thousands of full value in combat capability. Our Na­ the strongest weapon of all-his magic ham­ Allied soldiers, who were even then on the tion's air strength always must be kept great mer, which would return when thrown .. Japanese door&tep, poised for the traditional enough to maintain peace by discouraging SAC's second answer then, to the problem invasion. global war-or in the event of a war, strong of deterring an enemy who lived across the Strategic bombing as a tactic of war came enough to discharge its mission effectively. world, was a mighty bomber, the B-56. It to fruition in the World War II. One of the · "In the event of war, the long-range could carry enough fuel so, like Thor's ham­ pioneers of the new type of warfare was Gen. bomber and the nuclear weapon enable us to mer, it could do its work of combat and still Carl A. Spaatz, later to become first Chief of carry to an enemy's heartland the greatest fly back to its master. Staff of the United States Air Force. General destructive power the world has ever known. They called the B-36 the peacemaker be­ Spaatz commanded the Eighth Air Force dur­ ·The airplane can reach over and beyond the cause it was the big deterrent in America's ing its formative days as a strategic bombing masses of manpower the Communist world peace policy in the years after 1947. It unit. He later became commanding general has mobilized behind the Iron Curtain. helped build a belt of strength around the of the United States Army Air Forces in "It is the only means by which we can globe and, like Thor's chariot, its sound of Europe, heading the combined Eighth and bring our full power to bear directly against thunder made the men who might have Fifteenth Air Forces. This was in 1944, when his muscle and heart. As long as we main­ toppled the world into a bath of blood think Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, who earlier had ·tain superior air strength, we will probably twice. headed the North African Strategic Air never have to use it." The B-36, with its 6 conventional and 4 jet Forces, was commander of the Eighth Air When SAC was activated in March of 1946 engines, a range of 10,000 miles, an altitude Force. at Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D. C., capability of above 40,000 feet, and, .at re­ After the huge and powerful air forces of its first commander was Gen. George C. Ken­ duced range, a bomb capacity of 40 tons, the United States. had helped whip HitleF, ney. Then SAC had only three jet planes­ became a high-flying symbol of security. General Spaatz took over command of United Lockheed P-80s. Its total manpower was The B-36 will be replaced in the SAC pro­ States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, and about 37,000 persons. It had a total of 600 gram over the next several years by the newer from his headquarters on Guam oversaw the planes, of which 250 were obsolescent bomb­ all-jet B- 52. final devastating aerial assault on the Japa­ ers. Un.der its command were 18 active . And, although it may have never dropped nese homeland. bases. a bomb in anger, no one. will be the sadder, Here one of his top commanders, as head of Now, 10 years later-10 years in which the for it will have.accomplished its mission per­ the 20th Air Force and later Spaatz's chief growth of SAC's power has unquestionably fectly-as a world-spanning peacemaker• . fiy­ of staff, was the man who now heads the been the prime deterrent to Soviet aggres­ ing its -beat in protection of the rights of United States Air Forces Strategic· Air Com­ sion-the Strategic Air Command can list freemen. mand. some proud accomplishments. It now has '])le third method developed to assure that Curtis E. LeMay, a native of Columbus, more than five times the number of person­ SAC crews could bomb anywhere in the Ohio, and a graduate of Ohio-State University nel it had 10 years ago (and its critical prob­ .world and still return to home base was with an engineering degree, received his pi­ lems today are centered in long-term re­ _aerial refueling of medium bombers. lot's wings in October 1929. 'Before becoming tention of the best). It also has five times Of course, none .of · these advances were .our top B-29 commander he-had served under the number of planes it had then-and most made without much trial and more error. 6428 · . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 But, in the :face o:f a driving necessity for a World· War II-its wings span 116 feet and to operate out of, wblch gives us many dif­ boomerang bomber force, the men of SAC its fuselage measures 106 feet and 8 inches­ ferent approaches to the target area. have done much since 1946. the B-47 ts manned by a crew of 3. All The problem of defense posed· to the So­ The global-mobility aspect posed many SAC medium bombardment and reconnais­ viets, then, is tremendous. They know that headaches, because to move an entire com­ s·ance wings are now equipped with B-47's. jet bombers can come from all directions, bat unit, complete with everything from SAC's Big Bertha ts the B-52 Stratofor­ so they have the problem of moving their spare engines to spark plugs-and do it on an tress. The jet-propelled B-52 possesses the fighter force, and setting up their static hour's notice-is no mean trick. But con­ greatest combat potential ever built into a defenses, their missiles, and their flak so stant planning and training have given a United States Air Force heavy bomber. De­ that they can defend themselves efficiently. pattern to the operation so that now SAC signed to cruise at over 600 miles per hour Obviously, they would be· spread quite thin bosses can almost time the entire business for 6,000 miles without refueling (it can, if the United States has a vast number of with a stopwatch, even to the point of pre­ however, refuel in the air, too), it weighs as advanced bases. Of course, there is little scribing that the equipment be set up on much as 120 automobiles. It is big, with intelligence available on the enemy defen­ arrival within a specified number of hours. wings long enough to span the width of a sive force. It is known that they have good Planes and equipment are maintained in football field-plus 25 feet. It ls powerful, figllters in abundance, and that their force a constant state of readiness. Essential unit with 8 Pratt & Whitney J-57 jet engines is improving rapidly in quantity and quality. equipment--the minimum immediately re­ producing the power of 30 diesel locomotives. Their radar may be good, too-but, as Gen­ quired for short-term operation at a for­ And is is so fast that few jet fighters can · eral Mitchell said: "You cannot stop a de­ ward base-is packaged and ready to go at· match it at altitude. termined bombing attack once it has any time. started." You can punish it severely, how­ Designed to meet exacting requirements ever, and attrition ls another SAC headache. Flyaway kits, or aluminum bins on casters, of Strategic Air Command's long-range op­ are packed with critical aircraft spares for erations, this newest heavy weight is being The men of SAC are the best bomb drop­ quick hoisting into bomb bays and move­ delivered to SAC as rapidly as the ships are pers in the world. Their test missions a.re ment to forward areas. These kits always deadly serious. On the ground, every bomb produced, which is. not nearly rapidly run is accurately charted with electronic accompany combat aircraft on foreign rota­ enough. The first of the .B-52's w~ deliv- tions and will support a wing for 30 days devices by a radar bomb-scoring detachment ered in June 1955. · so that accuracy can be proved-and im­ of operation. Ultimately to replace the Rep~blic F-84F In addition, personnel are always ready. proved. Planes from SAC bases are in the fighters will be the F-lOlA Voodoo, devel­ air each day, each night, week after week­ All medical inoculations are kept up-to-date. oped by the Air Force in conjunction with Those whose jobs require special tools, such roaring along at better than 600 miles per McDonnell Aircraft Corp., and designed to hour as crews go through all the procedures as radio and radar technicians, have their meet SAC requirements for a long-range own flyaway kits packed and ready to go at they would use on an actual bombing mis­ strategic fighter. The most powerful United sion in war. all times. States aircraft of its type, the Voodoo ls When the order comes, an entire wing­ Weather makes little difference. In actual supersonic and can be refueled in flight. It combat, planes and crews would fly their planes, crews, ·maintenance parts, and rec­ is capable of carrying· nuclear weapons. ords, as well as support planes and person­ missions regardless of weather conditions. nel-is soon in the air, moving quickly to Coming along as a replacement for the So .SAC continues its missions in rain, fog, forward bases. Only a few items and a few workhorse Boeing KC-97 tanker is an ad­ snow, windstorms, and clouded visibility, people are left. Large and heavy types of vanced version of the Boeing 707 jet tanker­ day and·night, !Pr with radar bombing equip· maintenance equipment which combat air­ transport now in production for SAC. The ment, it is not necessary to see the target to craft cannot carry are handled either by Air Force has designated its first jet tanker bomb ·with accuracy-and war might occur SAC's own cargo airlift capability in C-i24's plane the KC-135 Stratotanker. The KC- in any weather.. or by MATS plants which also :tnove critical 135 will be used· to refuel both the B-52 and Flying at altitudes of 8 miles or higher, personnel who can't be taken in the combat ·.the B-47, addin~ grea~ly ~the strike poten­ each bomber heads in on an American city. planes. tial of the sleek bombers. Then an observer presses a bomb-releas·e General LeMay . says.. "Moving an entire A 707 prototype already has demonstrated button. Another target ts theor.etically de­ combat wing is comparable .to picking up Jts 'ability. to refue(the B-5? at hig~ speeds stroyed and a SAC crew has carried out a one of our maj~r domestic airlines, moving and altitude, which means t~at the fast jet. bombing mission realistically similar to one it across an ocean~ and putting it back in ·bombers won't have to drop to low altitude .it ~ight someday have to fiy against an op~:i:atton all within a matter of hours. This and low airspeed to refuel, as 1~ the case with .enemy. For the crews, this is routine . is now accqmpiished as a i:outine training .the KG-9'Z•fiying gas station~ In flight tests : ,. Each year industrial targets in almost every ·deployment." '. · conducted. by' Boeing the aircraft has fre­ American city with !'I- popula..tJon of more Since actual experience is the most realis­ quently cruised at altitudes higher than than 25,000 are theoretically destroyed by tic form of training, each SAC combat wing 42,000 feet and at speeds greater than 500 SAC planes. San Francisco alone has beeh conducts annual maneuvers as a unit at an miles per hour. the target for 495 attacks during 1 month. e.dvance base. This . training outside the The big baby iI). the hauling department Once each year, top bomb teams are tested United States is usually for a 3-month period, remains the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, ln the annual bombing and navigation com­ and SAC crewmen quickly become familiar largest production transport in the Air Force. petition, a tense week-long duel which crews with the geography, customs, and operating It is used by SAC to perform a. variety of have dubbed the "SAC World Series." conditions in different parts o'f the world. long-range cargo missions all over the world. '. The main concern of bombing. and navi­ SAC ·mobility is continually demonstr'ated The heavy-duty carriers a.re capable of speeds gation training-and the annual meet--has as wings deploy from United States fields to around 250 miles per hour and have a range been to step up accuracy. Every year has advance bases in foreign lands as part of nor­ of up to 4,000 miles. They make up the seen an increase in overall accuracy until mal training, often crossing each other's strategic support squadrons which give glo­ today SAC planes can bomb with precision path of flight as the armadas switch bases. bal logistic back-up to SAC combat ele­ well within the limits of their weapons from Jets and prop-driven aircraft take part in ments. . high altitudes. the mass tl!ghts across the oceans of the The improvement of aircraft types will, The competitions have generated a great world, and fighter aircraft, such as the F-84G, of course, make SAC less dependent on for­ deal of interest, have aided in development of cover almost the same distances on their eign bases when newer and bigger planes, new techniques, and .have served as· proving nonstop missions. truly intercontinental bombers like the B-52, ·grounds for plan~s. me~. ~nd equipment. General LeMay and his commanders have become available in really adequate num­ The comiI,lg-of-age of the B-47 is a good tried to think of every angle in the "quick­ bers. ·example. Up to 1955, piston-engine planes haul, bomb-drop business." And they have . This ls not to say that SAC should give like the B-36, had taken most of the honors. found the' best way to train is to conslder up any of its advance bases. Although die­ Some critics or skeptics doubted that a every day M-day and every hour Zero-hour. hard isolationists shout that it is the logical 'high-speed jet' could match the accuracy With the B-50 already long since retired thing to do, commonsense dictates that .of the big, more stable platform. ·and the B-36 playing out its last years of , fighting a war from United States oases with But their case was smashed ·in 1955· as service, the SAC arsenal is moving into the medium bombers should be the last resort. medium bomber crews from B-47 wings pure jet field rapidly. SAC is in the hauling business, and a short swept the competition. Their victories The workhorse of LeMay's command now is, haul is always more efficient than a long formed a definite cleavage separating the of course, the B-47 stratojet, that beautiful, one. The turn-around time is· doubled or jet-bombing age from the World War II sweptwing, tall-country tiger that has been more, and so, in a. given period of time, less era. With giant B-52 long-range jet bombers such a good airplane that its crew chiefs destructive force is placed on the targets. now coming into the command, the world say it's like maintaining a B-29 without en­ Another advantage in substantial numbers can expect strategic air to rely on jets com­ gines. Powered by six General Electric J-47 of foreign bases is that, in addition to com­ pletely in t:tie near future. turbojet engines, the B-47 is in the 600• plicating his problem of effective action In 1952, Strategic Air Command also in­ miles-per-hour class and has established against the United States, it gives the free augurated the annual SAC reconnaissance several impressive times and distance rec· nations greater flexibility in that they know and navigation competition as a means of ords. Its range with infiight refueling is that the Communist is going to be able to promoting compe~itive spirit and determin­ restricted only by the endurance of the get a relatively much smaller portion of ing the capaqilities of reconnaissance wings crew. Larger than the heavy bombers of bases-so that we, therefore, have many more and crews. 1956_ ' CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - HOUSE '6429

Every reeonn~lssance wing ts ,__rep~sented meetings of the Society for the Advancement That is why it ts said of SAC that lts . grea~ in the yearly 6-day meet. Eacli c~ew runs of Management and other professional est victory will come if war never occur91 day and night celestial navigation missions, groups to assure that no new development between the two great powers in the world:1 radar target photography, aerial target and is overlooked. today-Communist Russia and the Unitecti photofiash photography# The problems of the Strategic Air Com- States of America. · · At present Strategic Air Command, uses the -mand ~re, of c_o:urse, many and.. complex. Its RB-36, the RB-47, and RF-84F's as its re_. biggest headache is the continuing loss of SAC'S ACHILLES HEEL connaissance planes. The first tw~ are sttiP­ trained manpower to industry-this is the ped-down versions of bombers with the same weakest link in an otherwise strong chain. (By John'G. Norris) numerical designation, while the latter is a. There are community relations problems al­ PINECASTLE AIR FORCE BASE, FLA.-Dawn 1,j, reconnaissance counterpart of the F-84 ways nagging at the commanders. The jet breaking as your B-47 leaves the runway.I fighter. noise problem is always a thorny one, and As the airplane levels off upstairs, you get The combat crews in SAC are about the the increasing speeds of SAC planes has out of your parachute harness, hook on an best in the business. The avera.ge officer on brought on burdensome high-altitude traffic­ oxygen bottle, and crawl to the bombardier­ a select Gr lead crew is 33 years old, and the control problems in weather. On any one o:( navigator's post in the nose. average airman, 27. SAC has a fairly unique a hundred fronts, running a global hauling Firs,t Lt. Glenn F. Morgan, Jr., gestures at system . in the selection of leaders. Crews business is no picnic; but then the hard the radar scope. The instrument is the main are rated as "select," "lead," or "combat­ core of men of SAC are no ordinary men, element of the airplane's K-system-the ready." Select and lead crews have demon­ either. magic black box that makes it possible to strated a capability higher than their col­ Neither is working for Curtis LeMay & Co. bomb individual buildings accurately from leagues, and represent the cream _of the an easy job. The grumblers and the gold­ above 40,000 feet through darkness or clouds. force. Naturally, they draw the most diffi­ bricks in SAC are _soon sharpened up. But Both of you fasten your oxygen masks so cult and the most important targets. that is not to say that the good soldiers do that you can talk on the intercom. To become a select crew, a flight team must not grouse. They do, many of them. Some The 32-year-old bombardier-navigator­ meet certain standards in training. When would like to get out of SAC, they say. It's radar operator-misnamed an ."observer"­ it does, everybody on the crew gets a spot too hard on their families, their being away explains that the B-47 is turning to start promotion, everybody goes up one rank. They: so much. The pay isn't commensurate with its visual bombing run. From the pre­ hold that spot promotion just so long as they the danger of flying fast jet bombers and flight briefings, you know that this 77'2- retain their efficiency. If performance drops fighters. "It'd sure be nice to just have to hour training mission simulates an actual below the s~andard, t~ey immediately go on put in 40 hours a week and then settle down nuclear attack on an enemy target thousands prpbation, and witb,in a matter of 3 or 4 to a little golf and gardening" is a phrase of miles a<:ross the world. · months they are. given rigid tests in all some SAC men .have been heard to mumble. That includes flying a precision point-to­ phases. If they do not measure up to select In fact, you always get the worst from a SAC point course back and forth over the South­ crew ·standards, everyone loses his promo- airman first. Then slowly, the good comes eastern States, navigating by the stars; a tion. · out. And pretty soon you are getting the rendezvous with a tanker plane for in­ Lead crews actually are usually as good as business that is known as being "SAC-in­ flight refueling; actual visual bomb drops the select -crews. However, there are only so doctrinated." You find out that these men, of 500--{>ound conventional bombs to .make many promo~ions, and SAC can't promote under their curtain of callousness, are pretty sure the release mechanism works; and-the everybody. If a sel_ect crew falls below the proud of everything about the job SAC does. climax-the radar bomb run on the main standard, then a lead ci:ew will move up to Looking into SAC's future, the next step target. replace it, and assume· the new designation in the natural progression of our weapon At lunch the day before Col. Mike McCoy of select crew. spectrum would be fully intercontinental­ introduced you to the bomber crew. He told The combat-ready crews, which make up type bombers, completely independent of air you that it cost the Government $616,000 to the majority of the force are usually not far refueling or forward bases. Following the qualify one B-47 pilot. You believe it. below the bombing capability of the two top intercontinental bomber SAC will probably Capt. Edward J. Albers, 34, the copiloti categories._ All can bomb well within the gradually phase into missiles, but only wh_en limits of the weapons they are using. saw extensive World War II service, like Mor­ the intercontinental ballistic missile can gan. Both were recalled when the Korean Select, lead, or combat ready, they're the meet the accuracy, yield, and reliability of war broke out. The aircraft commander, fl.nest· airmen in the world. the long-range nuclear bomber. Capt. John W. R,osenbalm, 27, had served in Recently Mr. R.ex Madeira, sales manager ' But along with the development of the the Air Force continuously since becoming of the ·spartan S~hool of Aeronautics. in ICBM, bomber leaders warn that the inter­ an air cadet after the war. A typical B-47 Tulsa, Okla., told this writer: "The Strategic continental bomber development must not crew has an average age just over 30, each Air Command constantly amazes_me. It has be relaxed-until it is certain that the ICBM one of the best systems of business practices is married and has a child. can do as good or better a job. These experts You wonder what keeps the three top­ I have ever seen inside or outside the mili· are worried that present preoccupation with tary." · · · fiight men-still Reservists without · assur­ pushbutton warfare might delude many ance of an Air Force career-on the job. The compliment had its base in !act. people into letting our present .force in being When Curtis LeMay took over SAC, he ap­ Then you recall what General LeMay had deteriorate before an adequate substitute i~ said about his dedicated people. p'C)inted a committee of officers to investigate tested, poised, and ready. This, they say, the business methods of major United States could be a serious threat to our continent Rosenbalm asks if .you'd like to fly the civilian businesses. From each he took the and the free world. airplane and gingerly you take Albers' seat. best practices he could find and shaped them Not that SAC is in any way opposed to a The bomber handles like your Buick. Then to fit SAC's operation. crash program for the development of the comes the approach to the tar·get~ Not Mos­ The command's management improvement ICBM. It is a strong supporter of such a cow, but Charlotte, N. C., where there is a program is considered a model of its type; as program. SAC men say with emphatic sin­ radar bomb-scoring squadron, able -to tell' is the famed-SAC rating system, which is so cerity, that they'll be only too glad to get an just where the B-47's load would land. · thorough that IBM cards are kept on every instrument that will help do the job without Morgan starts his bomb run, eyes glued to man·in the command. Every individual per­ their getting shot at. And who can fight the radar scope. Countless hours of study formance shows up for what it is. that kind of reasoning? of aerial photographs, he hopes,· will enable Management boards give instant visual Just as long as we continue our develop­ him to pick out the obscure target through • checks on the in-commission status· of SAC's ment program so that the SAC _arsenal can the clouds. arsenal of aircraft, and if the readiness graph fly faster, higher, · can carry bigger bombs ·Morgan's major problem is target identi­ dips below the acceptable combat potential than Soviet aircraft, there will be peace. fication. His target is '4-nidentifiable on the line, things really start buzzing until the Even if the day comes when the Soviet force scope; so he aims for some oil tanks a known trouble is remedied. and the United ·states force are equal in distance a:way. He sets the "black box"-for Another objective of the management pro­ capability-providing that the United States such "offset" bombing and adjusts for wind, gram is the education of workers, super­ force is continually · modernized and dis".' speed, altitude, etc. The electronic brain visors, and executives in sound operating persed, SAC will still be an effective deterrent, should do the rest. principles. This is accomplished by seminars, and seems to be the best if not only means But the "black box" fails. Only one of the base management indoctrination courses at o{ preventing war.- · many instruments goes out-the true-speed every installation, NCO Academies, com• This, of course, involves the "force in indicator-but it is enough. Morgan squeezes manders' financial management courses, and being" concept, the concept whereby men past you and checks his equipment. Finally other special training. and machines· are poised and ready to go he fixes it. But it is too late. The mission -SAC fully exploits industrial methods in at any time. It is entirely possible that is an "abort."- work measurement, production-control sys­ from now throughout the course of civiliza­ Some green airman mechanic had failed to tems, human relations research, and the tion it may be necessary to maintain a de­ adjust a set-screw properly and an over­ best thinking of the universities in assisting terrent force on this status. No one likes worked sergeant-supervisor had missed it. it in many ways. to live that way-no one likes to pay the So the combined -skills and efforts of the men Top management officers consistently ap­ bill, but it will be a necessity unless some who built the plane and base, planned the ply modern techniquel!I to c~mmand prob­ means of guaranteeing a lasting peace other mission, ·readied the plane for flight, and lems: Clommand representatives, attend than the deterrent force 1s bit upon. then :flew it well, all ca_me to naught. :6430. CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - HOUSE April 1'! You begin to appreciate what had been !ng minimums, and 91 percent of these were SAC has ~ · broad plan oi ·action designed stressed so- strongly during the briefings here acceptable to LeMay's rigid standards. to cope with the-problem. Some proposals re­ and at SAC Headquarters 1n Omaha-the It cost the two poorest-manned wings $468 quire congressional or top Pentagon action. grave shortage of .skilled mechanics and the per flying hour to operate, and the two best One phase calls for less complicated, easier exceptlonallt high turnover of newly trained $415.- . ' to. :maint?-in equipment.. "We can get gen­ technicians. Too many B-47s are temporar­ ·But the real. payoff came in the vital quar~ iuses to design them but can't have an Ali: ily out of operation each day because of terly Unit Simulated Combat Mission. The Force of geniuses ~o service them," said a mechanical difficulties. Too many training two poorest-manned wtri:gs were 20 percent SAC officer. missions cannot be completed satisfactorily less effective in this big test of combat capa­ Another proposal is to let the Air Force because something goes wrong in ·the air. bility than the two units with the best raise its recruiting standards. Department What was it General LeMay had said? ground crews. of Defense regulations now force it to take "'The situation is critical and is our chief "In other words," said a SAC officer, "under a proportionate sh,are of. lower I. Q. men. SAC worry today. We still can carry out our mis­ wartime conditions, scratch 20 percent of the says many of the nien it receives are un- sion, but at a high cost in efficiency and targets assigned to the two wings with the trainable. · effort." · less-skilled ground crews." Other recommendations are aimed at mak­ Already, the manpower problem has seri­ Why is the Air Force so pressed by the ing life in SAC more attractive. . Last year's ously lowered the combat readiness of the lack of a relatively small number of tech­ pay raise.and increase in reenlistment allow­ Air Force's long-range nuclear striking arm. nicians? Take the black box, for example. ance helped, boosting the SAC reenlistment It represents an ominous weakness in the In the first place, it takes a man with a fairly rate from 26 to 35 percent. Nation's defenses today. For if one small high IQ to be accepted for the K-system But the trouble is that the percentage but vital element of SAC's vast, complex, basic-training school. Yet the Air Force has varies widely in various specialties. Sixty fighting machine breaks down, the end result to take all sorts. It takes about 2 years of percent of SAC cooks are signing up for an­ could be catastrophic. school and on-the-job training to advance other term when their enlistments expire, For the most part, SAC combat crews such a man from apprentice to mechanic while only 10 percent of the Command';:! today still are experie.nced and fully quali­ rating. During their fourth year, after ad­ skilled i:adarmen are reenlisting. fied to do their job. But the experience and vanced schooling, some gain the skill for "By civilian standards we are overpaying skill level among SAC maintenance crews is upgrading to technician level and promo­ some people and underpaying others," saiQ low. Ninety-one percent of all SAC enlisted tion to staff sergeant. By the end of the a SAC personnel officer. "Surveys show that airmen have been in the command less than 4-year enlistment the Air Force will have the wage scale for cooks on the outside is 4 years. One day, a wing at one base had spent $22,500 on such a mechanic in train­ $1.80 an hour or less, while an electronic,s nearly a third of its B-47's out of service due ing, pay, and allowances. 'It will have re­ supervisor gets $2.60 per hour. to K-system maintenance because of a lack ceived 18 months' productive service from "But the top pay of an .Air Force cook and of skilled technicians. him and given him 2¥2 years of highly mar­ an Air Force electronics supervisor,· both This ls terribly costly both in dollars and ketable training. master sergeants, is the same--$2.35 an hour in efficiency. SAC represents a tremendous . If he reenlists, it costs the Government based on a 40-hour week. · We have. 239 job investment-$8 billion worth of planes, $20,500 only for his pay and other main­ specialties and only 7 pay grades." bases, and other property alone. It costs tenance for the next 4 years and SAC gets The plan, not yet in final form, would $1 billion a year to operate, plus several full value received-92 percent of his time apply to officers as well as airmen. Person­ additional billions for new planes and bases. in productive effort. nel officers stressed that SAC aircraft com­ The Nation has $724 million invested But only 20 percent of the black-box men manders make only $500 to $700 a month, in each B-47 air division-counting trained are signing up for a second enlistment. while a comm.ercial airline pilot makes from personnel, planes, bases, and equipment. Why do they leave? $15,000 to $20,000 a year-more than SAC's During the last fiscal year, 1,900 SAC of­ An airman first class says he wants to go top generals. ficers and 35,800 airmen left the service. SAC back to college when his 4-year enlistment Other proposals . urged to improve career , figures it had $777 million invested in them. expires. attractiveness include: That represents the cost of replacing them An airman second class says he plans to · More family and military housing. in their various specialties, .including re­ marry and get an engineering degree under Medical care for all dependents. cruiting, training, paying, and supporting the GI bill. • . Expansion of commissaries and PX's an4 new people to bring them to the proper skill Service newspapers are full of ads reading, cancellation of the present .restrictions on levels to do their jobs. "Leaving the service? See us." the goods they can carry and prices charged. Foreseeing this loss, the Air Force last Turnover in other key aircraft mainte­ year had to start pumping in new people to Amendment of the GI Educational Act, so nance fields is as critical as among men serv­ that men who remain in service can go tq replace them. The Air Training Command icing the black boxes. Lt. Col. Edwin J. school in off-duty hours at ·Governmen.t ex­ provided SAC with 12,000 basic airmen at a Caudill, 813th Air Division personnel director, cost of nearly $20 million, 12,600 apprentice pense. . . . is concerned about bis mechanics. His ques.:. Correction of a present situation thiit is mechanics at a cost of $31.5 million, and 4,500 tionnaires show that· 121 of 306 plane me­ technicians, returned to schools for ad­ causing much bitterness among many air­ chanics are' eligible for discharge in .)'.une men. Officers receive a subsistence allowance vanced training at a cost of $24 :i;nillion. and July and only 16 say they will reenlist. In addition, SAC itself had to conduct on­ on a monthly basis, enlisted men on a daily Pinecastle AFB has only 60 percent of its basis. When individuals or units leave their the-Job training to upgrade 67,000 airmen authorized instrument maintenance men. to fill the vacant specialties. SAC estimates permanent base on temporary duty at schools By ~id-April, this will drop to 50 percent. ~r other stations-:-:-and this is frequent in that this cost $52 million, because scarce Of an authorized 14 men to maintain its IBM supervisors and skilled technicians had to SAC-the airmen lose their allowance and machines, a vital factor in mission planning, the officers don't. be pulled away from their regular work to only 10 are assigned and but 3 of these are train them, and the trainees were unproduc­ , Additional allowance to ease rough spots, ..effectives." Only 1 out of the 4 comptome­ such as extension of quarters allowances for tive during this period. ter repairmen allowed is "on board." The initial cost last year to start replac'.' airmen with dependents, per diem payments The Air Force makes a strong. effort to sell while on maneuvers, and raising rental and 1ng the 35,800 sergeants and airmen who airmen on reenlisting. All airmen are in­ left the service during that period, therefore, subsistence allowances in high-cost-of-living terviewed on their future plans. Armed with areas. • totaled an additional $127 million. full data about the cost of living, wage scales, But the money aspect is relatively unim­ etc., in the airman's hometown, the inter­ Much has been done during-recent years to portant, as a detailed comparison of four viewing officer stresses the advantages of an make life more attractive to servicemen and B-47 wings shows.. It was made to deter­ Air Force career. to boost reenlistment rates. Congress has mine the precise effect of inadequately raised pay and allowances. The Defense De­ trained ground crews on. the operational Fifty to sixty percent of those who leave partment and Air Force Headquarters have capab111ty of combat units. All four were say they are going into industry. Some have taken other acUon. General LeMay has es­ combat ready and 100 percent manned. a job already lined up. Ten percent declare ·tablished hobby shops, designed · new and Two of the wings were SAC's best-staffed they are quitting for "family reasons,'' and more livable barracks, set up SAC flying units, being 85 percent effectively manned the rest say they are going back to school. clubs, and dependents• assistance progra;ms, All the evidence indicates these factors.are in the airmen technical skills. The other and taken many other morale-bu~lding two were at the bottom, from a ground-crew pulling airmen back into civilian life just as moves. they become most valuable to SAC: standpoint, being only 66 percent effectively All these things help. But SAC needs as­ manned in hard-core skills. Competition from industry. sistance to s9Ive. its critical manpowei: prob-!. The poorest-manned units were able to The GI education bill. lem. It must have sympathetic and prompt keep their B-47's ln the air only 80 percent Housing shortages at most bases. attention to its proposals by top-level Penta­ -0f the time they were supposed to. They Periodic movement of servicemen, inter- gon officials and Congress. And public un- completed 87 percent of their training mis­ fering with family life. derstanding and support. · sions, only 75 percent of them satisfactorily. General dislike of military service. For too much rides on SAC's.combat readi­ On the other hand, the two best-manned The generally low esteem and prestige ;l.C­ ness in the world today to . let correctible units flew 99 percent of their prescribed flying corded an enlisted career by the American weaknesses co:ntinue~ Survival is everyone's hours, completed. 98 percent of their train- p~~ ' business. ,, '· · 1956· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE '6431 THE BOMBER'S ROLE IN · DIPLOMACY would be at Langens Field (now Lajes Air drawal of United States forces from Western (By Maj. Gen. James C. Selser, Jr., Deputy Base), Azores, at any one time. As a result Europe, leaving a vacuum which the Soviets Commander, Eighth Air Force, SAC) we had to devise a system whereby each hoped to fill. This flight could be regarded group of two aircraft arriving at Lagens as symbolic of the growing sentiment in the The Strategic Air Command's role as a would relay its departure plans to Morrison United States against creating such a. deterrent to aggression is so well established Field so that the succeeding group could vacuum. today that it is easy to forget that the inter­ plan its flight accordingly. A failure of It is a matter of record that Mr. Molotov relationship of airpower and diplomacy is a communications between Morrison Field and adopted a more amenable attitude during relatively new concept. SAC bombers first Lagens resulte·d in considerable delay in the course of the meetings of the Council became an instrument of international di­ scheduling succeeding groups. The . two of Foreign Ministers, held in New York City plomacy when 6 Boeing B-29'~ of the 43d spare B-29's were directed to stand by at in November 1946. Bombardment Group, 8th Air Force, flew a Morrison until we had arrived at our ulti­ This mission firmly convinced us that SAC secret mission to the American Zone in Ger­ mate destination-Frankfurt, Germany. units should deploy periodically to overseas many in November 1946. Inadequate communications also made bases for tactical training. This practice For centuries naval forces ha,ve been con­ weather forecasting over the Atlantic ex­ soon became an integral part of SAC's train­ sidered as the primary military arm of our tremely uncertain. In addition, all forecasts ing program. Entire wings of B-36's and foreign policy. One of the first, and cer­ in the Azores were at least 6 hours old and B-47's, present-day workhorses of the Stra­ tainly the most colorful, illustrations of the accurate weather information beyond Orly tegic Air Command, now rotate periodically use of a military force as an instrument of Field, Paris, France, was not available. to overseas bases for intensified operations diplomacy occurred when President Theodore After we left the Azores, all designated under simulated wartime conditions. Capa­ Roosevelt sent a fleet of 16 battleships on a alternate airfields in Europe and North ble of delivering any air weapons in the cruise around the world. Although . the. Africa were re.ported to be· below estab­ nuclear arsenal, the aircraft, their crews, manelJ,ver was termed a pract.ice crlJ,ise, it lished weather minimums. Thus, we were support personnel and equipment are main­ was generally associated with th,e administra­ forced to land at our planned destination, tained in a constant state ·of ·readiness; ., tion's Japanese policy. Roosevelt later. con­ Rhein--Main Airfield, Frankfurt, Germany,· Along with new· developments in aircraft cluded that sending the fleet around the even though the ceiling of 200 feet and 'half­ and weapons have come refinements in oper..--­ world was the most important service that mile visibility presented serious problems. ational techniques, crew training, mainte-: I rendered to peace. The Navy became Approach control and tower ·personnel at nance, and supply. SAC bombers deploy Roosevelt's .big stick. . . Rhein-Main, who were not familiar with · in a matter of. hours with suffici.ent spare However, the atomic age ushered in a new the approach speeds and landing patterns parts and supplies to operate under sus­ era in international diplomacy through air­ for B-29s, further complicated the situation. t.ained wartime conditions for at least 30 power. The then-exclusive ability of SAC Therefore, we had to assist them in directing days. SAC's global capability has certainly to deliver atomic attacks of the Hiroshima­ all subsequent approaches and landings. been a major factor in the formulation of Nagasaki variety placed it in a position to On arrival in Frankfurt, the Sup·erforts American foreign policy. challenge the Navy's traditional role as the were quickly prepared for possible immediate strong arm of the State. Department. When combat. Operational missions conducted How SAC TACKLES ITS SECURITY PROBLEM two American C-47's were shot down over in Europe were carefully planned and Yugoslavia in August 1946, the Army Air . briefed; These included flights along the (By Brig. Gen. David Wade, inspect keep it dry Group, I had the good fortune to le~d the_ il1is token force.represented the only atomic and ran across the street .to the cafe. It was Superforts' to ·Europe. · · · . . striking power in the world. 'The interna- warm inside· and· there were smells ·of hot' '. On 'November ..a, .1946, only, 5 ..days .:. before. tiona1· situation at that time was . particu~ coffee, ham ' and·: eggs. : He -~ stamped ·water.· X-day, th~ .43d .Bombar.dment- Group .y;as . larly . tenSe, arid the base of' Western allied· from his shoes and' moved toward a booth at ·. · alerted to· prepare for a special mission to power· had not yet been laid. The spirit the end of the room. · an unknown destination. Eight. B-2.9's, .in-· of allied cooperation· had not yet been sup- Tll.ey were waiting for him. · "Mike the eluding 2 spares, and 2 Dougl,as C;-54 Sky-. planted by a realistic appraisal of Russia's Wrench" and ·Jack. Mike grinned, "Look at masters were to be prepared for the mission. imp.erialist.ic .goals; Soviet domination of the white overalls. You a painter looking Th,e instructions requii:.ec;t that the ::a-2~ · s all Eastern Europe was not yet an accom- for a job?" carry enough equipment and ,spare parts plished fact; arid the effects of almost com- "What else?" He sat down. "You guys to operate independently for 30 days. plete demobilization in the United States all set? Anyone suspicious?" Requisitioning the necessary supplies were still apparent. · · "Naw," Mike said, "we're old hands, Neal. proved to be the major problem. The B-29.'s The intractible attitude of the Soviet rep- I'll have a ·wrench on one of those bombers were of the latest series and had fuel shutoff resentatives at high-level conferences .in 1946 before they know we're around." valves uniike any of their predecessors. had increased international tension. Rela- "How about the lieutenant?" Jack asked. · Neither the aircraft nor the special · values· tions already strained were stretched almost "He's all set. Reports to the wing this were being manufactured at that . time, and to the breaking point when two Army Air afternoon with bona fide orders. Almost as a ·result, we had to cannibalize other Transport Service een spotted i:g. wing ops. "One of my cars , Wlth explosives, stood um:~olested among In 1954 s4c faced anoth.er problem bear­ wm give you a lift into town." ·He smiled millions . of dollars' worth of airplanes. ~ng 'directly on its security program. A per­ for the first time, "Catch you guys on mY . On another base a team member posed ~onnel shortage was developing while the base again and I'll put you under the guard­ as a security courier. · He walked into base comm~nd was still building up. Career men house." communications, said he was grounded for like Sergeant Turnbull were staying in, but · In room 305 in the Hotel Royal downtown several hours due to engine trouble, and thousands of younger men pulled in for the Neal sat by a ·telephone. He was now .1n would the sergeant be so kind as to put his Korean crisis were returning to civilian life. charge of the team's command post, Fox briefcase of classified documents in the vault As a result, SAC's original plan-to protect One, and he or Mike. would have to stay for safekeeping? The briefcase, the vault, the entire land area of a base-had to be re­ by the phone until the rest of the team and the sergeant were, theoretically, scat­ duced to minimum patrol requirements. The were caught. · · tered ·all over the landscape a few hours bulk of security forces were drawn around Eight months before, M. Sgt. Neal Turn­ later. combat aircraft and other essential support­ bull had little interest in penetration teams, . Her.e's another gimmick used successfully ~ng facilities. Seventy percent of the air except for the trouble they. caused when at several bases. An officer and a civilian police force was assigned exclusively to secu­ they got on his base in Texas. Then every represent themselves as technicians from rity functions. man on the base became a policema.n-in­ Air Materiel Command-proba.bly with a · Even this concentration of forces left much :fact, suspicious of every stranger, watchful fake-d operational TWX (teletype message). to be desired. Something else was needed to for the sllghtest thing out of order. When Once on the· line they sabotage every aircratt increase the effectiveness of the man on the a penetration team was on the loose, base they can. At each they leave a 10-inch roll guard postr Sentry '.dogs seemed to be the security was everybody's business. of white paper, symbols of explosive devices answer. Now he was winding up his last job .as a an enemy agent might plant. . ' Tests conducted at Barksdale Air Force penetrator. He ~ad visited near-ly a dozen Anotper test 't;eam .wsed as a surveying ~ase, La., ~:mnfirmed previous successful ex-· Strategic Air Command bases, including two party and surveyed its way across the outer periences with sentry dogs in overseas opera- 1956. CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD ._.. HOUSE 6433 tions, and during 1955 the sentry dog began about its particular area of responsibility. As control of an operation moves upward. to appear on stateside SAC bases. Each When the Air Weather Service was reorgan- so does responsibility for weather support. trained dog more than doubled the effective· ized under MATS -in .1951, a 'functional con- When mor-e than one wing or division is in­ ness of his sentry...;handler. By the end of cept of-forecasting was adopted. This meant vo1ved in the planning and·execution of an 195.5, 350 dogs were on-duty. That number that a specific weather unit-the First operation, direct control generally is exer­ continues to grow, to the discotnfort of SAC's Weather Group in the case of SAC-was cised by one of SAC's three numbered air penetration teams. charged with supporting all operations of a forces. If more than one air force is in­ The dogs give a tremendous psychological specific function. Detachments from the volved, SAC headquarters generally assumes bo.ost to the AP patrolling a lonely post, but First Weather Gi-oup were assigned to SAC direct control. their most valuable contribution is their bases in the United States and overseas. In a H.ke· manner responsibility for -weath­ keen sense of smell. Primary task of these Similar groups were assigned to support the er support is changed from a base weather teams is to detect an intruder and sound the other Air For.ce commands. From SAC's station to a forecast center at a numbered alarm, and then to apprehend the trespasser. point of view, the changeover was a great air force and, finally, to the Offutt Weather Once the alarm is sounded, the secur.ity improvement, for it allowed specialized sup- Central at SAC headquarters. Forecast cen­ control center dispatches an alert force to the port !or SAC's specialized purposes. ters have a partial hemispheric capability, trouble spot. If there is evidence of a sabo­ The requirements of the Str,ategic Air Com- while tne Offutt Central's forecast capability tage attempt, all squadrons Are alerted to mand present the· most interesting and chal- covers the entire hemisphere. "Condition Red." Thousands of eyes sud­ lenging assignment any weatherman ever With its -hemispheric capability, Oflutt denly become suspicious of every man. The had. Sixteen percent of SAC's aircraft are Weather Central carries as high as 25 percent general order for every- officer and airman is in the air day and night the year ·around. of the weather support load of each base by seize, search, and secure. They fly long hours and many miles over making the forecast for any mission or any Should an attack in force be indicated, the flight paths of infinite variety. Every 3¥2 part of a mission beyond the capability of sabotage alert immediately becomes an air minutes around the clock one of these jet the base weather stations. The chart show­ base defense -activity, and a defense in depth bombers meets a tanker plane for a refueling ing the forecast load of the Offutt Weather is established around vital elements of the rendezvous, as often over the trackless waste Central shows an increase from 450 forecasts combat striking force. Meanwhile combat of an ocean as over land. Wherever they go, in a 6-month period in 1952 to 1,450 forecasts operations sections have readied the crews on this or the far side of the world, the SAC during the last 6 months of 1955, reflecting and aircraft fo~ possible action. planes and crews must have accurate and. the rate -at which SAC operations have in­ 'l:his is the goal of Strategic Air Command's detailed information about the weather along creased since 1952. security system, ·a base kept secure and stand­ their flight paths. Since a mission may be The weatherman'~ basic tools-maps and ing ready to perform its primary mission. ordered to any place, at any time, weather charts recording current national and hemt­ The maintenance of wartime security in a information must be immediately available spheric weather data-are supplied daily to peacetime era is a new idea, but it is one in when needed; · SAC weather stations by the facsimile net- which SAC strongly believes. Anc,l SAC men In order to meet these stringent require- work originating at the National Weather learned long ago that the command holds ments, ·weather personnel have to work Analysis Center at Suitland, Md. ' The cen­ each of them responsible for its security. M. Sgt. .Neal B.Turnbull, p.enetrator, learned closely with operational units, providing ter and its network support nearly all milt­ this the hai-d' way. In a small town near· a weather support at. the level at which mis- tary and civilian weather organizations in sions are planned and carried out. "As a re- : the United States. Reception of tp.e basic Southern base he found a technical sergeant suit, about 75 percent uf all .missions ftown charts from a central source allows SAC one night propped on a ba~ stooi and happily by a wing are directly supported by the base weathermen to concentrate their efforts on downing his bourbon and J?randy. It look~d like easy information and Turnbull, neatly weather station. There is a close tie-in be- -the specialized charts and forecasts required "tween the ·operations section of the · botnb ~y their chief customers-:the cm:~bat c~ews dressed in, ~ . flannel suit, stn1ck up ro.z:i.vers~­ .tion,- bought the sergeant a drink, and tact­ wing and the station, and the weather de- .· and the men who plan their missio~S' . . fully ·guided the talk into more informative tachment commander and the wing weather '.: Forecasting for flights fro~ stateside bases officers are key people. ·when a wing deploys to No~h ·Africa, England, Greenland, Alaska. cha.nnels. In hit report :or the 1nciden~ Turnbull stated· that finally the sergeant overseas for short periods of tempotary duty . -0r Pacific bases is r.outin? for SAC stations. s.tood up and said, "Buddy, you've asked just or for. 90-day rotations, wing. weath.er officer·s The mii:jor problem in this kind of forecast: one question too many about my base and go along and, through oversea:? faciliti~s, ing is much the sai;iie as ,it always has been. business and I'm going to punch you in the provide the essential weather service. This . Jack of sufficient weather data because there nose!" Turnbull's report concludes, "which arrangement assures a continuity of reliable just .ar.e not enough weather stations in the weather support .at home base as well as . empty expanses of the oceans. In addition, he proceeded to do." - r a · · ; · · since the planes on many -of these missions 0 ve s_e s. may be hour.s apart, SAC weathermen ·and Con~rary _to the popular belief, the. weat~- . combat crews have . developed a techniq-qe '.r,HE WoRLD's WEATHER-How SAC FINDS OUT · erman s job is ~ot over when the arr crews whereby ~enroute weather· data accumulated ABOUT IT take off on a mission. As the mission goes .by one flight is .quickly appraised and in­ (~y Col. Frederick J. Cole, commander, First on (mai:y last more than 24 hour~) the eluded.in forecasts.for followingJlights~ The Weather Group) · weather is carefully watched for any .changes . professional . ability of SAC crews to trans­ .The age of weather forecasting began when that might affe~t the safety of flight. Under late the weather they me.et into accurate in­ man .first appeared on earth. He found a marginal conditions, when ·certain_ bases flight reports increases the accuracy of sub­ world already shaped by weather-blackened m~ght be closed in by bad weather before the sequent fo.r.ecasts. . , . . by fire, frozen by giant ice flows, eroµed py mission ends, the weather at all possible Howe-Voer, -these . lt\':'..:flight reports are often· rain and flood. Lightning :flashed above; alternate bases is constantly checked by "not as detailed as weathermen would like, powerful storms swept across the earth, and operati?ns and weather J?erson~el. This in~ ~nd there are hopes that sometime in the there were long periods of alternating heat formation is chec~e~ against a how-goes-it future aircraft will c~rry lightweight,·digital . and 'Cold. Man was quick to understand ana1ysis of the mission ln progress .and how recorders which will automatically log en-· that weather was an ever-present force that much fuel is left in case an alternate b~se . route data. · he had to reckon with in his daily li.fe. must be used. ~f a change in weather die- Studies of the jet stream and its effects But until the age of flight, man was not tates a change m mission plans, the infor- on aircraft operations in 1954 showed the greatly concerned with predicting weather's mation is already at hand to eliminate value of such airborne weather observing vagaries. His was a local problem of rain, weather hazards. platforms. With the cooperation of Pan snow, or sunshine. His' only interest in a A weather analysis of SAC's aircraft acct- American World Airways and Mr. S. Sere­ storm several hundred· miles away was how dent rate during the past 5 years (see chart) breny, Pan AM"s technical supervisor of me­ much that storm might later affect his own shows that while- the total number of acci- teorology, two speciall:r ~nstrmr..ented B-36s locality. dents has continued downward during the were flown from Japan to Maine along the Then came the airplane. period, the number of accidents involving course of the jet stream. One· aircraft was In 50-odd years aviation has developed at weather l:ias followed-an erratic pattern. For intentionally flown in the jet stream while · such a fantastic rate that today Air For·ce the most part. however, this erratic behavior the other followed a winding course along weathermen working in support of the Stra­ reflects fiight limitations of aircraft. For its axis. Information gathered on this and tegic Air Command are charged with fore- · example, an accident resulted when an many, other flights ·has made it possible to fasting worldwide weather. The jet aircraft F-84F lost power while in a cloud because the capitalize on the benefits of the jet stream of SAC, fiying at 600 miles per hour 8 to 10 supercooled water in the atmosphere had a and to minimize its disadvantages. miles above the earth, span oceans and con­ contracting effect on the rota.ting shroud of In a similar manner, through Mr. H. tinents in a matter of hours in routine oper­ the Jet turbine. To weathermen the most Harrison, United Air Lines; Mr. J. George, ations. Obviously..this type of flying involves significant figures .in this chart are the -Eastern .Air Lines; Mr. C. N. Touart, Air 13xtensive weather support. · "Number of Accidents Involving_ a Dete.r- Force Cambridge Research Center; and Dr. Since 1951 the ·First Weather Group has mined Weather Deficiency." 'l'he man who R. Fletcher, Air Weather Service, SAC pur· been assigned the task of fur.nishin.g weather decides whether or not to. charge an ·accident sues a continuous and aggressive flight re­ support· to SAC's ·global operations.- · Before against a weather de.fi.ciency is the Director search program designed to improve fore­ then weather forecasting· had been done on a of Flight Safety Research at Norton Air .Force ·Casting capabilities. regional basis, and the primary job of a fore­ Base, Calif. Any such deficiency must be · With more· and more emphasis on jet casting center was to provide weather data corrected or eliminated immediately. · operations, today's forecaster is confronted .6434 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-·· HOUSE April 17 by problems that arise· because modern air- Esquire Fifty-six ls the tanker and he's In The old expression; "There's nothing new craft operate at tremendous heights . and his orbit area waiting for business. under . the sun," certainly doesn't hold true speeds in a medium that man still has much "Pigtail Ninety-nine, this is Esquire Fifty- in this aerial filling station business. As to learn about. The cruise-climb profile of six--do you read?" fighters and bOipbers fly faster and higher, jet aircraft-the flight path that gives a jet "Reading you ;five square. Fifty-six. Re- we in the refueling business are hard-pressed its best range and efficiency-requires planes vised ETA (estimated time of arrival} for to give them a load of fuel in mid-air and let to operate at altitudes that were only rendezvous is fifty past the hour." them continue on the mission with just as dreamed about 10 years ago and demands "Navigator to aircraft commander. I've little interference as possible. Just a few weather forecasts once called impossible to been listening in and I have him on the scope years ago we were dangling a rubber hose out . make . . The weatherman's chief concern is at one six zero miles." the rear end of a modified B-29, sometimes lack of sufficient data. · "Q. ~ .• old boy, take over." . taking up to an hour and one-half to off- . Most of the availab.Ie upper air weather "P-T Ninety-nine, I have you at range one load comparati.vely few gallons of fuel by the data· is centered around the 500-millibar or six zero." gravity feed method. Today we've got a jet 20,000-foot level. Altitudewise this fails to "Roger, Fifty-six." prototype tanker, the KC-135, which can re- satisfy even the lower' limits of normal (A little aircraft commander-navigator fuel our planes at speeds above 500 miles an cruise-climb profiles. · However, from a . conversation is usually necessary about tliis hour and at altitudes in excess of 35,000 feet. weather analyst's point of. view, it furnishes . time to make sure that all headings are : SAC's aerial refueling is something like an · a common upper level which, when cprre- correct.) advertising-slogan used by a roadside hani- lated with surface conc;Utiol).s, gives a three- "P-T . Nip.ety-nine, you're now one two . burger ·stand .on the Rous.ton-San Antonio dimensional . pict~re of the atmosphere. zero-correct 10° left." . . road . . The sign says: '.'He. didn't invent the Within certain limita.ttons, the analyst; has ''Roger, Fifty-slx-:--i0° left." hamburger, buF he did perfect it." SAC learned to build his weather picture up and· ''P-T Ninety-nine, range one hundred- didn't.invent aerial refueling, but it eertainly down 'from the 20,000-foot level. In build-' what will be-your de~cent range for format- p-erfected the technique: ~ - ' .. ing upward he was soon- confronted- with the ing speed?" . On March 2·, 19'.49,' ah 8th ·Air· Forc·e · B-50 fact that his constructed '. pieture-did not con- ; ~ 'Fifty-six, descent range . thirty-seven, . Superfortress, Lucky Lady:u, pilote·d 'by'Capt. form with high-altitude conditions flight formating speed one ninety-five knots indi- · James Gallagher, touched down ori the run- ' ·crews reported. This was t>!l-rticularly true cateµ:• , · . way at Carswell Air Force Base, Fort Worth, . in the tropo:pause. ar~a separating th~ lower. "Ninety-nine, range six zero-correct three Tex., completing man's first nonstop flight and upper atmospheres. . left." ~ · · , . around the world. · The tropopause is extremely unstable as· a. '.'AC, Ninety-nine is at six zero--start your The B-50 left Carswell shortly after noc:in transition zone between two atmospheres· · turn left to two four zero and depart orbit on February 26, 1949, ·and returned to its base and their respective weathers. The tropo- at completion of turn." 94 hours and 1 minute later after a 'flight of pause· may fall nearly a:s ·10w as 30,000 feet "O. ' K:, Nav, turning left to two four 23,450 miies at an average· speed of 249 miles behind a weather front, or it may ride up- zero." , per hour. It had been refueled. four times ward to' 50,000 feet over violent thunder- . · '.'Ninety-nine range three zero-t.ake course . by KC-29 tankers from ·bases in the ·Azores, storms in the lower a~mo.sphere. Such va:r;ied two four zero." · Saudi Arabia, the Philippines, and Hawaii. · effects 01: one: atmosphere upon the other "Roger, Fifty-six." This mission was .a .big factor ii1 establishing at altitudes · where it is diffic-µlt to obtain ~t 12 µi,nes the tanke~ s~abilizes at 195 new refueling procedures .and 1mprovi*g all accurate weather data taxes' the ability of knots ·indicated-the navigator continues to equipment. Other missions fiowri in the SAC;s forecasters-for thaSe ate the altitudes direct the receiver up to a 1.:mile range and Arctic tested the operatin:g capability of the • at which planes of the·command must oper- then clears "Clancy to lower the boom"- · hose equipment. · Units equipped with this ate. · \ · after that it's "Contact Tanker" and "Con- system were sent to all parts of the world for · That SAC's men continue to fly. round~the. - t.act· Receiver." , · further· testing...... ; ·. · cloclt miasions th:rough· - thes~ eompaJ.'.ativ~~y . , No .sweat. All ~n a day's ,work. - . Using this equip:qient m,any typ_es of for~a-:- ; unexplored regions high, . ~boye th,e ~arth ·is This ,tanker. crf)W had a .sense of humor, tion refuelings were atte~pted, 'but not with evidence ,of the efficiet?-CY o+ tQ.e comma.nd's . too .. For in large letter.a , paihted on the the :mass results ·aesired. - The success· ot weather i;upport. . ., . · . . : . , . : r,uCidevators · (combiriatiG>n rudders and ele- · this type of air.1."efueling 9-e'pended ui)on the The :vasfaess of the 'weathE;!rinan's labora- I vatorS} of Cfancy's boom was "All credit carcts . tanker airdraft commander's' skill' in.for1;na- tory maMs liis fund ~of knowledge' seem ter-' accepted." (Credit card ·'or no' credit card, · tion· flying; To train ~ fanker aircraft com­ . ribly small: " Still, the job ·must'be done; the· you· can· always get 'gas if you ·say "LeMay (. manders waa:r·equiring·more flying_Mme than 4 · forecasts ·made. ··In doing the, job, impo~sible ' sent me.'') ·_ ' - is now allotted· to train• an entire · t-anker as. it once seemed, SAC!s forecastet-s of· the · What used to be a stunt has now been · crew; Realiziag the ·limitations · of. the • world's weather.learn a little more every day deyelop_ed : into an exact sCience. During · adaptf)d British l}ose- equipment, S~C head­ about. the atmosphere. 'What they learn to- · 1955. the forces of the Strategic ·Air Command quarters ¢alled on Boeing _Airplane Co. day makes tomorrow's forecast more accurate accomplished .an average of ·1 aerial refuel- In 1950, the B-29, later ,designated the . and adds· that mucli more to the' effiective- ing every 3 V2 minutes thr.oughout the entire KB-29P, was equipped with the Boeing flying · ness or the Strategic Air Command. year. · This was done in all kinds of weather, boom. ' · . · ' bdth day and night, in summer and tn win- The boom system ·gave us a. m'uch faster • • · , • ter. Single :airplanes and maSS' formations rate of fuel flow and more flexibility in select- .CLAN.CY Lo_ w. ERS T. HE Boo, M, were all refueled on schedule. That's not a ing favorable weather and· altitudes. With (By Col. E. D. Reynolds,, c.ommander, 4050th stunt~ . a telescoping bo~m that could be flown tip, · Air Refueling Wing. SAC)_ Aerial refueling, whil]lh has brought the down, or ,to either side, the positive position The Irish couldn't be prouqe:r of their, · entire world · W:i~hin the range of SAC's atom- of the tanker and receiver aircraft could yary Clancys than the strategic Air Comina:hd is o! . bomb-carrying airplanes, was first tried more to some degree. · Tliis ~ystem reduced by half a select group of meh ' who answer 'to the. than 20 years ago, but became ' a practical, the time 'required to train a tanlter pilot. same name-although', '. really, their names everyday ·technique within the' last 5. ' Some' mQjor malfunctions had to be cor­ run from Adams to Zegdrowski.' It' was -in_. · : Basically, aerial refueling was a military rected later as Strategic Air Command crews evitable that -the boom· operator !of a· SAO development. It was first done successfully and maintenance personnel became better · tanker would -be duobed "€lancy'' after 'the ov~r San Diegb in June 1923 by two young acquainted with the system. ; · , character of- the .. same · name. When· the - lie:utenan1J:S-Lt. Lowell ~· Smith, · and Lt. · ·· Besides · improving refueling;-, the ·flying , . Clancy · of the song- wanted to straighten John.P. Richter~who usetl a makeshift hose · bo.o,tn . provided an· added · dividend th.at · things out; he really lowered the ·boom. For .. and a fuiuiei rig to transfer a mere 25 gallons wasn't . in the book. · Recently an F-84 had peace in our time, "Clancy'1 of the Strategic . of " gaso~irie . from one afrplane to another. Six a fiameout while being_ refu,eled. Att~mpts Air C6m:riuirid's 'tankers aaily'. lowers a· giant- • years later, ydung officers exploited. ·the re- - at an· air start- proved 'unsuecessful, so•· the · ·' sized '48-foot aluminum? tube. Lying -prone · fueli~g · idea by ~etting an endurance record enterprising tanker _crew· towed the' fighter ' :~ on a sponge rnbber mat: in 'the tail of· a KC- ' of·150 hours, 40 minutes, and t5 seconds -in: · pilot past his home ·base where .he was·tu:rned · 97 aerial tanker, Clancy guides· his -boom into . the',Questi0n Mark, a Fokker trirnotor: Dur-··· loose and glided in for a ·dead-stick-landing. the gas-filler nozzle of SAC's B-47 and B-52 ing World War II three of the officers on this Until' March-. of 1951, . our only· tankers bombers, as well as the strategic F-84 fighters. hist0rymaking aerial refueling fiight gained were modified World War II bombers, but As the jet f~el fiows into ~h:e receiver ·plane's 1p.ternatlonal fame . .These three enter- Boeing's KC-97A S~ratofreighter ..tanker, · tank at hundreds of gallons per minu,te, it . prising pilots w~re Maj. Carl (Tooey) Spaatz, which successfully refueled a B-47 jet bomber is obvious that Clancy ls doing liis part in Capt. Ira Eak~r. and Lt. Elwood Quesada. in fiight on March 15, 1951, proved a major providing the "seven league · boots" for · After World War II, SAC began working on factor in making· fun'-scale air refueling SAC's nuclear striking force. its refueling technique, using B-50 bombers feasible. · Although KB-29's would continue Let's listen in on the radio for a minute a~d a modified refueling system developed by to be· used for· some =time, aerial refueling and see what happens when "Clancy lowers the British. The British gravity fiow system had come of. age and the tanker was no the boom." This is a routine training exer- proved too slow; so United States technicians longer a mutation-it w~s . an ~ircraft type I• else, held daily to insure that our strategic added pressure to it, making ~t possible .to in its own right, as much so as a :fighter, bomber forces-can take off from a base in the pump over 500 gallons of fuel per minute. a bomber, or a transport. United States and fly nonstop to any spot in ' The boom replaced the· earlier hose, and · it General LeMay, alt)lough .long an exponent the world and return. ' brought "Clancy" into the 'picture." of the truly international bomber, · recog- ~ONGJµSSIONAL ~CORD --HOUS~ nlzed that such an air.craft . would not be wings. now are xesp.onsible for all .refueling October of the. same year Consolidated Air­ available iri. tbe .iinmec:lliite future. So he Within their area. .craft Corp. submitted a proposal to. "develop turned his effqrts ' to' the .development of This was done for sever.al reasons. Tariker .and .construct .2 experimental long-range, our capability to conduct intercontinental squadrons are often called upon for support .higll-.altitude bombardment airplanes," with bombing tbr01.~ghrefuenng: This meant that missions on TDY (temporary duty) mov&­ 6 pusher~type engines, which the company the tanker ;would have to ·.become · an in­ ments, beyond their bomber wing .commit­ b.elleved would meet-all specifications. . tegral: parJ; of the b"omber'.s mission and all ments. By establishing a refueling wiilg, . ln meeting these design .specifications, and uncertainty wotild hav.e to be eliminated .the problem of refueling at home while a .knowing the role the .airplane was to play from the technique·. . We could not .afford squadron ls absent on '!DY has been .solved as a tactical bomber ln .a strategic fleet, the to base ·out stiat'egy~ .solely on a network ·since the rest of the wing remains in place. designers came up with the largest airplane of foreign bases ·over whlch we could not 'Furthermore, tbe consolidation of tanke.r ever built. The planning and design, .how­ definitely be assured. of positive control. units ls more efficient because an personnel ever, were to o:ffer one of the major objec- Neither could' we base our strategy on an have only one j db--air refue1ing. . ti;ves of aircraft de.sign-maximum growth operational procedure that. was .not iool:- The current production models of tlle KC:- potential. This potential and versatility in­ proof. · 97G :serve not only as tankers, .but also as .sured the planners that the aircraft could Therefore, in early 1952, rt was reallzed }>ersonnel and cargo transports. As SAC con­ be modified and Improved .as newer and that the tanker procurement program, both verted to jet bombers, the need for a jet ·larger weapons were pr.oduced for aerial de­ for . aircraft Q.nd crews.• mu5t be increas~. tanker became evident. Experiments in air livery. 'such a hlgh priority was placed on this pro­ -refueling between two B-47's proved the feas­ As our European and Pacific campaigns gram-that 'bombardment crews training at ibility of a jet tanker. The Boelng .Airplane _progressed, the production of other .aircraft Randolph Air. Force Base .for participation Co. was again given the job. The Air Force was necessarlly ,emphasized. These aircraft in the Korean confllct were withdrawn and has now standardized and placed into pro­ were using .overseas bases which permitted replaced by a higher priority program-the duction ·an advanced tanker version of the .short-range attacks against the enemy, a transltionlng to the KC-97. Boeing model ·707 jet prototype, to be known type of oper.ation made possible because the ' · The KC-97 extended the range of the B-47 as the KC-135. These will be available in enemy had chosen to concentrate on devel­ by one.-third to one-half. Between 1952 quantity in the near future. .oping and producing .fighters for close sup­ and early 1954, however, when tanker .squad­ The KC-97G carries its fuel for transfer port rather than bombers for strategic uses. .rans began to become combat ready, most in 15 tanks located on the upper and lower Woi'ld War II came to a climactic ending 'B-47 aerlal refuelings were merely token off­ decks of the double lobe ·fuselage and in ln August 1945, when a B-29 of our aerial loads in. compar~on to those of today. It 2 wing tanks. "I'he 7 tanks on the fleet dropped a new .weapon on Japan. To ·was not until the latter part of 1954 -that main deck are stacked 2 high along the most of us, "atomic bomb" was a new term. -We began planning missions whose success · left side of the ·airplane. This arrange­ We had to be toJ.d again and.again about the depenqed etiti!ely upon .a successful air re­ ment is an improvement over the KC-97E destruction of .Hiroshima and Nagasaki be­ 'fueling. By the erid of that year, tactics and F models which carried the transferable for.e we could really qomprehend the bomb's had bee~ developed whereby .large flights fuel in four large tanks installed in the .,significance. ··of B-47's could be refueled in formation, de~ upper deck only. With the new configura­ The atomic bomb changed the concept ot pendent. however, upon daylight flying and tion, ample room remains in the upper aerial warfare. American leaders, accepting relatively clear . weather. . deck for transporting cargo or personnel this fact, realized that in its initial phase ·without· removing the tanks. This grea~ly Duririg this time. many records were being any future war would be limited to the deliv­ established. A transoceanic -mass jet flight increases the mobility of the Strategic Air Command tanker fleet. . ery of massive destruction to the heartland completed by 58 F-84 Thunderjets of the of participating nations. The initial blow :a1st Fighter-Escort · Wing further demon­ The result of all of this 1s a professional tanker force, with flexibility as its keynote might come without warning, and the size strated the place of aerial refueling in mod- of the initial wave could well determine a . ern military av.iation. . - · and reliability its stock in trade. Its -0ne mission ln life is the · accomplishment of nation's -future existence. In October of 1952, 75 F-84's ·of· the 27th ·the bombing mission, because the tanker has The Ullited States Air -Force, then, had t:o Fighter-Escort Wing completed the longest a bombing mission as surely as the bomber. develop a powerful strategic force in being, . known over-water flight -by single-engine jet The pilots of our tank.er force are proud able to deliver such massive retaliation that fighters from Midway to Japan. The. firl'jt of their mission, and they're prouder still any aggressor nation would hesitate to flight, led by Col. John Blakeslee, refueled in of their contribution to the security of our launch a,n attack against ~ur homeland. air and covered 2,575 miles. Nation. Part of the fleet had to be able to launch In January 1955, SAC Headquarters con- .additional sizable strikes from our North cluded that the aerial refueling problem dur- VETERAN OF THE DRY-RUN WAR American bases. The B-36 ga_ve us this capa• ing daylight hours and good weather was bility. The concept was adopted as our na­ practically solved. Missions could be planned (By Brig. Gen. Edwin B . .Broadhur.st, com- tional policy, and the B-36 was b:rought into doubling the range of the B-47. However, mander, 57th Air Division, SAC) SAC to serve as the backbone of this new . to increase the range still further and to The story of the B-36. begins in 1941, sev- force . guarantee proper timing, training missions eral months before Pearl Harbor. One must What started with the nucleus of planners calling. for. mass night. refueling and poor think back about the world situation at that and designers in 1941 was to become the visibility conditions were necessary. Tanker time to realize what prompted the building key to American defense in a new era of crews in the 15th and Second Air Forces of the B-36. [n Europe, Hitler's armies were atomic warfare. At the war's end, engineer­ had been experimenting with certain tactics moving into the free territories at a frighten­ ing manpower was shifted to the B-36 pro­ to enable formations of tankers to refuel ing rate. Britain, fighting against over­ gram, and ·. on August 8, 1946, the XB-36 fq_rmations of bombers at night with visi- whelming odds, seemed near defeat. roared _into ~he air on its maiden flight. ~ bility down to 1 mile. These ·tacties were The situation faced the United States with With the initial reaction to the new con­ tested between March 1955 and August 1955, an awesome prospect--having to contend .cepts of atomic aerial warfare behind, J;lis­ when they were placed in the tactical doc- with the Nazi war machine almost single­ tory now provides air planners with the fac­ . trine and becam~ standard operating pro- handedly. Without European allies, the tual story of how the B-36 has enabled us cedure ·for all of the Strategic Air Command. United States would have been left without to live for 10 years free from aggression. Since August 1955, enormous strides have any airbases from which to launch an attack Early estimates of the airplane's capabili­ been made. Today it is common to schedule against a European battlefield. ties have been conservative. As more power­ a B-47 to fly three times its maximum ca- . If the worst came, as appeared probable, ful engines and better equipment became _pable range by scheduling two or more air America would need to be able to wage aerial available, Convair incorporated improve­ refuelings en route . .Strategic Air Command war from the North American Cont'inent. ments in the early models.· One modifica­ air crews now axe averaging 2,880 contacts .At first this requirement seeqied insur­ tion, first .flown in 19~9, was equipped with a week-one aerial refueling every 3Y:i min- mountable. But the prospect of an airplane .4 jet engines as well as 6 piston engines, utes around the clock. that could take off from available bases and almost doubling the amount of power of the Our present high degree of skill in the art .hit the Axis was too valuable an idea for us aircraft. With these improvements, we now of aerial refueling is the result of painstak- .to lay aside without exploring every possi'­ had an aircraft capable of gross weight take­ ing staff work and countless hours and days .bility. And so i.t happened that 8 months -Offs in excess of 400,000 pounds. We had an of experimenting. The number of actual before Pearl Harbor. the Army Air Corps set aircraft that could defend itself with its 16 hookups are numbered in the six figures. up requirements for the bomber which would .20-millimeter cannons-more· firepower than . Last year SAC introduced a new concept ·change the concept of war. .any other .known. bomber. In its final modi­ in tanker organization. Two 8th Air Forc-e Specifically, the Army Air Corps was ask­ fied form, the huge bomber dropped 84,000 bases-West6ver Air Force Base, Mass., and Ing American engineers for a pomber that pounds of bombs, climbed above 45,000 feet, could carry a 10,000-pound bomb load to a. :flew more ,than 400 miles per hour, and, in Dow Air Force Base, ' Maine-became ·the target 5,ooo miles away, and return, nonstop; .general, proved to the world that the United homes· o{ ~ir refue1ing wi~gs, completely in- .haul 72,000 po~ds of bombs at 11educed States had a "big stick" for defense. dependent o!· _SAC J?omber .;wings. These range; travel 300 to 400 miles per hou.r;- and . Another very important development was wings were given a geographical area of re- .take off and land on a 5,000-foot runway·. the conversion· of the ·bomber to a bigh­ _ sponsibi.li~y. _ ~n.ste_ad Of. r~~J;teling . ~he air- Design competition for this first intercon­ ,priority reconnaissance aircraft, designated craft of . 01~e ta_ctical organization, these tinental bomber began on April 11, 1941. In as the RB-36. In addition to bombs, the 6436 r CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 RB-36 carried the large cameras and other The flexibility of the B-36 and the essential stupid, which was, "When do I report?" The special equipment needed for long-range. role assigned under emergency war plan, reply was, "Day before·yesterday." high-altitude reconnaissance. In the for­ plaees stringent requirements on her crews I had been in SAO long enough to know ward bomb bay, for example, were 14 different in order to keep SAC fully prepared. Many that things move fast, but this was a little cameras, including one with a 42-inch focal hours of fiying time are involved in additi-on faster than I was used to. However, I re­ length lens, capable of mapping a strip of to the continual training before an officer ported to MacDill Air Force Base, near land 30 miles wide and 3,000 miles long. This fulfills the extensive requirements for an air­ Tampa, Fla., in a few days, fully expecting was probably the largest photographic set• craft commander, pilot, navigator, or radar to see the ramp littered wit:P, B-47's. After up ever designed far an airplane. operator. Each crew member must be in­ getting settled and being briefed on the situ­ Delivery of the final B-36 meant that all timately familiar with the airplane, includ­ ation, I found that the B-47 program was far 10 of SAC'S B-36 wings-from Maine to Cali­ ing more than 30 miles of wiring, an anti­ from being ready, at least as far as SAC was fornia and from Washington to Puerto icing system that could heat 120 5-room concerned. We were to face many, many Rico-were fully equipped, and the Sunday houses, engines that deliver the power out­ months of ground training, schools of all punch of SAC had been realized. put equal to 9 locomotives, the 68,000 dif­ sorts in various places in the United States, When the B-36 was accepted, it not only ferent shop-made parts, and enough vacuum such as Ellington AFB, Mather AFB, and met the basic requirements but could be tubes to build about 100 television sets. Wichita, Kans.; before we were to even set adapted to newer and larger weapons. These Military planners are confident that the foot in a B-47. In the meantime, we kept modifications-increased engine power and B-36 can absorb battle damage and still ourselves busy training B-29 and B-50 stu­ greater gas-carrying capacities-gave us an continue the mission to which it has been dents and 'organizing a Strategic Evaluation air weapon that could meet a variety of re­ assigned. Thousands of hours of trial and Squadron. quirements for · conducting strategic aerial operation have given proof of the B-36's rug­ There were many conferences held to de­ warfare. We could. now carry any of the gedness. In July 1955, an RB-36 from Fair­ termine the support equipment and ver­ entire family of atomic and thermonuclear child's 99th Bombardment Wing lost its rud­ sonnel necessary, plus all of the intangibles weapons to strategic portions of the globe. der in a low-altitude, high-speed flyover near concerning the B-47 that were unknown at We had a plane that could carry larger and Denver, Colo. Expert handling plus the air­ the time. more effective photographic equipment to plane's natural stability enabled this B-36 We found that many of the items available survey possible enemy targets. We had a to fly more than 200 miles and land without in the B-29 and B-50 programs could still tough, reliable aircraft that sustained the mishap. Loss of the rudder necessitated the be used, but you just can't tow a B-47 with convictions of the leaders who placed a major use of only ailerons and elevators to control an ordinary tow bar. It must have wheels responsibllity for global airpower on its broad the huge airplane, and yet it was possible and be telescopic so you carry it with you. wings, and the crew that manned her. to maintain a long flight and set the hun­ An ordinary power ground generator wasn't All during the 10-year period since the end dreds of tons down safely. good enough-it had to put out three differ­ of World War II, weapon advancement was The sturdy aircraft got another test when ent kinds of electricity. All of those things constantly under way. Scientific and indus­ bad weather forced a B-36 to land in an open had to be taken into consideration. trial know-how produced new and larger plowed field in England. With a few minor It wasn't until April 1951 that I was able weapons. Again, the big bomber proved to repairs, the bomber was towed .to the run­ to go to the factory school and learn what have been a wise selection because the B-36 way and made a normal takeoff. made this airplane tick. While there I dis­ was the only aircraft that could carry the Today, the Peacemaker is programed for covered that SAC had a good chance of re- · thermonuclear weapon within her bomb bays. retirement from its role in the SAC fleet. ceiving its first B-47 in a few months. Never before in the short history Of. airpower In its place, Boeing's B-52, powered by eight SAC Headquarters gave me a priority on has an air force possessed a machine that jet engines, with greater speed and increased personnel and supplies. I started out to re­ was so adaptable to rapidly changing weapons altitude, is gradually replacing the B-36. cruit the best talent I could find. I called systems·and engine developments. The flexibility of this new bomber will con­ on each of SAC's numbered Air Force head~ The manner in whicll. .SAC crews have used tinue to give the United States Air Force, quarters. At Headquarters Fifteenth Air the B-36 tb carry out the assisnµient of anti the Strategic Air Command, an air car­ Force, March AFB, Calif., I struck pay dirt. preserving the peace is worth examining. rier that can keep pace with munitipn ad­ It seems as though · all the pilots who had In ·1953, for example, the 92d Bombard· vancements and changes in ·strategic re:. been trained to be radar operators, naviga­ ment Wing, based at Fairchild AFB, Wash., quirements. 1 tors, and bombardiers-'.-we called them the took part in a mission Cf!.lled Operation Big The B-36 has cast. a shadow on aggression four-headed monsters-had been gradu­ Stick, which t9ok the Yling to the Pacific for nearly a decade now; yet, never has a ated at Mather AFB an~ for some ·strange area -on .a. 30~day e?C~rci~e. The B-36's, in B-36 dropped a bomb in anger. Its poised reasoh had been un'able to get out of Cali­ this instance, were poised ·at a strategic time might has ·been deterrent enough · to help· fornia .. ', · · . ' · •· • ' · ' during international tension, and in a man­ preserve peace. The history and life of this I was able to pick up about 30 of the most ner which could leave no doubt that this fabulous airplane have been long and suc­ experienced pilots in SAC, and to this day I country intended to use every method avail­ cessful. From· the drawing board in April of dodge Gen. "Rosie" O'Donnell when I see able to preserve world peace. By flying non­ 1941, through its production, tests, modifica­ him· coming, because he thinks I'm an out­ stop from the United States to bases in Japan tions, and remodifications, it has combined right thief. and the Far East, our airmen showed un­ talents, forces, and power with Ariierica's At the same time training command.. was .· friendly nations that this ·fleet of bombers striking arm-the Strategic Air Command­ attempting to start a school at Wichita and could have easily flown to any enemy tar­ to provide and maintain peace for the United was training instructors. We. were fortunate gets and have landed at these same bases. States and the free world. From its concep­ enough to get myself and Col. Don Hillman, The 92d Bombardment Wing received an tion to its birth, from its birth through its my deputy, and five other pilots into the outstanding unit citation for its part in the improvements at present, and from the pres­ transition checkout phase, which was much mane-qver. · ent into the near future, the B-36 has given, like the blind leading the blind. Nobody This mane'uver was not the only occasion and still gives, a sound basis for the free knew too much about the aircraft in those on which the peaceniake:r fleet was deployed world to hope for continued peace through days. to the right place at the right time. The strength. W.e finally got the big word that our first Stragetic Air Command is continually rotat­ plane would be ready to pick up on October ing tactical units to strategic locations· for BREAKING IN THE STRATOJET 24, 1951. Major Prieve and I went to the operational training, whi~h gives us an up­ Wichita factory and picked up the first SAC per hand for delivering a lethal blow in (By .Col. Michael N. w. McCoy, commander, 32lst Bomb Wing, SAC) B-47, number Oo'8. I don't think there has the event world host111ties become a reality. ever been a ferry flight so well monitored by Today a portion of the B-36 · fleet may be in This story begins in January 1950 at Goose higher headquarters. No one wanted us to the Arctic; tomorrow, the Pacific; and next Bay, Labrador, where I was SAC project offi­ break anything. At MacDill, there was a week, in the Atlantic Ocean area. These for­ cer for a cold-weather air-to-air refueling welcoming committee headed by Maj. Gen. test. · ward elements as well as the r~niaining fleet Fran~ A: Armstrong, Jr., .our division com­ at home bases are' ever ready to accomplisl'.i . · One Saturday I received a message to re­ m.ander, :lined up on. the :camp "ready: to greet · the missions assigned to them. port to Omaha the next day. After.schedul: · the new aircraft. We landed without inci­ SAC training programs include a varied 1ng an aircraft, I began to wonder what kind dent and turned otr the end of the runway, array of competitions between tactical units of trouble I was in now. shutting down the four · outboard engines within the command. The best known of My interview at SAC headquarters was just like the book said. these is the annual SAC bombing and navi- · short and to the point. I was advised that In those days t'le General Electric J-47-11 gation competition. During this "World I had been placed on the school list, but I engines had the habit of continuing to smoke Series" crack crews are flying and "bombing" was too old to go to school, and would I . after being shut down. The young lad driv­ against each other on a point by point sys­ rather go to school than be the commander ing the follow-me jeep tried to do some­ tem, in a contest where precision teamwork of the 306th Bombardment · Group, which thing about the sm.oking engine. He jumped alone can bring forth a winner. High per­ was to be the first B-47 outfit in the Air out of his vehicle, grabbed the fire extin­ formance standards of SAC crews are main­ Force. guisher and sprayed the engines with foam. tained through these comi>etitions, which I thought at the time that it was a stupid We were worried about the damage to the also are valuable in showing what the air­ question. Hpwever, in the years that fol­ hot engines, so we shut down the other two. craft can or cannot do. lowed I often thought my answer was equally Fortunately, the fire extinguisher \7as almost '1-956: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE .6437, empty, and no damage was done. The wel­ normal training mission and crashed from tlon was clearly inadequate. I was homing in coming committee was waiting about a mile about 17,000 feet, just south of the base. on the Fairford low-frequency station and let away, and some 40 minutes later we were We never did definitely determine what hap­ down through an overcast. I broke out at greeted as we were towed in.. Not a very pened, but we suspected the canopy had about 2,000 feet and saw a beautiful runway auspicious beginning. come off in fiight and injured the two pilots. appear straight ahead. I considered the let­ We had heard a lot about this aircraft That same month, about 3 weeks later, we down a success and proceeded to land. How­ from Mr. J.E. Schaefer, a Boeing vice presi~ had another one go in at Marianna, Fla., ever, I was on the wrong field, some 9 miles dent and manager. of the Wichita ~ivision, from 35,000 feet. In each case there were beyond my destination. My station passage and Mr. N. D. Showalter, chief engineer at 4 people on board and in each case 4 fatali· had been unreliable. the Wichita division, who know their flying ties. After this last accident, all ~7's were We also found that the runways in the machines and who are also excellent sales­ grounded until we could determine what United Kingdom had to be repaired due to men. Some things we believed and some caused these two accidents. During the in-. roughness. · we were doubtful about at first. However. spection, we found considerable trouble with Upon our return to MacDill from England we were able to fly this plane for 13 straight our fuel cells, and it was decided to replace speed records again went tumbling. Every­ days without any maintenance, which is the all fuel cells due to the excessive number of where you went in those days you almost sort of performance that melts doubt away. leaks. After this was done, we started flying automatically set new speed marks. Colonel Hillman and I finally checked out the aircraft again. We began to prepare the wing for rotation 7 instructors, and we proceeded to train In January 1953, we ran a service test called to the United Kingdom. the 306th Bomb Wing. We personally Project Sky-Try on our B-47's. We con­ This would be· the first of many B-47 wing checked everybody, both day and night. sidered it the best service test ever run on rotations, and it was being watched with There were amusing experiences, and some any aircraft in the length of time allowed. keen interest by higher authorities. It turned not so amusing. The operations order from SAC said: "Be­ out to be the finest rotation of any wing in We had set up a runway control radio ginning 22 January 1953, a simulated combat SAC up to that time. It went off with the vehicle, in order ·to better supervise flying, operation, maximum effort, will be flown least amount of trouble and the least amount requiring a supervisory officer on the radio each 3 days for- a 30-day period, utilizing of time, and clearly demonstrated to the top vehicle at all times. In case something un­ only the 15 assigned aircraft and crews of air echelons that SAC had something really usual went wrong this supervisory controller the 367th Bomb Squadron." We designed hot. could read it out of the book and advise the missions that would cover all phases of op­ Although ·our British base was not com­ pilot. We believe that this procedure pre­ eration, including single and double air re­ pleted, we were able to operate with good. vented at ieast 3 accidents and in 1 case fueling missions, night and day bombing efficiency for the full 90 days of our pro­ possibly saved 3 iives. and everything that the ~7 was designed gramed rotation. But success never comes Our first accident occurred when a student to do. A high priority was assigned to this c;:ost-free-it was while on this foreign duty mismanaged his fuel system, and the air­ squadron for personnel and supplies. A big that we had our third fatal accident. The plane had six engines flame out on the down­ staff, military and civilian, was set up to aircraft had been sent to another base for a wind leg. I was in the runway-control vehi· monitor the test and keep records on the re­ training exercise and the pilot stalled out cle at the time, and was talking to· Captain ·SUlts. qf a steep turn to the final approach, and Williamson, the instructor in the back seat. We scheduled and flew 15-0 missions during went in. There wasn't much he could do as the fuel this period without one ground abort, every Our 90-day rotation matured the wing into controls were in the front seat, but he made aircraft taking off as scheduled. We flew a well-knit outfit. · The refueling squadron, ~n attempt to ge~ it on _the runway. While 1,300 hours in 22 days in this one squadron, tactical squadrons, and maintenance squad­ he was on his base leg, I noticed the nose and in the.meantime, the other two squad­ rons were still speaking to each other and start to rise, and told him to land straight r<;>ns in the wing co.ntinued their normal fly­ were ready to go any place any time. F'rom ahead. Whether he heard me or not, }lis ing. We turned in stacks of incident re- then on, it was a matter of. refining our jUdgment told him he wasn't going to make . ports and some necessary unsatisfactory re­ training, perfecting our bombing, air refuel­ it. He did roll out and landed straight ports. We compiled consumption data on ing, navigation, and all the things that go ahead-in 5 feet of water. Everyone got out supply requirements and maintenance hours with continually being ready. of the aircraft safely. versus flying hours. We had nicknamed the B-47 "Droopy" Another incident occurred with this same For many months, we had been querying because it looked like a .wet . hen sitting instructor when he was first getting started. Air Materiel Command and the Boeing peo­ on the ramp. We hear a lot about push­ He had been sent to the· factory to ferry an ple al>Out what would .happen if we had our button warfare, but the push button that aircraft. on· the way he had shut down No. tip tanks full and they failed first to feed will pusn "Droopy" out of the picture is a 5 engine. When he came in for a landing and then to r.elease. They just hadn't got long way off. there was a considerable crosswind, which around to testing this, and during one of our This is only the first installment of the kept him busy. To· top it air off,' . w~en he night missions we finally had . an ~ircraft SAC B-47 story. The story is still being pulled the throttles back he missed No. 6 with full tip tanks that would~'t feed. The written in the skies all over the world. throttle . and found himself going down the pilot came back ov~r the field to talk about runway with his No. 6 engine at BO-percent ft and I told him to go out to the salvo area power and a crosswind that di_dn't help. and drop them. Orie dropped and the other SAC'S NEWEST RECRUIT! THE STRATOJET Capt. J. D. Brashear was in the radio-control stayed on, and he found himself facing a (By Brig. Gen. William E. Eubank, Jr., com­ vehicle and immediately diagnosed the trou­ night landing with no tank on one side and mander, 93d Heavy Bomb Wing, SAC) ble. Brashear called: "Cut No. · 6, Willie." a full one on the other. He made a skillful The base is Castle Air Force Base, Calif., And Willie did, just in time to keep from landing, which was uneventful until he was the wing is the 93d Bombardment Wing, going off the end ·of the runway. . Experi­ down to 40 knots and the outrigger tire and the airplane_is the big one, the Bqeing ences like this kept life interesting in those on the heavy side blew out. The aircraft B-52 Stratofortress. These are the- three days. · · came to rest on the runway without damage. elements that go to make up the first com­ We experimented with the B-47 by sched­ It wasn't 10 minutes later that another air­ bat-ready B-52 unit in SAC. Let me tell you uling cross-country missions, while training craft called in with the same trouble. lie re­ about all three. . . crews, to ·find out some of the problems we ceived the same instructions, but neither Although the Castle story may . not be would encounter . Jn bad weather and tank would come off, and he made his land­ exactly typical, it is certainly symbolic of the turbulence. - ing with two full tip tanks without incident rapid growth and expansion of SAC's combat I remember one night -particularly. · I was and with no damage. I informed the author­ potential. . It ls the story of a combat wing checking out Lt. Col. Benriy Klose and his ities that the tests had been completed and which in mid-1949 was a typical B-29 unit. operations officer Lt. Col. Charfes Joyce, when we knew we could land with any configura- In 1950 it had become a powerful B-50 outfit we hit a ·particularly rough thunderstorm. tion of tip tanks. _ with many times the striking power it had Both students were in the advanced stage of Overall the things we learned in Project possessed a year before. From 1950 until tr-aining, and· I was ridirig in the nose. We Sky-Try advanced our B-47 know-how con­ 1954 it was one of several veteran B-50 com­ hit this thunderhead at night, ·and the plane siderably. bat wings. began to ·buffet. I could hear both pilots on The next event worthy of note was when In 1954 the 93d Bomb Wing joined the the interphone trying to decide. whether we we took two B-47's to England in April 1953. rapidly growing ~7 medium bomber force, · were buffeting from· a stall or high-speed This was the first time the Stratojet had been with striking power, flexibility, and versa­ buffet. I was having a hard time staying in overseas, and it created considerable interest tility many times greater than it ever pos­ my seat, so I called back arid· said: "One of in the United Kingdom. Both aircraft, m~e sessed before. you get out of the seat. I am going to get in piloted by myself and one by Lie_utenant During the· 20 months that the wing op­ one of the pilot's seats"-and we all met in Colonel Klose, broke the existing tran~atlan­ erated B-47's (June 1954 to January 1956) the aisle. · tic speed record. it fiew 24,439 hours without an accident. · Things went along pretty well until July We wanted to survey the European area for In mid-1955 the wing became the first B-52 1952. By this time we had ·received our ob­ our forthcoming wing rotation, and discov­ heavy bombardment unit in the Strategic Air servers, and they were fiy-ing with their ered many things that would have to be im­ Command. crews. Then on July 2; 1952, we began to get proved or changed to accommodate the ~7, Thus, in 6 years, from mid-1949 to mid- t·he grim taste of ·trouble. · the most ou1;standing being.radio aids. 1955, the 93d Bombardment Wing had devel­ . Orie of our squadron co111manders, Lt. Col. For example, we · 1earned right away that oped from the B-29, with its limited strik· Howard Weeks; ·took off with ·a ·crew for · a the· low-frequency type homer or range sta- ing power and potential, to the most deadly 6438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE nuclear striking weapon known ln the world Extensive construction work to support The new bomber looks and performs like today. Throughout this 6-year period ot B-52 operations began at Castle in March fts older bl.it smaller brother, the B-47, and' transition and growth from one stage to an• 1954, and all major construction has been ls just as much a · pilot's afrplane. other in the Strategic Air Command plan, completed. To those who knew Castle Air· There are many who say the B-52 is easier· the 93d was maintained as a combat-ready Force Base in World War II. the operating to fiy than a B-47, but whether it ls or not unit, prepared at all times-to carry out a portion, such as the ramp, taxiways, and is inconsequential-both aircraft are equally war mission it directed. runways, are no longer distinguishable. well liked by SAC pliots. · Although it may seem .elementary, the first They've been swallowed up in one or another Naturally the B-52 has better performance question to be answered is "Where is Castle of the several modernization programs. than the B-47. It is a later aircraft. Al­ Air Force Base anyway?" . Even to those who may have known Castle though they look alike, there are many radi­ Believe it or not, that's the question most ln the B-29 and B-50 days, many of the old cal diiferences in the systems of these two frequently asked. Castle Air Force Base is features are hardly recognizable. The main planes. Beyond their size, the most obvious near Merced, Calif., in the middle of the Sarr runway has been strengthened and consid­ difference is the side-by-side pilot configura­ Joaquin Valley. Translated into Air Force erably lengthened, as well as widened. It tion in the B-52 as c.ompared to the tandem language, it is about two-thirds of the way was also necessary to strengthen and widen seating arrangement in the B-47. Experi­ from March Air Force Base to Hamilton Air the taxiways and the warm-up aprons at ence on the B-47 had indicated that side-by­ Force Base-just far enough from San Fran­ each end of this runway. side seating would improve crew coordina­ cisco that the wives can't go shopping every The entire main parking ramp has been tion and afford more space. week-just every other we~k. completely overlaid with 16 inches of con­ Another innovation in.troduced in the B-52 The base is named for Brig. Gen. Frederick crete. And there are many new buildings, is the use of high-pressure "bleef the nance problem to a remarkable degree in ers, hydraulic power packs, alternator packs,. 93d Bombardment Wing, it also houses the that the aircraft can be nosed into the dock and anti-icing system all use-as the pri­ 2d Strategic support Squadron and the itself and all major components and acces­ mary source of power-high-pressure "bleed 4017th Combat crew Training Squadron. sories are completely available for mainte­ air" from the engines themselves. In the This latte:r squadron, an integral part of the nance purposes. engine-starting system_ for example, a small 93d Wing, trains all combat crews for SAC. A remarkable fact is that at no time has j,et-type engine on a cart must be used as B-52 wings. construction handicapped day-to-day opera­ a source of high-pressure air to start 2 of the As SAC began picking up the pieces of tions to the extent that the conversion pro- · 8 jet engines. Once 2 of the engines have what was left after the World War II de­ gram slowed down. been started, the "bleed air" from the inter­ mobillzation, the 93d Bomb Group, as it was The con version of the 93d Bomb Wing nal source can then be used to start the re­ then called, was assigned .to Castle in May into the first combat-ready B-52 wing ac­ maining engines. 1947. It was equipped with B-29 aircraft and tually involved two conversion programs. Whereas the B-47 has all boost-operated crews. and comparatively speaking, was con­ The 93d began converting from B-50's into control surfaces, the !B-52 was designed with sidered one of the strongest of the Strategic· B-47's in Max:ch 1954, and while the B-47 manually controlled elevator, rudders, and Air Command combat organizations of that switch was still in progress wing planning ailerons to introduce a greater reliability fac­ time. agencies were paving the way for the next tor. The only power-operated co,ntrol sur­ In January 1951 the group was designated conversion to the B-52. :t:aces are the spoije~s on the upper surface of the 93d Bombardment Wing in the new ter­ .The 93d became combat-ready in B-47's in each wing. These work in conjunction with minology of the Strategic Air Command or­ record time, in the fall of 1954. Many pro.j­ the ailerons to provide greater lateral control. ganizational plan. From 1947 until the pres­ ects relating directly to the B-52 were al­ Instead of the familiar bicycle gear on the ent, the 93d has been led by some of the most ready in progress at that time, and in June B-47, the B-52 has a quadricycle gear which_ famous Strategic Air Command otlicers, 1955 the aircraft began to arrive at Castle. retracts forward and aft into the fuselage, among them Maj. Gen. Robert H. Terrill, By then the 401'Zth Combat Crew Training with two outrigger gears retracting into the Brig. Gen. David Wade, and Brig. Gen. Rich­ Squadron was ready to begin retraining the wings. ard H. Carmichael. 93d's crews. ~nother . innovation of_the jet age ls the Several years ago, when the B-52 program Instructor crew personnel of the 4017th crosswind steering capability of the B-52. was still in the planning stages at higher Combat Crew Training Squadron had re­ Crosswind positioning of all four main gears levels, it was decided. to. convert the 93d into ceived their B-52 checkout training at Ed­ is standard equipment on the B-52. It. is SAC's first B-52 wing. At the same time it wards Air Force Base in early 1955 while the controlled from a single knob in the cock­ was decided that the wing would train all Air Force Flight Test Centel' was conducting pit. This feature eliminates all of the criti­ crews for succeeding B-52 combat wings. phase VI evaluation tests on the new bomber. cal factors inherent in crosswind landings in To accomplish this it was planned to or­ The overall programing plan included the all previous types of aircraft. Any exp~r!.­ ganize the 4017th combat crew Training requirement for 4017th Combat Crew Train­ enced pilot will agree that this is a major Squadron, and attach it to _the ·93d Bombard­ ing Squa'dron instructor personnel to receive advance in aircraft design from a flying ment Wing for this purpose. their preliminary training at Edwards Air safety standpoint. We occasionally hear the question: "Why Force Base, Calif., and in so doing support The B-52 carries a crew of 6 as compared hasn•t this training responsibility been as­ the needs of the Flight Test Center for flight to the B-47's 3-man team. This includes signed to the Air Training Command, as it personnel to handle testing operations. Wing two pilots, rada:r observer, navigator, radio­ was with the B-47 program?" ·Here is the an­ maintenance personnel, more than 200 in all, man, and tail gunner. The pilots and the swer-to make B-52 aircraft available within also supported the testing· phase at Edwards rad~o operator occupy t:Q.e :upper flight: deck Strategic Air Command at the earliest pos­ and in the process gained invaluable B-52 compartment; the observers, the l.ower flight sible date it was advisable for the command maintenance training. deck; and the gunner rides in "solitary" in to handle the trainlng for its own crews. With such background for key flight in­ the tail. _ Thus, the total number of aircraft available structor and maintenance people, the 93d Eight years were spent. in development of within SAC for combat purposes includes was fully read·y for the influx of B-52 air­ the B-52. The prototype was first flown in those B-52's used for crew training. craft when :l:t began. April 1952, and by that date more than 3 In other words, it was· not necessary to · Extensive training operations started im­ million engineering hours had been spent decrease the SAC inventory of combat air­ mediately on the arrival of the first new on the design. craft to support the training function. bomber, and continued on schedule until all The first production mode~ was ready on Many Strategic Air Command personnel will 93d combat crews had completed their con- August 5, 1954, and cost in the neighborhood remember that this same procedure was version training. · of $12 million.. Tod?-Y! w~th · tp.e tooling used in the B-36 training program at Cars­ Today the mission of the 93d is to main..; completed and the production line in busi­ well Air Force. Base, Tex., using a unit also tain a state of combat readiness at all times ness, the price of each unit has . decreased designated 4017th Combat Crew Training to handle its mission in the Strategic Air considerably. ' Squadron. Command emergency war plan, and also to 'I?le B-f?2:s eight :E'.rat_t & __Whitney J-57 The 4017th Combat Crew Training Squad-· support the 4017th Combat· Crew Training engines, the most powerful in mass produc­ ron is an operations and training squadron Squadron in the training of combat crews for tion today, produce a th~ust approaching the only and has no unit aircraft. The aircraft succeeding B-52 combat wings. equivalent of 100,000 horsepower. belong to the three 'bombardment squadrons Today the B-52 is no longer a strange sight The B-52 gives America' the first jet" inter­ of the 93d and are maintained by these units. 1n the western part of the country. Nor is continental capability ·in history. it .can Training sorties are furnished to the 4017th tt unfamiliar to CAA control personnel, or fly a bomb foad to targets on the other side Combat Crew Training Squadron to fulfill to fighter-interceptor units of the Western of the woi:ld and return, at altitudes above the training requirements of that unit. Air Defense Force. 50,000 feet. Its wingspan and length are 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 6439 both greater than the width of a football -The Air Force finally decided that the.only production approval was granted before the field, and the top of its rudder towers almost way to get the needed range was to design a first flight of a prototype airplane. Another · five stories above the ground. It cruises at special-purpose airplane, its only mission the 40 months was added before the Air Force more than 600 miles per hour, yet its landing strategic delivery of a nuclear bomb. This accepted the first flight test article. speed compares favorably with conventional allowed reductions in armament, bomb-bay The XB-52 airplane was moved out of the airplanes of like size. size, and number of crew. It was even factory in November 1951. Engine and sys­ Forward crew positions are equipped with planned to drop part of the landing gear tem ground tests were complete in January the latest type of ejection seat. The crew after take-off. This was the first design to of 1952. Taxi tests were finished near the member has only .to pull the "go" handle to approach intercontinental range. Late in middle of March 1952, but the airplane had find himself floating in space. 1947 the contract called for a new full-scale to be returned to the factory for incorpora­ Under normal conditions the cabin pres­ mockup, plus numerous cockpit mockups tion of equipment not previously available. sure can be maintained at less than 10,000 with tandem pilot seating chosen. When the YB-52 left the factory in March feet pressure altitude, even at the most ex­ New strategic requirements demanded that 1952 most of the modifications had been treme heights. the B-52 be capable of deep penetration into completed. The airplane first flew on April When the first production model of the enemy territory. Although its speed was now 15, 1952. B-52 left Boeing's Seattle factory, Gen. much faster than that spelled out in the · Nathan F. Twining, the Air Force Chief of 1946 design requirements, it was still rela• COL . PAT FLEMING Staff, compared it with the long-rifle of tively slow. About this time air-to-air re­ frontier days, which he called "the great fueling made it possible to design an even (The first crash of a B-52 in February took weapon of the day" that "kept the savage red smaller airplane with substantially higher the life of C91. Patrick J. Fleming, one of men from killing· our people." . speeds. A new Boeing contract included the the most dedicated of SAC's dedicated air­ As General Twining has stated so well, the construction of a mockup and 2 prototype men. His good fri~nd, Beirne Lay, Jr., the. B-52 is truly the long-rifle of our Armed airplanes powered by 4 T- 35-W-3 turbines, well-known screen writer, wrote this tribute Forces today. Never before in history has each producing 8,900 equivalent shaft horse­ to him and sent it to us. Fleming, Lay told so much striking power been concentrated in power and driving 19-foot dual rotation pro­ us, was an airman who sought and found . one weapon. pellers. There was to be a crew of seven with complete mastery of his trade. He was a ,pro. The B-52 represents a big investment in a manned tail turret. All this is in the record. What will not ap­ money, but if it buys the peace with honor, Continued engine-propeller difficulties pear in the record, unless I set it down here, we all desire, it is well worth the cost. The were brought to light in the summer of 1948. are the events at: three Sunday mornings.- B-52 force is the safest investment I know of Obviously, an extended turboprop develop­ THE EDITOR.) . The bare facts of the official record in war today fa~ this Nation and the American ment program was necessary before such a people. design would be practical for strategic opera­ and peacetime of Col. Pat Fleming, deputy tion. Studies were made involving tempo- commander of the 93d Bombardment Wing, THE BIRTH OF A BOMBER rary substitution of J-40's. Castle Air Force Base, Calif., who met his death in. the first crash of a B-52, add up to. (By Col. Donald E. Hillman) The B-52 picture was muddled and quite black. · a portrait of a dedicated professional perfec­ The first B-52 wing is now equipped and A strike at Boeing slowed mockup work and tionist. operat i onal~ SAC's combat capability has completely stopped prototype airplane con­ A naval aviator and fighter ace in the Pa­ received a significant boost. The combat struction. Prototype engine and propeller cific before transferring to the Air Force crews are happy. with it-the airplane has deliveries appeared to be at least 4 years after World War II, a test pilot, and finally lived up to its advance notices. It's excit- away. a specialist in the B-47 and the B-52, he ing to see this powerful an4 beautiful, 200· Then, on October 21, 1948, Boeing engi­ couldn't bear the thought that there was ton weapon take the air. But it was a long neers Ed Wells, George Schairer, Maynard any airplane around that he hadn't fiown. time getting here. · Penell, Art Carlsen, and Vaughn Blumenthal So he flew them all. The general requirements for. i:in inter- · arrived at Wright Field to confer on their After 7 years of marriage, Pat had nev:er continental bomber were established in 1941. XB-52 turboprop airplane. · found time for his honeymoon with Neville The Convair B-36 and Northrop B-35 Flying AMC welcomed them with a request for a until General Le114f1y , was persuaded to lend Wing were developed from .these require- preliminary study of an entirely new aii'­ him to Paramount: Pictures for 2 weeks as. ments. As defensive techniques improved, ·a tech adviser on Strategic Air Command, it became evident that an intercontinental plane to be powered by a new high pressure- while the script was being prepared in 1954. bomber must have. more range, speed, and ra tio turbojet engine-the XJ-57 proposed Pat and Neville arrived in balmy Hollywood by Pratt & Whitney. ' . . " · ... altitude performance than •either1the J3-36. · The Boeh:ig represent'ati ~ es 'retired 'to a on· a Sunday morning, looking ·forward to .a. or B-35 offerea. In January 1946, the Air rest by comparison with Pat's Air Force grind., Force released a new set of heavy bomber Dayton hotel room and went to work. He needed a rest. He was thin and gray with requirements and invited the aircraft in- They worked night and day, Friday, Sat­ fatigue. -He hadn't had a day's leave since dustry to submit proposals. There were two urday, and Sunday, October 22-;24, 1948. On the end of the war. The phone rang. It items of particular significance at that time. Monday morning they submitted a 33-page was Washington. They wanted him to hustle First, the need for higher performance forced report and a hand-carved model of their pro­ on up to Seattle for consultations on the these new standards before either the B-36 posed configuration. It ·embodied 35° wing first air refueling tests with the new Boeing or B-35 had flown. Second, the new per- sweepback, 8 XJ....:57 P-1 turbojet engines jet tanker. Pat hadn't even unpacked his formance standards appeared possible be- slung in pairs on 4 pylons under the wing, bag. cause .of enthusiastic reports on turboprop additional fuel, 1 tail turret, and elimina­ He shoved off at once, borrowing a B-26. engine developments. · tion of certain equipment called for in prior from nearby March Air Force Base, and flew In June 1946, Boeing was awarded a de- designs. Within a relatively short time work himself to Seattle, arriving· half-frozen and velopment contract to include a full-scale started on a new mockup and two experi­ still more tired. The heaters had quit on him mockup. The competition airplane of 1946 mental airplanes. More detailed engineering and he'd had to remain at high altitude be­ bore little resemblance to the B-52 of today. resulted in a,n airplane virtually identical to cause of stiff headwinds lower down. He It had a conventional wing planform with the model that came out of a weekend of l>witched immediately from his B-26 to a a span of 221 feet, was to be powered by hectic work in a Dayton hotel room. B-47 and took off at dusk to rendezvous with· 6 Wright T-35 turboprop engines (each rated Major changes from that first · model have the jet tanker, flying until after midnight a.t 5,500 horsepower) ~ had an initial. design been relatively few. As a result: of wind tun­ and completing 23 refueling contacts. . Then. gross weight of r400,000 pounds, ·mounted 5 nel tests and XB...,.47 .fligbt data, the -slats . he climbed back into •his B-26, without sleep, turrets containing 12 20-millimeter cannons, were removed from tl}e wing, and spoile:rs and flew back to Los Angeles. He walked into and had a crew of 10. and small ailerons were added. A quadri- my office at Paramount. Although this design was good enough to cycle gear gave enough lateral stab~lization "What are you· doing here?" I asked. · I win .the competition, it •fell far short of so that the outrigger need only serve as tip hadn't expected him back for 2 or 3 days.· desired range objectives fbr a number of· rea- protect~on gear.· In 195.1 the Air Force de­ isn ~ t ' ' ~ ' "It's Monday morning, it?" he said .. . sons-the lack of satisfactory propeller-en- cided to change the cockpit to side-by-side '"I'm supposed to be working for Paramount.". gin,e coinbfnation, the weight of the arma- seating. The gross weight was increased to · A year later, on a Sunday morning; Pat me~t system, ·and too large a bomb bay. gain more range and take advantage of pre­ and Neville pulled into my driveway with Numerous configurations were examined dur- dieted engine improvements. their three little girls and the family car ing the summer of 1946,. but none looked · -Research and preliminary design on the piled high with vacation gear. They were good ·until a new and more powerful Wright B-52 airplane .took 34 months. This is longer on their way to Laguna Beach for 2 weeks' engine was promised. The design was then than would normally be expected. However, leave. Two weeks later, I arrived at Castle changed to a smaller, more efficient 4-engine the time was well spent because the present AFB at the tail end of a 15-day tour of ac­ airplane, even tho.ugh additional equipment configuration represents a far more advanced. tive duty in my Reserve assignment with had been incorporated; the crew had been design than appeared possible earlier. SAC. Pat was the first guy I ran into. It increased to 11, and the bomb-carrying ca- Experimental design to production go­ developed that he just couldn't stay away pability increased considerably. · The engines ahead took 28 months. Extremely satisfac­ from those B-52s. After a few days at the wer.e· still too high in specific fuel consump- tory B-47 fiight test reports made this pos­ beach, he cut his vacation short. He'd been tion and the airplane also fell short in the sible since the two airplanes are quite simt­ flying 5 nights in a row, checking on the critical area of range. lar in configuration except for size. B-52 new crews in training. Each sortie meant 6440 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April '111. a 'T- or 8-hour mission, beginning with sta- · are several, Including. alt defense re8ponsr- making the :same· stops ·asr·gomg over.- On ttons at 0300. I went on one of. these mis· . bllities., use of conventional weapons, and an · the deployment'.over and hack .we had Navy sians the next morning with Pat. It was a · escort function when required. weather surface. vessels> antt B~l 7 resdue air- rugged 7Y2 hours at altitude. Once a week · Fighter wings, equipped with nuclear . craft patrolllrrg ·our route. -· would be often enough to suit most pilots weapons, are in themselves powerful strik- . . Fox Able One. w.as. ·the- United States Air just fine. At one. point on the flight, I lng forces which may be s.trategically used . Force's first mass overwate.r ·deployment of . crumpled an empty cigarette package and, independently of bomber forces or in areas fighter ~ airci:'af-t, -and tt · was . strictly a SAC seeing no container handy, tossed it on the where bomber forces are not. committed. . show. . The ferry •route,: "8.lo_ng· with rescue ·· fiight deck. Pat was on the interphone im­ Their power is such that it would take more and _communications procedures we estab­ mediately. than 10,000 B-17's loaded with conventional _ lished on the flight, -are still SOP for other . "Put it in your knee pocket," he said. weapons to equal the destructive force of a · c0mmands deploying jet fighters to Europe, "The crew chief on this aircraft's got enough nuclear attack which could be delivered by and back to the ZI. They are stjll the guide to do." But the rebuke didn't sting. He one SAC- fighter. for tbe fen:ying of jets Jts ._ :repl~ceqients for was so right. And it was typical of him. With the advent of the nuclear weapon, · our units in Europe and as unit· equipment , But what I remember bE;lst about that flight . and its later adaptation to fig~ter use, prob- to the air forces of the NATO countries. was the way Pat was. all over that airplane, ably the most important aids to development . Further use of Fox Able One. reports and - knowing every man's job cold. Each crew of fighter capability was the dev~lopment of procedures was made by SAC in 1~~9 when member was a sharp, picked veteran of the the aerial refueling technique. 15 F-80's were flow.n to Europe. In 1.950, B-47 program, but Pat's probing eyes and Increased integral range, plus an in-flight the 27th Strategic Fighter Wing flew one- . questions kept them sweating. "What do refueling capability, gave fighters the mo- · hun.dr~d-and-seventy-odd F-84's over the you do if you lose electrical pow.er?" he'd ask. bility they needed to cross oceans in pours · same route without losing an aircraft. The man had better know the answer. rathers than days; to deploy from one side · These deployments . across the Atlantic And then there was a Sunday morning of the globe to the other, just as bomber Ocean, .although . much faster than the old - In February. Pat had been one of the four wings deployed. method of transporting ·fighters by aircraft . listed as missing since the explosion of a The importance of the mob111ty factor can carrier. or disassembled ~n crates, were still B-52. When they found him his 'chute was be realized if we remember that in 1946 our much too slow to fit into SAC's glqbal mobil· , tnissing, apparently burned off, after hi:! re- · 56th.. Fighter Group-the command's only ity plans. What we needed was a jet fight~r mained in the cockpit too long, applying fighter wing-was equipped with 21 w0rn-out · aircraft with air refueling capability. emergency procedures,-helping the others get F-47's and 10 borrowed F- 51's. Yet World . Republic gave us the F-84 in 1951 and we out. My friend on the phone added a tragic-. War II tactici;; would have had to be em- were in tbe air-refueling business. SAC . footnote. Pat. was scheduled to leave in less ployed if ever an emergency sent these air- units. started receivi:tig_ them in Sept~mber of . than 2 weeks for a desk job at SAC head­ craft into action in support of bomber oper- that year and our 31st strategic· Fighter . quarters as director of requirements. He a.tions. This was a period before jets were . Wing was among the .first units to get them. - had already compiled hundreds of hours of integrated in the- Unitect States Air Force, However, plans for overwater deployments B-52-pilot time, flying far in excess of the , and unfortunately' it was an era when the · had to be sidetracked because it took us the normal requirement of his job. But instead United ·states was awash with "demobiliza-_: rest of l951 and the early part of 1952 to bf easing off during those final 2 weeks, he tion consciousness." get the bugs out of the air-refueling system. was squeezing in every possible hour in the Two years later, however, the picture had While we were working_ witb Republic air. He wanted, when he reached that desk changed. The Czechoslovakia coup, the Ber- '. technical representatives at Turner Air Force : in Omaha, to speak from the vantage point lin blockade, and other Communist i:noves in · Base, Ga., on the F-84G air-refueling system, of his own, inner conception of a real "pro." Western Europe once niore focused attention · we were extremely fortunate in -getting .orie . o_n America's air arm as t.he only weapon in · oI the world's foremost authorities on fighter · the hands of the free world that could match SAC's LITrLE FIGHTERS AND How THEY GREW the strength of the huge Red Army. · navigation assigned to ·the wing. - The man (By Col. David G. Schilling, inspector gen- . . Before our jet fighters could eff~ctlve1y · was .Col. Charles F. Blair, United States .-Air, eral, 7th Air Division, SAC) - t SAC b · b i thei l bal i Ji1orce Reserve, a· captain for Pa:p. American - supper om ers n r g 0 m s- '. Airways who had fl.own an F-Ql Mustang ' Looking back to 1946, ~en: the Strategic: sio:p.s. a way .h!J.d to be found to get them - . quickly from the ZI to either Europe or the from- ·Norway to Alaska- in 1951; using his ·_ Ai r Comman d go t a 11 o f it s fi g hter · riew ,navigation system~ (At the 1!}52 AFA support from a few. leftover World War II Far East. Otherwise, the advantage of speed Convention, Colonel Blair received an-AFA propeller jobs, we fighter pilots feel much like would be lost in a lot of overnight stops. · the atomic artillery omcers with their mem- _ The answer, of course, was air refueling, · Citation of Honor for this flight.-The ed­ ories of 75-millimeter pack howitzers carried · wher.eby fighters . co.uld · leave t~e United ltors) · He found an att~ntive ·audience at by mules. States and iri 12 hours or less be located on every one of .his lectures in the 31st SFW Except for one thing, perhaps, the fighter : overseas bases in Europe. But before the : briefing room. - - . - · ' as a.n·arm of SAC might have gone the .way of. perfection of -air refueling · for fighters and . Charlie ha.d a completely new ·approach· to the pack mule. That factor was the rapid · the 12-hour Atlantic filght, a lot of ground- - celestial navigation which employed pre- - ft d eve1 opmen · t o f g ht e~- t ype a i rcvaft wh i ch, · work had to be covered. From 1948 through . c'omputed running· two-star fixes instead of .' tn 10 years, has brought the fi ghter to· its> the Koreari war years, SAC pioneered the . the old, cumbersome three-star fixes. Using . present-day long-range strategic capability '. nonstop ocean hops, which in 1956, have . this sy,stem, only two new ·pieces of ·equip· : and has greatly.added to the.complexity and . come to be accepted as routine. ~ent .were necessary-an automatic · pllqt ', importance of its mission as an air weapon. · The first of these pioneer flights was Fox a:nd -a suitable sextant. · Lear, Inc., came .

Wlien SAC was organized in 1946, and Able One, fl.own in July of 1948 by a flight of · through with the auto pilot and the Koll~­ 1 given a global responsibility for strategic air our 56th Fighter Group F-80s from Selfridge man ·Instrument Co. with a hand-held ver- 1 operations, our North American F-51 and Re- . AFB, Mich., to the United States Zone in · s~on Of .the petifi~Opic. sextant developed by public F-47 fighter planes wer.e assigned. the . Germany. This fiight was not a nonstop them for the B-47. · - _ mission for which they had been de.signed-. trip, but it had its problems. Although the We modified six F-84G's and accomplished . fighter escort. There was little else ·they F-80s were to land at Goose Bay, BW-1, : a· -considerable amount of celestial naviga­ could do, but in. succeeding years the mis-- G:t'eenland, Keflavik, Iceland, and Stornoway, tion tralnlng during .the time we were per• sion of SAC's fighter commands has grown Scotland, on the transatlantic hop, earlier : fecting the air-refueling system. When we · tn importance with each delivery of a new, · surveys had shown that there were no fa- had mastered both, we started planning a. improved fighter plane. cilities whatsoever east of Bangor, Maine, and - nonstop fiight from Georgia to French Mo.- . These changes began in 1948 with the re-: west of Sto.rnoway, Scotland, for support of - rocco. Our plans ·-were ·tO utilize air refueling placement. of our F-51'8 and F-47's with a jet aircraft. over Bermuda, between Bermuda and the long-range propeller-driven fighter, the.. - This severe lack Of facilities meant that · Azores, over' the Aioi:es and then straight North American F-82 Twin Mustang and the refueling filter carts along with other parts into a. SAC base. in Frerich Morocco. Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star-SAC's first jet - and equipment had to be carried along, and . · A~out mid-June of _1952 we were ready - fighter. The F-80, however, was limited in due to the exigencies of the Berlin airlift, · a,nd approached General LeMay for permis­ range. we were limited to 1 C-54 and 1 C-47 for 1 sion. His reply was that the. Strategic Air A year later the command's first long-range transport. Faced with this airlift shortage, ~ Command had some plans.for long overwater jet fighter, the· Republic F-84E, was. de- ~ we pad t9 use great care in selection of·· fighter deployments ·and that ~e would let livered. Its range was further extended by· spare parts, ground power, and ground han-, us km>w when he was ready to give us the the delivery of the ·G model, which had an· dlihg equipment, a job that was acco:m.- green light to proceed . .. ) . · aerial refueling capablltty. · __ plished to perfection by Capt. Frank Klibbe. · Three days later he did. our fighter wings now are equipped .with. . Execution of Fox Able One from Selfridge · . I was at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala., at­ the sweptback F-84F, which greatly increased. Air Force Base, Mich., to ·Furstenfeldbruck, · tending .a special orientation com:se when performance capabilities while retaining· Germany, took 12 days, including a 6-day de- 1 my deputy, Col. Dingy .Dunham, called say­ range characteristics of earlier models. . · lay at Goose Bay and overnight stops at.J ing a message had ,been r~ived from SAC As a direct result. of fighter development, BW-1, Ke:fiavik, Stornoway, and RAF Sta.- hea.dquai:ters which necessitated my imme-· the primary mission of. strategic flgh ter wings tion Odham in England_. diate re.turn to Turner. L knew Dingy well today is the delivery of nuclear we~pons · We remained at Furstenfeldbruck for 2 enough to know that Se complete ~ithqu~ mentioning_the role of photographs in making topogr~phic maps­ was activated as the First Photographic the reconnaissance technical squadrons. the basis on_which tl~e whole important sci­ Squadron, ·.with si.x flights, each in a dift'erent Their job is to process the vast amount of ence of photogrammetry (measurement from section of the country. · film taken .by the reconnaissance crews, and, photographs) has been built. . By June 1941 the squadron had become in additfon, interpret the photos and dis­ Another Frenchman, Nadar, explored the the First Photographic Group, and the flights seminate the information to the using possibility of using aerial photos to make became squadrons. Later other squadrons agency. At present, with their automatic 1956 -· \. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_-- . H.OUS:t: 6443 equipment, these units can quickly· deliver Consider, f-or example, the fact that S men for the foreseeable future it appears clear the reconnaissance photos and intelligence in a B-47 bomber do substantially the. same that the long-range bomber and the .nuclear to those dependent upon the information for jobs that 11 men did in the World War Ii bomb will be required in sufilcient numbers, the success of their mission. B-29. The1r training has to be broader and and of superior quality, as a national insur ... The future of aerial reconnaissance en­ more technical; and the demands on each ance policy. We must keep it that way, at visages a time when remote-controlled air­ man are greater. Not only must everyone the same time pushing forward our research craft will perform reconnaissance deep into achieve high standards of proficiency in his and development programs on advanced type enemy territory with cameras corrected for own job-he is often cross trained to the {litcraft .and guidecl missiles to guarantee fu­ drift, yaw, and pitch; when automatic de­ other jobs as well. ture leadership in the air. vices to compute exposure and shutter speeds Ever since the Strategic Air Command was · The airman knows the futility of war and at extremely high, as well as low, altitudes activated, it has been necessary to. work on his job today is to help prevent war from will become available; when blur caused by the assumption that a war might start at happening. We can and must insure our se­ high speeds in relation to target being photo­ any time. It is a fact that hours-even min­ curity by our continuing efforts _toward a graphed, wm be eliminated; when excellent utes-might spell the difference between vic­ peaceful solution to world problems, backed night photography at great heights will be­ tory and defeat. . Therefore, there has al­ up with the type of military strength our come possible; when scenes will be auto­ ways been a certain urgency to our opera­ potential enemies fear most. In such an maticallly flashed electronically to a control tions. It is essential to be ready to go­ atmosphere, with that strength behi.nd our room where commanders can make immedi­ not next week, nor tomorrow, but today­ position of moral leadership in the world, we ate decisions for bomber crews either await­ now, if tbe need arises. can look to the future with confidence. ing takeoff, or even for crews .already en It is our responsibility to know how well route. This could be the ultimate in.recon­ the combat crewmen of SAC can do their · Mr. Speaker, to my way of thinking the naissance. In the meantime, many interim jobs. In determining this we have ·had to most important words in General Le­ problems will have to be solved in order to ask-and answer-three questions. We May's summary are these: maintain the · reconnaissance arm of the would like to give you both questions and Strategic Air Command as one of the vital answers, for they bear on our conclusions. We must face squarely that the United elements of the United States Air Forc;.e. First, can SAC combat crewmen, flying States no longer enjoys a monopoly on long­ froil_l bases h_ere -~nd overseas, find thei.r tar- range nuclear airpower. SAC'S READINESS Is OUR PEACE INSURANCE gets with certainty? The answer is an un­ · In recent months, there has been more POLICY . qualified '.'Y~s-" On celestial navigation and more evidence of a Soviet buildup (By Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, commander in alone, our crews can fly to within 15 miles in this field, and the President's recent chi.ef, SAC) of any spot on earth, and from there move on their targets with precision by means of request for an additional hn.l:f billion dol­ For centuries it has been the job of the radar navigatl'.on. · ~ars, of which roughly half is scheduled, general to win wars. ·In. the nuclear air age Second, when they arrive over thei.r tar­ to step up our B-52 production, is cer­ his job must be to prevent wars. There is gets, can they destroy them? Again, the tainly recognition of this truth. good reason to believe that the military solu­ answer is an unqualified "Yes." By means We cannot afford ·to lag behind the tion to the problem is relatively simple-su­ of carefully scored bombing runs, each of perior long-range· nuclear airpower and ade­ Communist world in this critical area. these crews has proved its ability on hun­ · In the words of LeMay: quate defensive ai.rpower in being, combat dreds of occasions. I should like to point ready on a continuing basis. This airpower out that their targets are not cities-they We may well regard the Strategic Ai.r Com­ must be strong enough to win, beyond the are often specific corners of buildings within mand as peace insurance, and the premiums shadow of a doubt, the decision in any global military target areas . . By a combination of we must pay to keep it more modern than the nuclear war. Without this kind of force in radar and radio, we can tell with what de­ strategic ai.r force of any nation are not high: being we cannot expect to keep the peace. gree of accuracy anY. given crew is bombing. If we never have to use the power we have This·is perhaps the most significant military Thi.rd, having destroyed their targets, will built into SAC, it will have Justified its cost fact of today. these crews get back? Again, the answer is many times over. Therefore, all training, all operations, in "Yes." In World War II, using mass forma- · the Strategic · Air Command add up to one ~ i ons · of bombers, subject to Il_lassed attack, · Knowing that the power of atomic and simple· purpose-readiness for combat on an our percentage of losses was less than ~ per- nuclear war is "the power to destroy the instant's warning, anywhere in the world. cent. With many hundreds of jet bombers human race," can there be any ques­ If we are not ready-in terms of trained utilizing optimum tactics,· in .. small forma.. tion of the fact th~t tax dollars spent. men, modern-equipment, .and efrective-.organ~ ization-then SAC is wasting its time. tions or on· single ~ plane ·penetrat'ions,- the to assure and· guarantee Ame!ican su..: Military power, in any form, has always odds are eql,lally in favor of our bombers. periority in this vital field are dollars well been a matter of men, and for the foresee­ · Today we have a combat-ready force in spent? able future it will continue to be. The day of being-and I think there is good reason to · . There will be no time for "muddling hope' it ·may never have to be used. The the pilotless long-range bomber and the strength it poses to any potential enemy as of through" in atomic war. guided missile is coming. As they_ become available they will augment the manned now is so great it is very probable that he The nation that has "too little, . too will not riEk its blows. There is no pro.fit in late" will probably not exist to bemoan force and, very slowly, may even repl~ce it. _ But i.n SAC we can take no comfort in aggression if it bring on self-destruction. its false economy. the prospects of being combat ready 5 years Therefore, we may well regard the Strategic ·. ·Nor does this imply, as many falsely from now, or 1 year from now, or even to­ Air Command as peace insurance, and the assume, that we should forget about all premiums we must pay to keep it more mod- · morrow. Our prime interest is in readiness ern than the strategic-air force of any nation other branches of our Armed forces and today, this instant. To ,do so we need men are not high. If we never have to use the ~oncentrate all military .funds _in a gi­ of the highest caliber, trained to the peak power we have built into SAC it will have gantic additional buildup of SAC. of perfection, armed with sufficient quan­ tities of the }:)est equipment the Nation can justified its cost many times over. For one thing, the American Air Force supply them. · We must face squarely the fact that the is a balanced and integrated fighting Among the almost 200,000 personnel of United States no longer enjoys a monopoly machine, with important missions as­ the command, motivations naturally vary on long-range nuclear airpower. It was signed to the Tactical Air Command and greatly from person to person, yet there is inevitable, of course, that the Communists the Air Defense Command, which also one attribute that is common to almost all would build this most potent type of force as have critical roles in the defense of our SAC people. This is the satisfaction they quickly as they could. • The fact they now derive from knowing that the force they have have such a force, however, 1n no way de- country. The Air Reserve and the Air helped to build, and which they maintain tracts from the deterrent power of our own. National Guard are major components in a state of constant readiness, .is vital to It is not likely that any major attack could of America's air readiness, and provide the security of the free world. They know be made" on the United States without the a trained and ready pool of fighting that they are making a contribution toward aggressor nation suffering di~aster. As long manpower. tne achievement of lasting peace·. These peo..; as w potential·aggressor·is-convinced ·(}:f. this, I L - .A.Iid,~ in ' theWo'rds of Maj: ·oen:. William: ple represent the finest · in the military tra­ do not think we have to worry about a major dition-these who choose service to their war. Our main job ls to keep him con- E. Hall: country above all other considerations. vinced. · No responsible Air Force spokesman has Buildillg the Strategic Air Command to We are not a belligerent people. We pre- ever implied that foot soldiers or sailors have its present high state of readiness was essen­ fer to devote our inventive natures and our become obsolete. When the peak of the tially a matter of bringing the men and the industrial capacity to providing better lives atomic exchange has been passed, the sur­ aircraft together and exercising them con- for ourselves and for others. In the·past this face forces that can exercise and ·exploit stantly on combat training missions, which inclination has been mistaken for weakness, control of land and sea will begin to play duplicate · actual ·war requirements. Re.alis­ and as a result, we have been drawn into two an important part in the combat. . tic training. Ls. our. greatest. .eonti.nuing ~need', Worl~ Wars in a single gene:cation...... · and many.: .hundreds .of ·.:holirs .of· -stud.y .ara ~ 1 .w.o':,ll<; ript ·!3fl.Yc~ ~pu itl}a.t: ~~ .t~ ~! ; It is in this . ~rn~~~.- ~~~~~ of ~t~c _ ~ciwed ' fa. maat.er ~ tadii!a-mghlJ.· ~ - ti~~~.-- 'I;~;J~ ti:G'!r:J~t _ f!r!!d- - -n~r ·.·weapQnS'· @.Q}'Z.~7!1-.. ~ ~ated' · a1r eqliipmerit • · - - --- · ' • and most:-fonnidable·militarrexpressimr;...and- terrible- event · it- · should < com~ to ~ ·6444 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17, that the role of the Strategic Air Com­ tor of our economy. This credit squeeze margins, and the like, and (2) those forces mand assumes its enormous and critical will mean two things to them. First, which influence the capitalization of earn­ ings in terms of market price-confidence proportions. their loans will cost them more. and money supply, primarily. This last item You do not have to visit more than one Second, if the local bank is overloaned seems to. be of outstanding significance at tne SAC base to become aware, at once -of and needs reserves, it will hesitate to sell moment. the sense of responsibility, . and of its Government securities because they It must be remembered that part of the urgency which the men of SAC share are way down in price and will entail stock price increase that has taken pl~ce in today. a heavy capital loss. So our farmers the last couple of years can be explained by It is present in the penetrating look of stand a good chance of having their loans rising earnings, but another important part the security officer, in the measured .called or not renewed. of the stock price improvement has been the words of the base commander, in the Next let us consider the millions of result of a higher capitalization of earnings-­ a hig~er price-times-earnings ratio, in the hurried step and crisp efficiency of the small-business men. What will the Wall Street lingo. It probably is more than maintenance crews. credit tightening mean to them? The a coincidence that sharp increases in money It is a ·sense of responsibility, and a Small Business Administration recently supply in the summer of 1953 and again in sense of urgency, which we in the Con­ issued its fifth semiannual report, · cov­ the summer of 1954 (resulting from a reduc­ gress, and the . American people, must ering the 6 months ending December -31, tion in bank reserve ;requirements) was ac­ fully share at this hour. 1955. Mr. Wendell Barnes stated at the companied by a rising trend of price earnings We must keep- our peace insurance ratios from the latter part of .1953 through opening of this report that--:. most of 1954, in spite.of the fact that earn­ fully paid up, and provide the best pro­ Many small firms complain also of the ings were trending downward through much tection available for our homes and our tightening of bank credit. of that period. Of course, there are other freedom. . factors that influence the price _earnings A very great measure of that insur­ · - And again: ratios, but the availability of investment ance, -and that protection; can be found Small firms report that they continue to money must be an element worth consider­ in the Strategic Afr Command. face a problem of finding equity capital ing. Americans today, and in the future, financing. Especially is this aspect of th~ situation worthy of consideration at the moment be­ will owe a great.debt to the men of that This situation prevailed prior to the cause, as discussed in last week's article, command. recent severe interest-rate increase. credit policies are currently in the direction Consequently we may reasonably con­ of k~eping the supply of money and credit DRASTIC ACTION OF ~ERAL RE­ clude that the position of small -firms tight in relation to the economy's need for with respect to their financing needs money and credit. The Federal Reserve SERVE BOARD ARBITRARILY IN­ Board's action Thursday again increasing the CREASING INTEREST RATES has been worsened as a result of this rediscount rate serves to underscore this di­ Federal Reserve action. The Speaker pro tempore. Under pre­ rection in the monetary authorities' policy. Mr. Speaker, on page 14 of Mr. Barnes The supply of money available for common vious order of the House, the gentleman fifth semiannual report, he states: stock investment is far from being a static from Texas [Mr. PATMAN] is recognized Another serious disadvantage of smaller quantity. This kind of capital tends to flow for 30 minutes. corporations is lack of aaeq,uate · assets to toward the segments of the economy where Mr. PA~MAN. . Mr. Speaker, I ask finance properly thei,: receivables and inven­ it is needed most and where it promises to be unanimous consent to revise and· extend tories. most profitably employed. -That is why my remarks and include extraneous· money supply tends to have an effect on matter. - Thus the curbing of credit for financ- - price earnings ratios, and that is why the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ing inventories and receivables will re­ money situation carrie~ a very .practical sig­ sult 1n an even greater disadvantage for nificance today. the request - of the · gentleman from In -the current effort to curb inflationary Texas?· ·smaller corPorations than existed last year. tendencies by making credit less readily There was no objection. available to business for overexpanding in­ . Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, last - Small firms are handicapped by a ventories and capital expenditures, one of Thursday the Board of Governors of the shortage of equity or venture capital. the indirect results is to make less money Federal Reserve System gave its approval How will the Federal Reserve action available for investments. This evidences to a very severe interest rate increase. affect the ability of small business to ob­ itself in several diffe:i;-ent ways. tain equity or venture capital? First, the banks have been selling their The rediscount rate, which is the anchor investments to obtain funds to lend to their of the whole structure of interest rates, Mr. Harold B. Dorsey, author of the column Economic View, which appears regular customers. After all, the primary was raised from 2% percent to 2% per­ function of a commercial bank is to lend cent for 10 Federal Reserve banks and to in the Washington Post and Times Her­ money, and investments are secondary. As 3 percent for 2 other banks. I would ald writes-April 16, 1956--that-- nonbank investors buy the securities sold like to comment on the results we may In the current effort to curb inflationary by the banks, they have less money to invest expect from this action. tendencies by making credit less readily in something else. _ First of all, let me say that I do not available 'to business • • • one of the indi­ Second, the very fact that business bor.. rect results is to make less money available rowings are rising means that more money .is doubt the sincerity of the Federal Re­ for investments. needed in business operations. Therefore, serve. They must have been greatly businesses that might temporarily place their alarmed. by the· recent · industrial pric·e · This. -results, as Mr~ Dorsey points out~ surplus funds in -investments will tend to rises and the impending steel price in­ from the fact that the enforced liquida­ liquidate such investments at a time llke , creases. They must also have ·been-dis­ tion of bond holdings drives their prices the present so that they may reemploy the turbed by the sharp increase in the de­ down and as yields rise investors will funds in their regular operations. mand for credit to finance inventory and tend to put their money into bonds -and . Third, since it is becoming increasingly speculation in expectation of the steel top quality preferred stocks in preference d_ifficul t to borrow money from the banks, business tries to obtain its funds in the new -price rise. . , to lower yielding consumer stocks. capital market, thereby increasing·the total Mr.-Speaker, I am afraid that the Fed­ - So the net effect is to reduce the sup­ of securities. eral Reserve action, which was very se­ ply of venture capital and to channel · Fourth, .there is a secondary effect as the vere, will not prevent a steel price rise more and more savings into triple A. liquidation of bond investments drives down :nor will it get at the inventory specu­ bonds. the prices of such securities and ·thereby lators. . It will _make borrowing more I insert Mr. Dorsey's article at this makes them more attractive relative-to other costly and in -the process increase the point in my remarks: types of investment. Foi;: example, some of interest earnings of · the commercial the marketable Gover_mrient issues would [From the Washington Post and Times Her .. now seem to be more attractive 'than savings banks by several hundred million ·dollars. ald _of Apr_il 16, 1956] bonds and deposits in savings banks. If the . It will not get at the . main culprits, ECONOMIC VIEW yields on marketable Government and cor­ the big corporations who, nourished on _(By Harold B. Dorsey) porate bonds and good quality preferred fat defense contracts, quick tax write­ stocks become even more attractive, some offs, and free of excess-profits taxes. are SEVERAL FACTORS TIGHTEN MONEY SUPPLY investors may tend to put their money into raising prices and profits and- sparking The behavior of the stoclt market last week such issues in preference to· lower -yielding a vast investment boom. points up ~he , fact that the forces influencing common stocks. · - st;ock prices should be divided into two ma­ Let us see what it will do. . The wea~ness In the stock market last week jor categories: ._ ( 1) those that determine was probably l"!:Jflecting the eff~cts of the First, there are the millions of farmers earnings and earnings prospects-unit vol:. credit tightening process along the foregoing in the depression-ridden'agricultutal sec- Ume Of business activity, prices, costs, profit lines. The strength of these effects, and 1958 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE :6445 potential effects, are .impossible to measure. Mr. Speaker, even prior to the interest.. In March both employment and hours After all, stock price behavior is the net rate increase by the Federal Reserve, the dt?clined more than seasonally in these ·result ·of a blending· of many forces and the rate of small business bankruptcies had industries. money supply factor is only one of these. As such, it is operating on the negative side; risen above the 1954 and 1955 level. So Compared with March last year the other things being equal, it tends to result this Federal Reserve action will aggra­ average workweek in all manufacturing in a lower price earnings ratio. vate the rising trend in the 1'.ate o! was down by .three-tenths of an hour. However, the condition does not mean that -small-business failures. More than half of the major industries there must be a sharply lower price earnings We have seen that the position of the were working fewer hours. The sharp­ 'ratio. The whole purpose of the restraining farmers and the small-business men, two . est drop was in the automotive indus- credit policy is to try to eliminate those ex­ groups which have notably not shared try. cesses in the economy that are contributing in the big business boom, will be wors­ to the inflationary pressure. The purpose. Mr. Speaker, the evidence of slacken­ is not to cause a period of deflation and a ened as a result of the Federal Reserve ing demand in the housing, automobile, · ·bearish stock market, even though there may credit action. textiles, apparel, leather, and the electri­ be a desire to curb a bullish stock market Now let us consider the effect of the cal machinery industries raises a ser­ that would contribute to the inflation psy- Federal Reserve action on the economy ious question in my mind as to the wis­ chology. · as a whole. Despite the industrial price dom of the Federal Reserve's severe in.. Aside from the foregoing direct effects of increases and the expansion of plant and terest rate action. I am reminded of the tighter credit policies on security_prices and equipment investment which are charac­ situation in the spring of 1953 when the price earnings ratios, we will have to look out teristics of the big business boom, there Board was similarly alarmed by inven­ for the effects on business activity and ot,her are a number of sags in industrial sec­ earnings determinants. Up to the moment, tory accumulation and impending price we have not seen any serious signs that tors of the economy which belie the rises in basic industrial commodities. In tighter credit, by itself, is responsil:lle for threat of a runaway boom and may even a post mortem analysis of the situation curbing purchases of goods and services, or presage the makings of a recession. the chairman of the Board conceded causing a reduction in the rate of forward I am referring first of all to the auto­ they had made a miscalculation. commitments. But, one of the purposes of motive and the housing industries. Ac­ I well ·remember the spring of 1953. the tighter credit policy is to reduce the ex­ tivity in both these sectors has been de­ For I was among a handful who pro­ tent of anticipatory buying, especially during clining, In both industries the avail­ the second quarter when the incentive to tested the interest-boosting and credit ability of credit and credit terms in­ tightening actions in the early months buy before prices and costs rise further fluence demand considerably. promises to ~ontinue rather strong. Just of 1953. Then we were called the advo­ how excessive. such purchases may be be­ Let us examine the housing situation. cates of ·inflation. I am happy to re .. twe·en now and the midyear, in spite o'f The tightening of the money market in port that I am not alone today in ques­ tight credit, is difficult to predict. An ex­ 1955 prior to the Federal Reserve's latest tioning the Federal Reserve's restrictive cessive d£lgree of such buying in the next move resulted in a marked decline in couple of months would probably be offset by credit action. The Washington Post, housing starts. Here are the quarterly which is not usually in accord with my correspondingly lower purchases in the third averages of privately financed new hous­ quarter. Even so, there still seem to be same views on monetary and credit policies. rather strong reasons for anticipating that ing starts: does, however, raise a question about the fourth quarter activity will be in a recovery· Seasonally adjusted annual rates wisdom of the Reserve Board's policy. · I phase. 1955: 1st quarter ______1, 384, 000 should like to conclude my remarks by Mr. Speaker, the probable impact of 2d · quarter ______·1, 361, 000 inserting the editorial, Infiation or Not? the latest Federal Reserve action was 3d quarter ______1, 281, 000 which appeared in the Washington I?ost, well summed up by Mr. Herbert Koshetz 4th quarter ______1, 200, 000 Sunday, April 15, 1956: in his column The Merchant's Point of 1956: 1st quarter ______1,170,000. INFLATION OR NOT? View, which appeared in the New York It is evident that there has been a The sum of the available evidence sug­ Times Sunday, April 15, 1956. steady and uninterrupted decline in the gests that we have passed the point of great­ He stated: est inflationary danger-that we passed it annual rate of new housing starts since · successfully as a result of the wise policy of CAPITAL MOVES CONF·USE early 1955. Compared with March of mild restraint which the Federal Reserve The businessman here is finding it dif­ last year, the annual rate of private System and other Government agencies ficult to understand certain moves in Wash­ starts, seasonally adjusted, was down by adopted last year . . Yet the Federal Reserve ington. On Thursday, the Federal Reserve 17 percent this March. Further tight­ has raised the discount rate again because Board announced an increase in the dis­ ening of the money market will un­ it believes that inflationary forces once more count rate. The move stemmed from an doubtedly cause new starts to fall some are active. The increase in the discount rate effort to shrink business loans and if it ac­ charged member banks is from 2Y:z percent to complishes this, there will proba:bly be some more . . 2% percent in some areas and from 2Y:z per• slowing of plant expansion and order taking. The latest figures on unemployment cent to 3 percent in others. A move from 2112 The theory behind the move is that if the reveal 100,000 unemployed in Michigan, to 3 percent is not an insignificant increase. cost of money rises-banks having to pay the automobile center of the Nation. Coupled with the Reserve Board's recent more for their money from the Federal Re­ Dealers sales of new cars in March were . policy of reducing its holdings of Govern­ serve will pass the increase along to bor­ up about 4 ,percent from February, but ment securities, the change in the discou.nt rowers-the rate of inventory accumulation were 18 percent less than a year ago. rate adds up to a fairly tight policy. and of speculation in one form or another Moreover, the February to March in- It would be very foolish to say dogmatically will be slowed. -crease was considerably s'maller than th'e that the Federai Reserve has made a serious It was explained that the move on the mistake. Last year there were some respec­ part of the Federal Reserve Board was psy­ rise over the same months in the past 3 table economists who. believed that the board chological rather than punitive. An in­ years. -tightened credit too m-qch, but the ·record crease in interest charges on outstanding Dealers inventories in March were is overwhelmingly against those critics. The loans, while amounting to many millions of reduc'ed slightly to 870,000 cars. This bank's policy has been vindicated by events. dollars, is not in itself a deterrent. But, as was equivalent to 41 days of sales at the Now, however, it is at least necessary to raise is usual in instances where basic costs of March rate. Further credit tightening a question about the wisdom of the Reserve doing business go up, the small-business Board's policy. man will feel the effects more keenly than is bound to have a depressing effect on Every few days, it is true, the financial the large ·companies. · automobile sales. A decline in sales will pages have been reporting speeches by busi­ Small enterprises, working as they do on lead to a rise in inventories and may nessmen· and bankers warning against infla­ limited capital, ·must rely on bank credit, necessitate further cuts in production. . tion. In a boom period like the present it 10ans on receivables, and chattels to get In addition to the evident sagging in ' is never easy to avoid. the Scylla of inflation ahead or just to keep going. When money the housing and automotive industry on the one hand or the Ch~rybdis of deflation tightens, as it has just now, the little fellow there are signs of a weakening of demand on the other. Some ri~e in industrial prices finds it harder and harder to increase bank in the leather, textiles, and apparel in­ in recent months has caused serious prob­ lines of credit, and he is often fo_rced to pay dustries and in electrical machinery lems, although the ·value of the dollar has exorbitant interest for necessa.ry funds. It not deteriorated. Since President Eisen­ appears poss'ible, therefore, that. the bigber reflected-.in cutbacks in television. hower's decision to run again and the official rates for money will be reflec~d ii! ~n in­ Production worker employment and forecast of greatly expanded business spend­ crease in bankruptcies and business liquida­ average weekly hours in textiles, apparel, ing for plant anEl equipment, there has beeJ1. tions, mostly at the expense o! t~e 'smaller and leather have been declining for. the :more optimism but . there have, been· .ne·t operator. past 4 months. - fears of inflation. - 6446 CONGRESSIONAL .. ·RECORD -- - HOUSE April' 17, It must be said in the Reserve Board's be­ concern and -heavy burden to the-Ameri- successfully ·to purSl,l.e the urgent tasks half that the promised increase 1Ii the pi'ic~ can people. . . of preventing disease; accidents, · and of steel is highly disturbing, that stock prices As the situation develops, it is ap­ keeping people well a;nd, of course, he are high, .that many basic ~ndustries are ·would also · add caring for· and ·healing working at capacity and already have raised parent that vigorous, drastic action must or are preparing to raise prices, that business be taken to encourage and sustain in the the sick and afflicted. loans have spurted up and that there is a private, voluntary plans which seek to Dr. Snyder states, for example, tha~ marked upsurge of confidence. All thes~ provide some more adequate answer for Preventive· medicine and public-health factors influenced the Federal Reserve in its the ordinary individual and his family promotion constitute a medical specialty for decision to tighten the reins. But we think for worrisome medical and hospital which specialized postgraduate training is the New York Journal of Commerce was righ_t problems. required. last Wednesday when it said that inflation I have been greatly concerned about talk should ·not be regarded seriously, . al­ Pointing to the fact that there is a though the price level may move up further these problems ever since I came to Con­ serious shortage of postgraduate-trained this spring. . gress and more so in rec~nt time, be­ public-health personnel in this country, What do other statistics show? A most cause it seems to me that it is absolutely that the only source of these excep­ important fact is that Federal, State, and imperative for the Congress to take bo~, tionally qualified skilled men and women local expenditures now, for the first time sweeping action as promptly as we can is the 10 accredited schools of public since 1952, are less than receipts, so they are to insure that our fellow citizens of every health in the country, that each school exerting a somewhat deflationary pressure. station, and particularly the working In addition, farm prices are still soft, con­ in its enrollment draws students from all sumer goods prices a.re off slightly, and con­ people of the Nation, shall be enabled to parts of the Nation and that its grad­ sumer credit outstanding is down from last provide the kind and extent of these uates serve in key health posts through­ year's alltime high. There has been a drop services which they may require for per­ out the country and abroad, he declares in auto and housing construction. For ~t sonal well-being without onerous and that these 10 schools at the present time least 3 or 4 months the economy has been on exce~sive drain upon their financial re:- are inadequately financed and housed a plateau, with the Federal Reserve Board's sources. . and their total output is only about one­ own index of industrial production stable A vital portion, indeed, of the overall fifth of the number that should be since September. health and medical program is P.resented With the economy as strong as it now trained each year to meet the Nation's seems to be, no alarming damage could. be by the proposed Emergency . Health civilian health needs, not even consid­ done by the Reserve'.s action, and it could be Training Act of 1956 as set forth in H. R. ering our broader military health needs reversed if clear proof is adduced that money 8859 and E;?. U~59, which are measures t9 at home and abroad. is too 1:;ight. The important thing now is firm up and step up the supply of quali­ I find myself in complete agreen;ient for the· Board not to become inflexible or fied public health specialists and to ex-­ with Dr. Snyder's views and conclusions overimpressed by the gloomy prophets of in­ pand the facilities for training and de­ that if . the potentfal of these health flation. The chief trouble with an increase veloping this class of personnel so in­ in the interest rate at the . present time is schools is to be realized_ in any truly that it probably affects adversely the auto dispensable to a modern, well-rounded effective degree, some way must be found and housing industries more than any others, .public-health system. to give them additional long-range and it probably does not much discourage The objectives of these bill~ strike me financing in order to stabilize basic op­ businessmen who are accumulating inve11;­ as being particularly meritorious and erations, add ·physical facilities., and in­ t0ries at too fast a pace. praiseworthy because they aim directly crease enrollment. I cannot understand why the Federal at the solution of one of the great prob­ Dr. Snyder also stresses the necessity lems we have in this field, namely, pro­ of recruiting public health students and Reserve Board did not increase reserve viding sufficient men and women pos­ requirements of. banks if they desired to assisting· them in financing their public sessed of the training, skill, experience health education. He states that: take some action to curtail credit. Such and ability fittingly to cope with the action would have diminished credit, but great responsibility which devolves upon Most public health students have alreaCly would not have arbitrarily raised interest graduated from a basic professional school, or our public-health instrumentalities. have done postgraduate work in some branch rates. Briefly stated, these bills would make of science and cannot afford to sacrifice op­ The Board took the action that re­ available $1 million a year for the next portuniti~s to earn while at the same time quired higher interest rates. It was not 5 years toward the cost of instruction paying for further education in public health. necessary to deal with any dangers of in the 10 schools of public health -Most public health students are mature inflation in that way. In fact, higher throughout the Nation, and also certain people (average age is 34) with families to interest is itself inflationary. Higher support, other financial obligations, and lim­ monetary allowances on a per capita ited future income prospects. interest unbalances all budgets imme­ basis for students enrolled in these diately from the Federal Government, schools. There can be no doubt that as Dr. Sny­ including States, counties, cities, and In addition to financial support of the der says that our schools of public health political subdivisions. It also unbal­ cost of instruction, $1 million a year for are unique in that only 10 schools serve ances the budgets of corporations, part­ 5 years would be provided toward the the entire Nation. Clearly, there is a nerships, individuals, and all family cost of construction and equipment in definite shortage of trained public health units. It i& a cruel approach to a prob­ public-health schools on a 50 percent workers and that means a shortage in lem that can be met in a more satis­ matching basis. numerous professions, not only physi­ factory ·way. Moreover, a fund of $250,000 would be cians, but sanitarians, nurses, engineers, allocated for direct scholarship aid to dentists, veterinarians, nutritionists, . PUBLIC HEALTH SCHOOLS qualified, regularly admitted, graduate health educators, nonmedical adminis­ students in the 10 schools of public trators, laboratory workers, statisticians, Mr. PIDLBIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask ·health, and the act itself would be ad­ and others who comprise the class of unanimous consent to extend · my re­ ministered by the United States Public highly skilled specialists who fall into marks at this point in the RECORD. Health Service Surgeon General with this particular category. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to advice and recommendations from the I am· also informed that the average the request of the gentleman from National Advisory Health Council. tuition in these public health schools is Massachusetts? Dr. John C. Snyder, M. D., dean of $500 per year, whereas it costs about There was no objection. the Harvard School of Public Health, $4,100 per year to provide this type of Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, problems and a distinguished expert in this field, advanced training. of public health and medical care are has taken an active and significant in­ I am further advised that the deans of pressing inexorably upon the Congress terest in fostering the objectives of these all 10 schools of public health favor direct and the country. They must be tackled measures, and I am indebted to him for Federal grants and the Hoover Task by the Congress. valuable information and data which he Force analysis recommended support of While probably no higher standards has furnished to me relative to the pro­ graduate public health education ·in the of general health, medical ski.II and hos­ posed program. national interest. pital facilities and related services, exist Dr. Snyder is of the view that these Of greatest interest to Members of anYWhere in the world-in fact, we are measures are not only justified, but ab­ Congress who are always eager to pro­ daily assured that ours are the highest-­ solutely necessary if we are to protect mote economy and efficiency in the Gov­ mounting costs of medical and hospital the health of our fellow citizens, our . ernment as well as to advance the gen­ services have become a matter of grave communities, and the Nation itself, and eral welfare of the Nation is the state- 1956 CONGRESSIONAL :RECORD- HOUSE "6447 ment of Dr. Snyder of the very high per­ make the commissioned corps a mmtary bonuses; without amendment (Rept. No. centage of public health graduates who service in time of emergency involving the 2005). Referred to the Committee of the engage in governmental health work. national defense, and to authorize payment Whole House on the State of the Union. of uniform allowances to officers of the corps Mr. KILDAY: Committee on Armed Serv­ These figures are so revealing and im­ 1n certain grades when required to wear the ices. H. R. 8922. A bill to provide for the pressive that I am constrained to set uniform, and for other purposes; and relief of certain members of the uniformed them forth in my remarks because they s. 2755. An act to designate the reservoir services; without amendment (Rept. No. point up the need and emphasize the above the Monticello Dam 1n California as 2006). Referred to the Committee of the urgency in my opinion of early congres­ Lake Berryessa. Whole House on the State of the Union. sional action in support of this most essential phase of our national health program. ADJOURNMENT PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Sixty-seven and four-tenths percent Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I move Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public of the Harvard School. are engaged in that the House do now adjourn. · bills and··resolutions were introduced· and full-time governmental health work;.62.5 The motion was agreed to; accord­ severally. referred.as follows: percent of California; 84 percent of ingly

to the Committee on Merchant Ma.rf.ne and :tlon of franchises held by automoblle deal­ 909. ~. petitton of R. A. mckman and ' Fisheries. · · · · ers; to the Committee on Interstate and For­ -others of Stark County, Ohio, for a separate . · -:!3y Mr. YOUNGER: eign CoDmlerce. . pen$1on program for World. Wai; I veterans; H. R. 10573'. A bill to require periodic sur­ By Mr. SIMPSON of Illinois: to the, committee on Veterans•· Alfairs. vey by the Chairman· of the Federal Maritime H. R. ·10584. A bill to establish· a soil bank; 910. Also, petition of B. M. Ayers and others · Board of national shipbuilqing . capability; to the Committee on Agriculture.'. of Stark and M~oning Counties, Ohle, for a to ~he Committee on Merchant. Marine and a separate pension program for World War Fisheries. I I veterans; to the Committee on Veterans'. By Mr. ALEXANDER: MEMORIALS A:fl'airs: · · H. R. 10574. A bill to provide that the Blue Under clause 4 of rule xxrr, memo- 911. Also, petitfon of J. R. Gillespie and Ridge Parkway shall be toll free; to the Com- others of Stark County, Ohio, for a separate mittee on Interior and Insular Afi'a1rs.- rials were presented and referred .as fol- pension program for World War :t veterans; By Mr. BERRY: lows: to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H. R. 10575. A bill to provide tor the estab- By the SPEAKER: :Memorial of the Legis- 912. B:Y Mr. ' BUSH: Petition Of Local lishment of a uraniferous lignite buying pro- lature of the State of Kentucky, memorializ· Union No. 812, International Brotherhood of gram for tiranium-'bearing lignites; to the ing the President and the Congress of the Electrical Workers, Williamsport, Pa. ., pro· Joint C9mmittee on Atomic Energy. · United States relative to transmitting a copy testing the continuance of the· 20-percent By Mr. BROYmLL (by request): of the Report of the Joint Committee on · amusement.tax imposed upon the entertain· H. R. 10576. A bill to exempt from the tax . Insur.ance Investigation; to th~ Committee · ment industry and urging its repeal; to the on club dues amounts paid with respect to on Banking and Gurrency. Committee on Ways and Means. any nonprofit neighborhood swimming pool; 913. By Mr. CRUMPACKER:· Petition of to the Committee on Ways and Means. Mishawaka. Post No. 360, Veterans of Foreign By Mr. FALLON: _ PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Wars, Mishawaka, "Ind., urging immediate '.H. R. 1057'1. A bill to provide for the pro· enactment of a separate and liberal pension curement by the Government of insurance Under clause 1 of ·rule XXII, private ·program for veterans of World War I and against risk to civilian personnel of liability bills and resolutions were introduced and their widows and orphans; to the Committee for -personal injury or death, or for property severally referred as follows: · on Veterans' Affairs. · damage, arising fl'.om the operation of motor By :Mr. BALDWIN: 914. Also, petition. of Thom,as D. Jordan, vehicles in the performance of official Gov· H. R . l0585. A bill for the relief of Felipe of Granger, Ind., and 44 other residents of ernment duties, and for other purposes; to Tovar; to the Committee on the Judiciary. St. Joseph County, Ind., urging immecUate the Committee on Post Office and Civil By Mr. CRUMPACKER: . enactment of a separate and liberal pension Service. H. R. 1(}586. A bill for the relief of Dr. program for veterans of World War I and By Mr. GREGORY: Ether Kwang-Tzu Yang and his wife, Heather their widows and orphans; to the Committee H. R. 10578. A bill to amend the Railroad c itt th · on Veterans' Affairs. Retirem~nt Tax Act; to the Committee on . Ah-Nam Hsu Yang; to the omm ee on e 915. By Mr. HARDY: Resolution of the - Way"s and Means. Judiciary. By Mr. DOWDY: Portsmouth Retail Merchants Association, By Mr. KEATING: H. R. 10587. A bill for the relief of Charlie Inc., of Portsmouth, Va., in support of H. R. H. R . 10579. A bill to provide f.or an a.Qdl· · Gardener Ford; to the Committee on the 9566; to the Committee on Post Office and tional Assistant Attorney· General; to estab· Judiciary. CivU Service. lish a bipartisan Commission on Civil Rights By Mr. FLYNT: 916. By Mr. HAYS of Arkansas: Petition in the executive branch of the Government; H . R. 10588. A bill for the relief of John of VirgH J. Gibbs, Conway, Ark., and others to· prm:ide means of further securing ·and _ E Ki g.· to the Committee on the Judiciary· . urging a separate and liberal pension pro· protectmg the right to vote; to strengthen · n ' the Civil Rights Statutes, and for other pur- By Mrs . .GRIFFITHS: gram for veterans of World War I and 'their poses; to the Committee on the Judiciary. · H. R. 10589. A b111 for th-e relief of Pierre widows and orphans; to the Committee on By Mr. KLEIN: Marcas; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Veterans' Affairs. · H. R.10580. A bill to amend the United By Mr. McDONOUGH: 917. By Mr. LECOMPTE. Petition of States Housing Act of 1937 to authorize the H. R. 10590. A b111 for the relief' of Kuo VFW Post 775 of Ottumwa, Iowa, urging admission of single persons to federally as· . Hsien La, also known as. Catherine Li; to the enactment of a separate and liberal sisted low-rent housing projects; ta the the Committee on the Judiciary. pension program for the· veterans' of World War I and their widows and' orphans; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. H. :.Y1 ~·1 ~~~: for the relief of Eskil Committee on Veterans' Affairs. By Mr. MILLS: K. Hassel; to the Committee on the Judiciary. : H. R. 10581. A bill to amend part· m of 918. By Mr. RABAUT: Petition of J. A. Veterans Regulation No. 1 (a) to liberalize Schiappacasse, and other residents of De· the basis for, and increase the monthly troit, Mich., urging immediate e.naetmeht of rates of, disability pension awards; to the PETITIONS, ETC. a separate and liberal pension program for Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions veterans of World War I and their widows and orphans; to the Committee on Veterans' By Mr. ROGERS of Texas: and papers were laid'on the Clerk's desk H. R . 10582. A bill to provide for national f Affairs. - · cemeteries in the State of Texas; to the Com- and referred as ol1 ows: 9i9. By the SPEAKER: Petition of J~ I. mittee on Interior and Insular Mairs. 908. By Mr. BOW: Petition of H. Smutts Murphy, Sr., Garland, Ark., relative to the By Mr. SIKES: and others of Stark Gounty, Ohio, for a sepa· proposed construction of so-called Barkman H. R.10583. A bill to prohibit ceTtain un· rate pension program for World War I vet· Creek-McKinney Bayou drainage project; to fair practices with respect to the cancella· erans; to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. the Committee on P-qblic Works.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Lee· De Forest sisted in the development of the wireless tributions. Broadcasts by radio of the telegraph in America. In the fields of voice of Caruso in 1910 and the first wireless telegraphy, radio telephone, · broadcast of radio. news in 1916 are EXTENSION -OF REMARKS wire telephone, -·sound·on-film U;tlking among his accomplishments. Time does OF pictures, high-speed facsimile and pie- not permit detailing the countless awards ture transmission, and television, he has and honors which have attested his con­ HON. CHARLES A. BOYLE some 300 patented inventions to his tribution to our society. OF ILLINOIS credit. '-'Radiotherapy" for physicians My district and I are very proud of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is another o.f his accomplishments; the the fact that the office of the American two-electrode-radio-tube which can ~ TeleVision Co., with wbicn Mr. De Forest Tuesday, April 1'1, 1956 be used as radio detector, radio and tele- is so closely associated, is located in the Mr. BOYLE. :Mr. Speaker, 50 years pllone amplifier, and as oscillator in 12th Congressional District of Illinois. ago today the "Father of Radio," Mr. "feed-back" or regeneration circuit, was Mr~ De Forest is today being honored by Lee De Forest~ invented tbe vacuum tube. developed by Mr. De Forest. The ·inven- the Ra:dio Pioneers of America, and from His inventions helped make radio and tion of ''noiseless recording" positive · -the · floor of the· ·House I also wish to TV possible, and he has won recognition prints in talking pictures, "glow.-light" salute him. The inventions and other as a leader in the field of electronic-com­ recording of sound on films, and so forth, work that he has done have helped make munication. Other inventions-of his as- are other of Mr. De Forest's many con- ours the great Nation that it is. ~ ;