1. State Plane Coordinate System -- Magnetic Pole at the Date Given, (Last 3 Zeroes Omitted for 660,000 Feet North from Origin in This Case 1994

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1. State plane coordinate system -- magnetic pole at the date given, (last 3 zeroes omitted for 660,000 feet north from origin in this case 1994. The direction brevity) (Zone13). within the state plane grid to which a magnetic compass 13. UTM easting value – 488,000 system. needle points. meters false easting (Zone 13). o This coordinate system was 9. 11 east -- magnetic declination 14. Map reference code: established by the U.S. Coast or variation of the compass -- 39 – degrees north latitude and Geodetic Survey for use in the number of degrees a 105 – degrees west longitude defining positions of points in compass needle at a particular F2 -- index number (area terms of plane rectangular (x, y) location bears away from true reference code) TF -- coordinates. There is usually one north and points to the north Topographic map with system for each state and each magnetic pole. 196 MILS -- contour values in Feet state determines the military angular measurement. 024 -- 1:24,000 scale measurement unit (i.e., feet or meters). 10. Adjoining USGS quadrangle 15. ISBN number – International name “Indian Hills.” The Standard Book Number. 2. Latitude -- 39 degrees, 37 notation “4963 II SW” is the minutes, 30 seconds (north of 16. UTM northing value -- NGA (National Geospatial- the Equator, which is at 0 4,387,000 meters north from the Intelligence Agency, the degrees latitude). Equator. “Northings” in the Department of Defense mapping southern hemisphere begin with 3. Longitude -- 105 degrees, 15 agency) sheet designator for the the Equator value = 10,000,000 minutes, 00 seconds (west of same map. meters and decrease in value. Meridian of Greenwich, also th called Prime Meridian, which is 11. Range 69 West -- 69 range west 17. Section number 5. See Public at 0 degrees longitude). of 6th Principal Meridian (which Land Subdivisions. is at Meades Ranch, Kansas). 4. North American Datum of 1927 18. Township 4 South -- 4 -- horizontal datum. Required Public Land Subdivisions: In townships south of base line for GPS users. Also identifies 1785 Congress adopted a plan (Base Line of 1855, in this case). UTM zone and state plane for surveying public lands. See Public Land Subdivisions. coordinate system. According to this plan, land was divided into townships 19. Latitude again – another 2.5 5. GN -- UTM grid north (at the approximately six miles square, minute grid tick – 39 degrees center of the map). which were further subdivided (understood), 40 minutes, 00 seconds. 6. State plane coordinate system -- into 36 sections approximately 2,080,000 feet east of origin. one mile square. Principal Additional Information meridians and base lines were For information on USGS products 7. -- true or geographic north -- established as a reference system and services, contact USGS Science points to the north geographic for the township surveys. pole. Information Services at: phone: 1- 12. UTM (Universal Transverse 888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) 8. MN -- magnetic north -- the Mercator) easting value -- or online form: approximate direction (at the 486,000 meters false easting http://www.usgs.gov/ask center of the map) to the north .

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Map and Compass
UE CG 039-089 2018_UE CG 039-089 2018 2018-08-29 9:57 AM Page 56 MAP The north magnetic pole is not the same as the geographic North Pole, also known as AND COMPASS true north, which is the northern end of the axis around which the earth spins. In fact, the north magnetic pole currently lies Background Information approximately 800 mi (1300 km) south of the geographic North Pole, in northern A compass is an instrument that people use Canada. And because the north magnetic to find a direction in relation to the earth as pole migrates at 6.6 mi (10 km) per year, its a whole. The magnetic needle in the location is constantly changing. compass, which is the freely moving needle in the compass that has a red end, points The meridians of longitude on maps and north. More specifically, this needle points globes are based upon the geographic to the north magnetic pole, the northern North Pole rather than the north magnetic end of the earth’s magnetic field, which pole. This means that magnetic north, the can be imagined as lines of magnetism that direction that a compass indicates as north, leave the south magnetic pole, flow north is not the same direction as maps indicate around the earth, and then enter the north for north. Magnetic declination, the magnetic pole. difference in the angle between magnetic north and true north must, therefore, be Any magnetized object, an object with two taken into account when navigating with a oppositely charged ends, such as a magnet map and a compass.
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Mid-Continental Magnetic Declination: A
and Clark contain variable, small to sig- Mid-continental magnetic nificant errors that are understandable given the circumstances. To date, the interest in these observa- declination: A 200-year record tions has been restricted to their primary intended purpose, which was that of de- starting with Lewis and Clark termining position. However, Jefferson also required the explorers to note the Robert E. Criss, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Washington University, “variations of the compass” in different St. Louis, Missouri, USA locations, and the requisite data were indeed acquired in cases where both compass and sextant were used to make ABSTRACT requirement that they make, with “great observations. These data seem likewise Compass and sextant observations pains and accuracy,” astronomical mea- not to have been reduced before, even by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark surements to determine the latitude and though they contain a valuable record of are combined to provide the oldest longitude of all remarkable points along magnetic declination across the United determinations of the magnetic declina- the way (e.g., Preston, 2000). To ac- States in the early 1800s. This paper de- tion in the continental interior of the complish this, Lewis received training in tails several different methods whereby United States. Over the past 200 years, the methods of celestial navigation and this record may be reduced. the magnetic declination near St. Louis acquired a sextant, an octant, a “circum- has changed from an azimuth of 7.7° ferentor” or large-diameter surveyor’s Importance of Magnetic Declination east to 0° today. The 1803–1806 decli- compass, and a chronometer that was Earth’s magnetic field approximates a nations are essential to interpreting the somewhat troublesome but good for dipole, though the magnetic north and travel legs made by Lewis and Clark on its day (Moulton, 1986–1993).
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