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SUNDIALS \0> E O> Contents Page REG: HER DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Letter 1 1-3 BUREAU OF STANDARDS Circular WASHINGTON LC 3^7 (October Jl., 1932) Prepared by R. E. Gould, Chief, Time Section ^ . fA SUNDIALS \0> e o> Contents Page I. Introduction „ 2 II. Corrections to be applied 2 1. Equation of time 3 III. Construction 4 1. Materials and foundation 4 2. Graphical construction for a horizontal sundial 4 3. Gnomon . 5 4. Mathematical construction ........ 6 5,. Illustrations Fig. 1. Layout of a dial 7 Fig. 2. Suggested forms g IV. Setting up the dial 9 V. Mottoes q VI. Bibliography -10 . , 2 I. Introduction One of the earliest methods of determining time was by observing the position of the shadow cast by an object placed in the sunshine. As the day advances the shadow changes and its position at any instant gives an indication of the time. The relative length of the shadow at midday can also be used to indicate the season of the year. It is thought that one of the purposes of the great pyramids of Egypt was to indicate the time of day and the progress of the seasons. Although the origin of the sundial is very obscure, it is known to have been used in very early times in ancient Babylonia. One of the earliest recorded is the Dial of Ahaz 0th Century, B. C. mentioned in the Bible, II Kings XX: 0-11. , The Greeks used sundials in the 4th Century B. C. and one was set up in Rome in 233 B. C. Today sundials are used largely for decorative purposes in gardens or on lawns, and many inquiries have reached the Bureau of Standards regarding the construction and erection of such dials. This paper has been prepared to give in a brief form information which will be useful in the construc- tion of sundials. II. Corrections to be applied The sundial, in its usual form, consists of two essential parts, a straight edged indicator or gnomon, for casting a shadow, and a suitably graduated dial on which the shadow is cast Sundials indicate true local sun time which differs from mean solar time by varying amounts throughout the year. It is therefore necessary to apply to indications of a sundial a variable correction known as the equation of time. (See Table on page 3). It is usually necessary to apply a further ccrrec tion because of the fact that in most localities standard time rather than local time, is used and few places are located exactly on the standard meridian. This correction is constant and depends upon the difference in time, or longitude, of the standard meridian of the time zone in which the sundial is to be located and that of the particular place of location. 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