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Inca Archaeoastronomy

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Inca Archaeoastronomy Steven R. Gullberg,Ph.D. Director for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture School of Integrative and Cultural Studies College of Professional and Continuing Studies University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA Chair, International AstronomicalUnion Working Group for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomyin Culture [email protected] International Astronomical Union International Astronomical Union International Astronomical Union International Astronomical Union International Astronomical Union The sky is a resource largely unchanged since antiquity ASTRONOMY ARCHAEOLOGY Measurement and Inferring ancient testing of culture from observable sky material evidence events We can use astronomy as a tool to gain further insight into ancient cultures Archaeoastronomy deals with the astronomical significance of sites and structures of prehistoric peoples. Archaeoastronomical studies are interdisciplinary in that they incorporate astronomy, archaeology, and anthropology. They often involve investigating possible astronomical alignments and their cultural associations. Ethnoastronomy deals with the astronomical systems of indigenous peoples. Ethnoastronomical studies combine anthropology and astronomy, but sometimes also incorporate data drawn from prehistory, geology, linguistics, and genetics. Seek understanding of culture using astronomy as a tool A discipline that can assist archaeology/anthropology Assess and validate previously published cultural astronomy work Test building astronomical associations with: Directional orientations Solar events such as solstices and equinoxes Lunar events Conduct field surveys Sighting Compass Theodolite GPS Analyze and validate astronomy predictions U.S. Naval Observatory data Photo-confirmation of predicted astronomical events Interpretation–Focus on the people; assess results in cultural context It is important that findings are supported astronomically. Movement of astral bodies on the celestial sphere is defined mathematically and can be precisely calculated with spherical trigonometry, long a mainstay of archaeoastronomical research. If a spherical triangle is defined as having three angles labeled A, B and C, and the sides opposite those angles are correspondingly labeled a, b and c, then the following are the basic formula for solving spherical triangles. cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A (1) sin A/sin a = sin B/sin b = sin C/sin c (2) sin a cos B = cos b sin c –sin b cos c cos A (3) cos a cos C = sin a cot b –sin C cot B (4) These may be used in archaeoastronomy to calculate angles and distance that specify horizon points of celestial bodies and verify field data taken by sighting compass, GPS and theodolite. Hour angle of the Sun in degrees = (GMT-12)15 –LONG – (EOT)15 (5) Altitude of the Sun = Arcsin(Sin(LAT)Sin(DEC)+Cos(LAT)Cos(DEC)Cos HA)) (6) Azimuth of the Sun = Arcsin (Sin(HA)Cos(DEC)/Cos(ALT)) (7) Where HA = Hour Angle, GMT = Universal Time Coordinated, LONG = Longitude, EOT = Equation of Time, LAT = Latitude, and DEC = Declination. In horizon astronomy research, when the angular altitude of the horizon at or above level is known by measurement with such as an inclinometer, the latitude of the site in question is taken from a chart or GPS measurement, and the declination of the Sun is derived from the nautical almanac, the following formula is most useful for calculating the position on the horizon that the Sun will rise. Azimuth of Sun = Arccos ((Sin(DEC) – sin(LAT)Sin(ALT))/(Cos(LAT)Cos(ALT)) (8) The Incas made solar worship the official religion of their empire. Pachacuti imposed it across the realm, maintaining that he was the son of the Sun and his wife the daughter of the Moon. The Incas venerated the Sun, the Inca, and his predecessors. The ruling Inca was the central figure in solar worship, supporting the assertion that he was the descendant of the Sun. The Incas learned the cycles of solstices and equinoxes and used this knowledge as a key component of their annual crop management activities, as well as for determining dates for religious celebrations. ● Limestone outcropping ● Carved in situ ● Two sucancas (gnomons) ● Effects of light and shadow ● June solstice sunrise ● “The Awakening of the Puma” ● Cave within Kenko Grande ● Altar and three stairs ● June solstice ● Sunlight climbs the stairs ●Light-tube ●Directed at altar ●Crescent moon Lacco with Nevado Ausengate ● Northeast Cave opening oriented June solstice sunrise ● Illuminates altar and cave interior ● Temple of the Sun ● Light-tube/Altar ● Zenith Sun ● Limestone outcropping ● Two carved circles ● Carved seats ● Alignments for solstice and equinox horizon events June Solstice Sunrise ● Terraces and fountains ● Intihuatana ● Elite/non-elite viewing of the June solstice sunset In Saihuite the axis between the horizon points of the June solstice sunrise and December solstice sunset dominates the upper sector of the complex. The Principal Stone lies with the adjacent structure on the axis of the June solstice sunrise and December solstice sunset. Niche and corridor aligned for the June solstice sunrise. Niche and corridor aligned for the June solstice sunrise. Intihuatanas, or “hitching places of the sun,” are also found at Machu Picchu, the Urubamba River, and Tipon and likely were places of solar worship. In Pisac the intihuatana is a large, partially carved rock in the temple group that is enclosed by a semi-circular masonry wall adjoining a straight masonry wall in the form of the letter “D”. It displays a stone gnomon on its flat upper surface within the walled enclosure. The gnomon aligns with a nearby peak in the 065° direction of the June solstice sunrise. The Intihuatana of Pisac ● Sixteen towers once on Cusco horizon ● Beyond Cusco 2 survive near Urubamba on Cerro Saywa ● Mark rising Sun at June solstice when viewed from palace of Huayna Capac ● Validate chronicles of Cusco pillars ● DSSR view from white granite boulder at Quespiwanka ● View across Cerro Pumahuachana ● Pillars on 4377m summit ● North/South alignment The orientation of Cerro Unoraqui as viewed across Cerro Pumahuachana from Quespiwanka in the direction (C) of the December solstice sunrise. (B) is the direction of the June solstice sunrise and (A) the June solstice sunset ● Walls & terraces oriented N/S & E/W ● South determined by gnomon ● North, East & West established geometrically ● Titikaka & Chinkana on 065/245 degree axis of JSSR/DSSS Titikaka and the direction of December solstice sunset as viewed from the top of Chinkana. ● Associated with Ollantaytambo ● Cave opens to December solstice sunrise ● Black granite huaca faces inward with carving similar to the Fountain of the Nuestros Muyu A Celebrations at June solstice could be indicated by the nine linear terraces, which are aligned with the moving shadow of the rising Sun. June Solstice Sunrise shadows on the linear terraces of Moray The most striking feature when first approaching Ollantaytambo is a magnificent set of 17 stone terraces that ascend the hillside. The extensive terraces of Pumatillis face out to the rise of the December solstice Sun and, in the opposite direction, face in toward and frame the Junesolstice sunset. What is sometimes known as Ollantaytambo’s Temple of the Sun was extensively damaged by the Spanish in their purge of indigenous religion, however a foundation and a wall of six monoliths survives. The wall faces the Pinkuylluna mountain, which from this location is close to the orientation of the rise of the June solstice Sun. The Pinkuylluna mountain lies opposite Ollantaytambo to the northeast and aligns with the June solstice sunrise as viewed from the Temple of the Sun. The mountain exhibits two structures and a face on its side. The Incamisana The horizontal gnomons of the Incamisana On the December solstice at local noon the shadow of one of the gnomons is said to reach down and “insert” itself to fill a carved triangular notch in the base below. ●Llactapata ●River Intihuatana ●Machu Picchu ●JSSR-DSSS Axis ●Equinox Axis Machu Picchu, Llactapata, and the River Intihuatana Contains a carefully fitted rock wall that includes a window open to the horizon positions of the June solstice sunrise and the heliacal rise of the Pleiades. Intimachay is a cave with a constructed opening intentionally aligned to December solstice sunrise. The Temple of the Condor includes a system of three caves with an entrance below the boulder representing the left wing of the condor. The caves are oriented to the anti-zenith sunrise. The Gran Caverna includes the Temple of the Moon and is located far below the peak of Huayna Picchu on its northwest face. ● Northwest face Huayna Picchu ● Lower cave door and ● Upper cave 5 double- windows open to jamb niches June solstice sunset Machu Picchu, Llactapata, and the River Intihuatana ● Principal Temple ● Temple of Three Windows ● Semi-circular platform ● JSSR-DSSS Axis ●Overlooks Machu Picchu 5 km ●Aligned for June solstice sunrise & Pleiades rise June solstice sunrise ● Urubamba River canyon ● Carved granite ● Between Machu Picchu & Llactapata ● Platform, steps, fountain, basins, cave ● Intihuatana, fountain, basins ● Structures ● Steps ● Tower ● Terraces Ground Plan of the River Intihuatana Sanctuary ●Llactapata ●River Intihuatana ●Machu Picchu ●JSSR-DSSS Axis ●Equinox Axis ●Ceremonial Complex Machu Picchu, Llactapata, and the River Intihuatana Spaniards attempted to define Andean astronomy in European terms familiar to them, failing to fully realize that the Incas viewed the cosmos from a different perspective. While European
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