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Microlepidoptera in Salt Marshes

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Microlepidoptera in Salt Marshes Microlepidoptera in salt marshes Life history, effects of grazing and their suitability as ecological indicators Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Corinna Rickert Kiel, 2010 Referent: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Roweck Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Heinz Brendelberger Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 04.11.2010 Zum Druck genehmigt: 04.11.2010 gez. Prof. Dr. Lutz Kipp, Dekan „What the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the world calls a butterfly.“ Laozi Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation – abgesehen von der Beratung durch meinen Betreuer – selbstständig verfasst habe und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel von mir eingesetzt worden sind. Des weiteren versichere ich, dass die vorliegende Dissertation weder ganz noch zum Teil bei einer anderen Stelle im Rahmen eines Prüfungsverfahrens vorgelegen hat. Die Arbeit ist unter Einhaltung der Regeln guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft entstanden. Teile der Arbeit wurden veröffentlicht: Rickert, C., H. Roweck & T. Sobczyk (2009): Whittleia retiella (Newman, 1847) (Psychidae) from the salt marshes of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, with descriptive and life-history notes. Nora Lepidopteraologica 32: 123-127. Kiel, 16.09.2010 Contents I Contents Contents.................................................................................................................................I-III List of tables.............................................................................................................................IV List of figures......................................................................................................................V-VII 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Grazing and salt marsh management..............................................................................1 1.2 Invertebrates and salt marsh management......................................................................3 1.3 Biological indicators – a theoretical approach................................................................6 Aim of this thesis...................................................................................................10 2 Study sites............................................................................................................................13 2.1 Historical development of the Wadden Sea coast.........................................................13 2.2 Geographical location of the study sites.......................................................................13 2.2.1 The Hamburger Hallig...........................................................................................14 2.2.2 Westerheversand....................................................................................................18 2.2.3 St. Peter-Ording.....................................................................................................20 2.2.4 Further salt marshes along the coast.....................................................................21 2.3 Climate and inundation.................................................................................................22 2.4 The Ecosystem Research Wadden Sea Project- comparison to a short-term grazing experiment.....................................................................................................................24 2.4.1 Friedrichskoog.......................................................................................................25 2.4.2 Sönke-Nissen-Koog..............................................................................................26 3 Material & methods............................................................................................................29 3.1 Trapping methods..........................................................................................................29 3.1.1 Light trapping with UV- lamps.............................................................................29 Suitability of UV-light traps in ecological research...............................................30 3.1.2 Light- trapping with Mecury-Vapour-Lamps........................................................31 3.1.3 Net sweeping.........................................................................................................31 3.1.4 Photoeclector traps (PE)........................................................................................32 3.1.5 Collection and breeding of larval stages...............................................................33 3.2 Statistical analysis.........................................................................................................34 3.2.1 Impact of grazing on species richness and abundance..........................................34 3.2.1.1 Plant species richness and vegetation parameters.........................................34 3.2.1.2 Invertebrate species richness and abundance................................................35 Dominance.............................................................................................................35 Species accumulation curves.................................................................................36 Generalised Estimation Equation (GEE)...............................................................37 3.2.2 Species composition and Indicator Species .........................................................38 3.3 Nomenclature................................................................................................................39 4 Life histories- comprehensive compilation and new results...........................................41 937 Whittleia retiella Newman, 1847..................................................................43 1081 Bucculatrix maritima Stainton, 1851............................................................45 2442 Goniodoma limoniella Stainton, 1884..........................................................46 2686 Coleophora adjunctella Hodgkinson, 1882...................................................48 2689 Coleophora glaucicolella Wood, 1892..........................................................50 II Contents 2716 Coleophora asteris Mühlig, 1864..................................................................51 2737 Coleophora atriplicis Meyrick, [1928].........................................................53 2751 Coleophora deviella Zeller, 1847..................................................................55 2816 Coleophora artemisiella Scott, 1861.............................................................56 2837 Coleophora adspersella Benander, 1939.......................................................58 2858 Coleophora salicorniae Heinemann & Wocke, 1876....................................59 3237 Aristotelia brizella (Treitschke, 1833)..........................................................61 3320 Monochroa tetragonella (Stainton, 1885).....................................................63 3609 Scrobipalpa instabilella (Douglas, 1846)......................................................64 3616 Scrobipalpa nitentella (Fuchs, 1902)............................................................66 3628 Scrobipalpa salinella (Zeller, 1847)..............................................................68 3629 Scrobipalpa samadensis (Pfaffenzeller, 1870)..............................................70 4256 Phalonidia affinitana (Douglas, 1846)..........................................................72 4263 Phalonidia vectisana (Humphreys & Westwood, 1845)...............................74 4659 Bactra robustana (Christoph, 1872)..............................................................76 4806 Lobesia littoralis (Humphreys & Westwood, 1845).....................................77 4947 Eucosma catoptrana (Rebel, 1903) syn. rubescana (Constant, 1895)...........79 4948 Eucosma tripoliana (Barrett, 1880)...............................................................81 4949 Eucosma lacteana (Treitschke, 1835) syn. maritima....................................83 5348 Agdistis bennetii (Curtis, 1833)....................................................................85 6266 Agriphila selasella (Hübner, 1813)...............................................................86 6367 Pediasia aridella (Thunberg, 1788)...............................................................88 Plates of imagines and larval stages......................................................................90 5 Results ...............................................................................................................................111 5.1 Microlepidoptera in salt marshes of Schleswig-Holstein............................................111 5.1.1 Current species richness and abundance.............................................................111 5.1.2 Recorded species richness in the context of known distributions and older studies.........................................................................................................115 5.2 The effect of grazing in salt marshes of Schleswig-Holstein......................................117 5.2.1 Effects of grazing on the vegetation of salt marshes on the Hamburger Hallig..117 5.2.2 Effects of grazing on moth assemblages in salt marshes of Westerhever and the Hamburger
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