Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com Young voters Can White House hopefuls win over Millennials?

s the 2016 presidential election approaches, can - didates are trying especially hard to show they’re heeding the concerns of voters in their teens, 20s A and mid-30s, known as millennials. many politi - ca l experts say the 75-million-member group — the country’s biggest generation — is up for grabs. Indeed, a recent poll showed 40 percent of under-30 voters call themselves politically independent, with 37 percent identifying as Democrats and 22 percent as Re - publicans. well-educated and more technologically savvy than older Young supporters rally for Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, a socialist independent who has voters, they share a distaste for traditional political posturing. They garnered surprising backing in his quest for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination, have proved — most notably with Barack Obama’s presidential in on Aug. 10, 2015. Candidates are targeting their efforts at the 75-million-member Millennial generation, the nation’s largest. elections in 2008 and 2012 — that they can mobilize behind a politician who connects with them. Democrats and Republicans are embracing many of the causes that young voters consider important, such as education, student debt and entrepreneurship. I The campaigns and political parties also are devoting considerable THIS REPORT N THE ISSUES ...... 819 attention to getting out their messages on popular social-media S BACKGROUND ...... 825 sites such as Snapchat and facebook. I CHRONOLOGY ...... 827 D CURRENT SITUATION ...... 831 E CQ Researcher • Oct. 2, 2015 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ...... 833 Volume 25, Number 35 • Pages 817-840 OUTLOOK ...... 834 RECIPIENT Of SOCIETY Of PROfESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AwARD fOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 838 EXCELLENCE N AmERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILvER GAvEL AwARD THE NEXT STEP ...... 839 YOUNG vOTERS

Oct. 2, 2015 THE ISSUES SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS Volume 25, Number 35 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri • Are young voters disen - 820 Millennials and Politics [email protected] 819 gaged from politics? Don’t Always Mix ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: maryann • Do Democrats have an Only about one-fourth of Haggerty, [email protected], edge among young voters? millennials are strongly inter - Kathy Koch , [email protected], ested in government affairs. Chuck mcCutcheon , • Should 16- and 17-year- [email protected], olds vote in local elections? Voting by Young Adults Scott Rohrer, [email protected] 821 Declines SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: Young-voter participation has Thomas J. Colin BACKGROUND fallen since 1964. [email protected] Mobilizing the Young CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Brian Beary, 825 Political parties have tried for 824 Young Minority Voters marcia Clemmitt, Sarah Glazer, Kenneth Jost, decades to attract young Prefer a Democrat Reed Karaim, Peter Katel , Barbara mantel, Strong majorities of under-30 Tom Price, Jennifer weeks people. African-Americans and His - panics prefer a Democrat as SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Olu B. Davis Anti-Reagan Sentiment 826 many young Democrats who president in 2016. ASSISTANT EDITOR: Ethan mcLeod disliked President Ronald INTERN: molly mcGinnis Reagan for his conservatism Chronology 827 Key events since 1892. FACT CHECKERS: Eva P. Dasher, did not vote in 1980 and ’84. michelle Harris, Nancie majkowski, Republicans Tout ‘Sharing Robin Palmer 828 War on Terrorism 828 Economy’ to Attract Young Young-voter turnout grew as Innovative businesses are antiwar sentiment increased. being constrained by outdated laws, the GOP says. CURRENT SITUATION Congressional Millennials An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. 830 Try to Shake Things Up 831 Courting the Young “from a generational per - VICE PRESIDENT AND EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, Candidates are proposing spective, there’s a sense of HIGHER EDUCATION GROUP: ways to make college more urgency and impatience.” michele Sordi affordable. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE LIBRARY AND At Issue: REFERENCE PUBLISHING: 834 State and Other Efforts 833 Should the voting age be Todd Baldwin Some states want to ease the lowered to 16? voting process to bolster Copyright © 2015 CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Pub - under-30 participation. lications, Inc. SAGE reserves all copyright and other FOR FURTHER RESEARCH rights herein, unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. No part of this publication may be reproduced OUTLOOK For More Information electronically or otherwise, without prior written 837 Organizations to contact. permission. Un au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis - 834 The Long Haul sion of SAGE copy right ed material is a violation of Experts say politicians cannot Bibliography federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. rely on political rhetoric to 838 Selected sources used. attract young voters. CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc. The Next Step 839 Additional articles . CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid-free paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (march wk. 4) (may Citing CQ Researcher wk. 4) (July wk. 1) (Aug. wks. 3, 4) (Nov. wk. 4) and 839 Sample bibliography formats. (Dec. wks. 3, 4). Published by SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Annual full - service subscriptions start at $1,131. for pricing, call 1-800-818-7243. To purchase a CQ Researcher report in print or electronic format (PDf), visit www.cqpress. com or call 866-427-7737. Single reports start at $15. Bulk purchase discounts and electronic-rights licensing are also available. Periodicals postage paid at Thousand Cover: Getty Images/Bloomberg/Patrick T. Fallon Oaks, California, and at additional mailing offices . POST - mAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search er , 2600 virginia Ave., N.w., Suite 600, wash ing ton, DC 20037. 818 CQ Researcher Young voters BY CHUCK MCCUTCHEON

A Harvard Institute of Pol - THE ISSUES it ics survey issued in April of more than 3,000 people ages assidy Cloer, a 19-year- 18 to 29 found t hat 40 pe rcent old sophomore at described themselves as polit - C meredith College in ically independent, compared Raleigh, N.C., describes herself to 37 per cent who identified as a “business conservative.” as Democrats and 22 percent She’d like politicians to focus as Republicans. 3 on reducing the national debt Young voters care most and taking better care of mil - about issues that directly affect itary veterans. But far more their lives, such as the cost than that, she wants them to of college. “Issues that will not shun the “round and round affect young people for years of politics” and start listening to come, such as Social Se - to her generation. curity, pension plans and “If you’re going to represent prescription drug benefits, me,” Cloer says, “you have to are too distant and removed e n i know what is important to me.” v to attract serious attention r I

As the 2016 presidential a from young people,” said J. h t r

election approaches, candi - a Cherie Strachan, a professor M dates are trying to show / of political science and pub - o t they’re heeding the concerns o lic administration at Central h

P 4 of Cloer and other voters in michigan University.” P their teens, 20s and mid-30s. A for political news, face - That’s because the 75 million DePaul University senior Caroline Winsett, president of book is far and away the pre - the Student Government Association, is a Republican Americans in that age group, who considers herself fiscally conservative and socially ferred source for millennials. known as millennials, now are more liberal. In seeking the support of young voters in Sixty-one percent of the group the country’s single-biggest the 2016 presidential race, Republicans and Democrats relies on social media for such generation, comprising a are championing many of the causes that young voters news, about the same per - group of voters that many po - consider important, such as the cost of higher centage of the Baby Boomers education, student debt and entrepreneurship. litical experts say is up for who rely on local Tv (60 per - grabs. * 1 cent), according to the Pew well-educated and more technolog - The presidential campaigns and political Research Center. 5 ically savvy than older voters, they parties also are devoting considerable millennials often are stereotyped as share a deep distaste for traditional effort to getting their messages out to not caring about current events, but political posturing. And they proved millennials via popular social-media a new study commissioned by the they can mobilize behind a politician technologies, such as facebook and American Press Institute found that who connects with them when they the photo-sharing site Snapchat. four of every 10 young adults is active supported Barack Obama’s elections “Often the trends that shape our in seeking out news. “my takeaway is in 2008 and 2012. society start out among young adults,” that while these folks live a lot of their mindful of Obama’s successes, De - Kristen Soltis Anderson, a Republican life connected on digital devices, they mocrats and Republicans alike are em - pollster and political consultant in are interested in the world probably bracing many of the causes important Alexandria, va., wrote in her new in pretty similar ways to previous gen - to young voters, such as the cost of book, The Selfie Vote , which examines erations, and maybe even more so,” higher education and entrepreneurship. how the GOP can make gains among said Tom Rosenstiel, the institute’s ex - millennial voters. “And better under - ecutive director. 6 * Experts differ on the definition of the Millennial standing the lives and choices of young many young voters consider them - generation. Various researchers say the oldest Americans is absolutely essential to any selves more pragmatic than ideological, Millennials were born between 1980 and 1982, political party that wants to thrive in saying they are interested in accepting and the youngest between 1995 and 2005. the future. ” 2 ideas from across the political spectrum.

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 819 YOUNG vOTERS

Obama’s campaign theme of hope Millennials and Politics Don’t Always Mix and change led 66 percent of voters Government and politics hold strong interest for only about one-fourth under 30 to back him over Republican John mcCain in 2008, the largest dis - of Millennials, compared with a third of Generation X members and parity between young voters and those 45 percent of Baby Boomers. What’s more, Millennials talk less in any other age group since exit frequently about politics than older generations. polling began in 1972. 13 And in 2012, 49% 40% although Obama’s victory margin de - 35% clined, he still took 60 percent of the 45% under-30 vote. In both cases that de - 26% 34% mographic was seen as a major factor Millennials Generation X Baby Boomers behind his victories. 14 Tufts University’s Center for Infor - Percentage Who Talk About Politics at Least a Few Times a Week mation & Research on Civic Learning Percentage Who Say Politics and Government is a Top-Three Interest and Engagement (CIRCLE), which stud - Source: Amy Mitchell, Jeffrey Gottfried and Katerina Eva Matsa, “Millennials and ies young voters, says they are more Political News,” Pew Research Center, June 2015, p. 6, http://tinyurl.com/nhpb4l4 likely than other age groups to say a candidate’s positions on issues are more “we are more collaborative by nature,” student debt totals nearly $1.3 trillion, important than leadership or other per - said P. G. Sittenfeld, 30, who has served according to the College Board. 10 sonal qualities. “These results suggest on Cincinnati’s City Council since 2011. millennials’ overall views on fiscal that criticism of young voters as super - “I would posit that if you put forty matters, however, are not as firmly ficial (e.g., preferring candidates be - 30-year-olds in a room, they might fixed. A poll last year by the libertarian cause they are ‘cool’) may be a mis - come out with a better compromise magazine Reason , for instance, found that perception,” the center said. 15 product . . . compared to our current 65 percent of millennials support cuts Daniel Shea, a professor of govern - Congress. ” 7 in government spending, but 62 percent ment at maine’s Colby College and co- A Pew Research Center survey last and 58 percent, respectively, think more editor of a book on how to mobilize year found that millennials are more spending on job training and infra - young voters, agrees they are more liberal than other generations on social structure would help the economy. deliberative than they are often per - issues such as same-sex marriage, le - That led Dylan matthews, a senior cor - ceived. But before they head to the galizing marijuana and dealing with respondent at the left-leaning website polls, he says, “They have to be per - illegal immigration. But on issues such Vox.com , to conclude that the gener - suaded that their vote will matter and as abortion and gun control, their ation has “totally incoherent political that it will make a difference.” views are closer to those of the rest views.” 11 In the 2016 presidential race, the of the electorate. But michelle Diggles, a senior po - candidacy of vermont Sen. Bernie The survey also found that a higher litical analyst for the centrist think tank Sanders, who often is described as an percentage of millennials than Gener - Third way, said in a report last year “socialist independent,” has generated ation X members — those born in the that millennials’ political views have huge interest among younger Demo - early 1960s to early ’80s — preferred a been shaped by major crises — the cratic voters. One of his proposals government with more services (53 per - Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the aimed at millennials is providing free cent versus 43 percent). meanwhile, when wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the college education at public universities, asked whether “patriotic” describes them financial recession — that required financed through a transaction tax on very well, Generation X members were massive government intervention. At wall Street trades. 16 more likely to agree than millennials, the same time, they have watched as “I really like Bernie Sanders for his 64 percent to 49 percent. 8 gridlock and partisanship have stalled consistency, authenticity and relative A 2014 poll by the Democratic-lean - many initiatives . 12 independence from corporate interests,” ing polling firm Harstad Strategic Re - That perspective, Diggles said, says Anton Terrell, 23, a recent Uni - search found 79 percent of millennials helps to explain why “millennials can versity of New mexico graduate now support using government to make both support an expansive federal living in Austin, Texas. college more affordable. 9 Over the last role for government while holding But some young voters question decade, tuition at four-year public uni - reservations and deep skepticism whether the enthusiasm for Sanders will versities has risen by 42 percent, and about its efficacy. ” translate into millennials showing up at

820 CQ Researcher the ballot box. “It doesn’t matter how many people Sanders gets at his rallies; Voting by Young Adults Declines they have to vote in order for him to Young voters have become increasingly disengaged from the win,” says mary-Kate Browne, 21, a political process over the past 50 years. In 1964, slightly more than senior at Siena College in Albany, N.Y. As a result, some young voters say half of 18- to 24-year-olds voted in the presidential election, com - they are being pragmatic in supporting pared with only 38 percent in 2012. Among voters 25-44, nearly Hillary Rodham Clinton, the Democratic 70 percent voted in the 1964 presidential election versus fewer than frontrunner. “Her experience is un - half in the 2012 race between incumbent President Barack Obama matched, and if she has the clout, po - and Republican challenger Mitt Romney. litical capital and willingness to work in this noxious environment, God bless (percentage) Voting Rates in Presidential Elections, her,” says Garret Higgins, 25, of Guilford, 80% by A ge Group, 1964 to 2012 Conn., a 2013 graduate of New York’s 70 Pace University. 60 The candidacy of Republican Sen. 50 Rand Paul of Kentucky also has stirred interest among younger GOP voters. 40 many admire his libertarian-leaning 30 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 views and appreciate that he has reached out to people their age, along 18-24 25-44 45-64 65+ with other voting blocs, such as African- Source: “Historical Voting Visualizations” tables at “Voting and Registration,” Americans. U.S. Census Bureau, http://tinyurl.com/7zdbaba “The media is constantly pushing the narrative that ‘conservatives hate X midterm elections when there is no look at levels of [voting] participation group of people’, and if we don’t talk presidential race to generate interest. In in American history underscores the to those people, then I can’t blame the 2014 midterms, just 21.5 percent cast importance of mobilizing institutions them for accepting the false narrative a ballot, comparable to their participation — such as local political parties,” Shea that conservatives are racist and bigoted, ” level in the 2010 midterms . 18 and Green wrote. “Given the transfor - says matthew Cobb, 25, a recent North Even in presidential election years, mation we have seen in party politics Carolina State University graduate living their turnout levels have lagged behind during the past three decades, especially in Raleigh. “Rand Paul is actively com - the rest of the population. Under-30 the decline of grassroots parties, it is bating that narrative, and that’s what turnout was 48.5 percent in 2008 and not surprising that involvement among sets him apart in my mind.” 41.2 percent in 2012, while overall citizens has declined as well.” 20 Cloer, of meredith College, says Paul turnout was 62.3 percent and 57.5 per - Kaitlyn Krolik, 21, a Siena College “directly answers questions better than cent, respectively, in those years. 19 senior, says many young people are most candidates.” David mcLennan, a visiting professor frustrated because they are told that As political scientists, political parties, of political science at meredith College, their views matter, but they have accrued politicians and others examine the im - says disengagement is a natural reaction little power or control. “No one wants pact of young voters on the 2016 elec - to millennials’ witnessing years of par - to put effort to participate in something tion and other future elections, here tisan conflict in washington. “If you they can’t actually participate in,” she are some of the questions under dis - were born in 1990, you’ve seen pretty says. “It’s like playing a video game cussion: much a dysfunctional Congress for with older people and being told you’re your entire life,” he says. the character on the left while you’re Are young voters disengaged As partisanship has risen in wash - actually using the unplugged controller.” from politics? ington, political parties in cities, counties But some millennials say their gen - In the April Harvard poll, only 21 per - and states have become less significant eration bears some responsibility for cent of people under 30 said they con - and their outreach to younger voters not being more engaged. matthew Cost - sidered themselves politically engaged. 17 has declined, said Colby College’s Shea low, a millennial and policy analyst Young people historically have in an article he co-authored with Uni - for the National Institute for Public trailed the rest of the population when versity of Akron political science pro - Policy, a right-leaning think tank in it comes to voting, particularly in fessor John Green. “Even a cursory fairfax, va., said too many people his

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 821 YOUNG vOTERS

age are content to engage in “hashtag mott said in an email. The Black Lives nia’s morongo Unified School District activism,” in which “sharing one’s movement is “demanding political ac - board. After attending a Young Elected thoughts about current events on social tion (changes in policing) and using Officials Network conference, Hargrove media has become a vacuous and legal methods (filing civil rights suits). said she was motivated to deal with cathartic activity.” 21 They are also doing an excellent job renewable energy, and at her urging Young voters are evincing little in - of reframing the law-and-order debate the district broke ground in August on terest in becoming politicians them - . . . to a justice and legitimacy debate. a project to build solar energy systems selves. In a new book, American Uni - many surveys suggest this shift to justice at 15 of its schools. 26 versity professor of government Jennifer — whether racial, gender or environ - ’s Lawless pre - Lawless and Loyola marymount Uni - mental — is a key component of the dicted that eventually more young versity political science professor new young voter.” voters will enter politics because they Richard fox surveyed more than 4,000 In the Harvard poll, 49 percent of will want to see government function high school and college students and young voters said they support the better. found that 89 percent have never con - Black Lives matter movement, including “maybe this is a little idealistic, but I sidered politics as a career. 37 percent of whites, 81 percent of African- think as people begin to realize that “Young people who want to be Americans and 59 percent of Latinos. 24 there are long-term consequences to the leaders, improve their communities, or Activists say some of the social-media dysfunction that we’re experiencing — make the world a better place do not activity around those protests is not just that we might be turning off an entire think twice before dismissing electoral hashtag activism. DeRay mckesson, a generation or even discouraging adults office as a viable path,” Lawless and millennial who has been active in or - right now who are well-qualified to run fox wrote. 22 ganizing demonstrations against police and lead — they’ll see there are op - But many experts who study young shootings of African-Americans in Bal - portunities for change,” Lawless said. 27 voters say their disinterest in the political timore and ferguson, mo., said Twitter process doesn’t mean they’re complete - has “proven to be invaluable” in getting Do Democrats have an edge among ly apathetic. In recent testimony before input from others. young voters? a congressional Republican task force “There’s a democracy of feedback,” In each national election since on reaching young voters, Harvard poll - mckesson said. “I’ve had really robust 2004, y oung people have voted more ster John Della volpe said his university’s conversations with people who aren’t Democratic than other age groups, repeated surveys of young Americans physically in the space [of the protests] while older voters have gone in the have shown that they draw a significant but who have such great ideas.” 25 opposite direction since 2008 . 28 distinction between social and political meanwhile, not everyone is discour - And in Harvard’s April survey, 55 per - activism. aged about younger voters’ apparent cent of young people said a Democrat “Social activism was defined largely unwillingness to seek political office. should continue to be president in 2016, as local, micro, effective and tangible,” Dawn Huckelbridge, managing director compared to 40 percent who preferred Della volpe said. “Political activism, in of the Young Elected Officials Network, a Republican. 29 contrast, was viewed as distant, macro, a nonpartisan project of the liberal The Growth and Opportunity Pro - bureaucratic and abstract.” group People for the American way, says ject, a panel of top Republican National meg mott, a professor of political the network’s membership has grown to Committee (RNC) officials that studied theory at vermont’s marlboro College more than 1,000 since it began 10 years the GOP’s losses in 2012, said if the who studies mass movements, says ago. About 54 percent are local officials, party didn’t make young peoples’ con - young voters are playing a key role while 28 percent serve in state gov - cerns a priority it risked becoming ir - in the shift away from prolonged sit- ernment and 16 percent are on school relevant. 30 However, said veteran Re - in protests organized around a general boards, with a handful in Congress publican political strategist mike theme, such as the Occupy wall Street and statewide office. murphy, the GOP has focused on hold - demonstrations against income inequal - “The news tells the bad stories of ing onto its existing base instead of ity, toward those that make specific what’s happening in this country, but reaching out to new ones. demands, such as the Black Lives matter it’s less likely to show good examples,” for instance, he said, current GOP protests sparked by police shootings Huckelbridge says. “As we hear more presidential candidates seem to be try - of African-Americans. 23 of these stories, we think young people ing to appeal to conservatives who “I see a lot more old-style organizing will be inspired.” oppose comprehensive immigration re - happening with Black Lives matter than She cites the work of Karalee Har - form. Yet, a poll released earlier this I have seen in the Occupy events,” grove, a member of Southern Califor - year by the nonpartisan Public Religion

822 CQ Researcher Research Institute showed that 67 per - “millennials are strong supporters publicans still can make inroads with cent of 18- to 29-year-olds support a of all the issues described above, so them. “It’s an open question whether path to citizenship for those in the it’s not surprising that Hillary holds the liberalism of millennials is ‘baked country illegally. 31 such a commanding lead with them,” in’ for the long haul,” Paul Taylor, a “Since our internal incentives are mook said. 36 senior fellow and former executive vice often stacked against any evolution on meanwhile, the Harvard poll showed president at the Pew Research Center, some of these issues, we are stuck in that three out of four 18- to 29-year- wrote in his 2014 book The Next Amer - a terrible quandary — shooing away olds believe global warming is a sci - ica , about demographic trends among tomorrow’s voters to pander to yes - entific fact, a position shared by most young people. 38 terday’s,” said murphy, now an adviser Democrats. 37 Other polls have shown As with other categories of voters, to former florida Gov. Jeb Bush. 32 overwhelming support for same-sex millennials split sharply along lines of Even as surged in GOP marriage, which the U.S. Supreme Court race and ethnicity. The Harvard poll polls this summer, disapproval for the declared constitutional in June but that showed the preference for a Democratic New York billionaire rose sharply among some Republicans continue to oppose. president was far higher among young younger voters after he made inflamma - tory remarks supporting the mass de - portation of millions of immigrants and building a wall on the U.S.-mexico border. An ABC News- Washington Post poll in late August showed 70 percent of Amer - icans 18 to 29 regarded him unfavorably, s up 12 percentage points since mid - a m

33 o summer. h T

Nationwide, the pool of potential . B

l young voters is more likely than older e a h c voters to be nonwhite, and nonwhites i M are more likely to be Democrats. In par - / s e

ticular, the emerging numbers of Latinos g a m reaching voting age is seen as a big ad - I

y

34 t vantage for Democrats in the future. t e

Each month, about 66,000 Latinos — G / P

800,000 annually — turn 18. F A “Young people have had the great Former senator and secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton participates in a benefit of being part of a more diverse roundtable discussion with students and educators at Kirkwood Community America than their parents,” said Juan College in Monticello, Iowa, on April 14, 2015. “The student loan issue for the Calderon, president of the Hispanic fed - Millennial generation will rank up there with the draft for our generation,” said eration, which represents nonprofit groups Robert Borosage, a Baby Boomer and co-director of the liberal Campaign for America’s Future, which advocates on social and environmental issues. that provide social services to Latinos. “Unless Republicans can speak to that “Sometimes it seems like [Republican] African-Americans (87 percent) and [diversity] they are going to have a hard candidates appeal mainly to the emotions Latinos (68 percent) than among non- time engaging this constituency.” 35 of more conservative Americans, rather Latino whites, who preferred a Repub - Clinton’s campaign manager, Robby than the intellect or rationale that people lican over a Democrat, 53 percent to mook, in August noted that several deserve,” says mcKenzie Augusta, 18, a 41 percent. 39 (See graphic, p. 824. ) outside organizations’ polls showed her freshman at Eckerd College in St. Peters - At the same time, the poll showed leading her potential Republican rivals burg, fla., who wants politicians to ad - young voters increasingly support a more by more than 20 percentage points dress climate change and solidify the aggressive foreign policy, which Republicans among younger voters. In addition to rights of gay people. have sought to make a campaign issue. immigration, he cited what he charac - But experts say the current prefer - fifty-seven percent said they back using terized as GOP opposition to expanding ence for Democrats is not guaranteed ground troops in the middle East against the voting Rights Act and to prohibiting to continue in the future. Young voters the Islamic State (ISIS) terrorist group . 40 discrimination against lesbian, gay, bi - have not bought into the Democratic “Young voters are not strongly ide - sexual and transgender citizens. Party’s entire platform, they say, so Re - ological. They don’t view government

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 823 YOUNG vOTERS

as inherently great or inherently evil,” showed that 75 percent of people in Anderson wrote in The Selfie Vote. Young Minority Voters that age group voted — a higher rate “They’re tuning out both parties. They Prefer a Democrat than for those 18 to 24 (54 percent) just want to see problems solved.” 41 and 25 to 34 (72 percent). People 35 much of Obama’s 2012 re-election Strong majorities of under-30 and older, however, voted at still higher victory over Republican mitt Romney African-Americans and levels. The independence proposal was was attributed to the Obama campaign’s Hispanics want a Democrat to rejected. 45 sophisticated use of technology to identify win the presidency in 2016, “Scotland decided to trust its 16- and target younger voters. Republicans while 53 percent of young year-olds to vote in the biggest question say they could have taken advantage of in its history,” said Jason Brennan, an whites prefer a Republican. the same trove of demographic infor - assistant professor of strategy, eco - mation, but didn’t. Americans ages 18-29: Which nomics and public policy at George - “It’s worth emphasizing that [Rom - party would you prefer to win town University. “Americans, in con - ney’s campaign] had 95 to 98 percent the 2016 presidential election? trast, don’t even trust theirs to help of the same data and tools as the pick the county sheriff.” Obama campaign had access to,” said 87% Brennan acknowledged that teenagers Alex Lundry, who was Romney’s data- 68% are “in many cases profoundly ignorant science director. But Republicans lacked 53% about politics.” But if that is reason 41% “a culture of data-driven decision-making,” 27% enough to exclude them, he said, “it is he said. “It’s not to say people on the surely a reason to exclude almost every - 8% campaign didn’t want to be data-driven one else.” 46 or that they specifically ignored data; White Black Hispanic Several other countries — including it’s just that it’s . . . very tough . . . Austria, Argentina, Brazil, Denmark and to ask people to go against decades Democratic Party Republican Party some states in Germany — also have of conventional wisdom and what extended voting rights to 16-year-olds many felt in their gut was the right Source: “Executive Summary: Survey in national elections. 47 A 2012 study of Young Americans’ Attitude Toward thing to do.” 42 in Denmark found that young adults Politics and Public Service, 27th Republicans say they are catching Edition,” Harvard Public Opinion living at home — in other words, those up to Democrats on the data front. The Project, April 29, 2015, p. 4, not yet of college age — vote more RNC’s chief data officer, Jesse Kamzol, http://tinyurl.com/qd44h72 than those who have moved out on said he has been working extensively their own . 48 with data expert Azarias Reda on new In U.S. elections, the decision to In the , some com - methods to identify and target younger lower the voting age involves municipal munities in recent years have allowed voters. “we’ve been pairing tech people races but not state or federal general 16-year-olds to vote in municipal with political people so they learn from elections. However, in 20 states, 17- elections, including Takoma Park and each other,” Kamzol said. year-olds are allowed to vote in the Hyattsville, md., another washington, “I now know just enough about primaries for governor, Congress or D.C., suburb. fairvote.org, which data to be dangerous,” he said, and president, according to fairvote.org, a worked with officials in both com - “Azarias now knows enough about pol - project of the voters’ rights nonprofit munities on the issue, said that in itics to be dangerous.” 43 group Center for voting and Democracy, 2013, 16- and 17-year-olds in Takoma based in the washington, D.C., suburb Park voted at twice the rate of those Should 16- and 17-year-olds vote of Takoma Park, md. 44 18 and older. 49 in local elections? Some of those backing the idea say In New mexico, state lawmakers A handful of communities — and that if 16-year-olds are old enough to earlier this year considered a bill to some countries — have decided to drive or handle other adult responsi - allow 16-year-olds to vote in school lower the voting age from 18 to 17 bilities, they should be able to cast board elections as a way to deal with or 16 for some elections. Proponents ballots in local elections. extremely low turnout in some of those say doing so would get more young Scotland last year permitted 16- and races. 50 It failed to pass. 51 people involved in politics, while critics 17-year-olds to vote in a nationwide Peter Levine, associate dean for re - contend those voters aren’t mature referendum on whether the country search at Tufts’ Jonathan m. Tisch Col - enough to handle the responsibility. should remain a part of the United lege of Citizenship and Public Service, (See “At Issue,” p. 833. ) Kingdom. One post-election survey has cited research showing that voting

824 CQ Researcher is likely to be repeated if it becomes voters were suspicious of the idea. During world war II, Roosevelt low - ingrained at a young age. “At 17, most “People just feel that . . . a lot of 16- ered the military draft age from 21 people are still living at home, where year-olds don’t really care what’s on to 18, prompting public calls to lower they can see parents voting and probably the ballot,” she said. 57 the voting age as well. The slogan hear about local issues and candidates,” In Great Britain, the House of Lords “Old Enough to fight, Old Enough to Levine said. “They also are still in school, in July voted in favor of a proposal to vote” became popular. In 1943, Georgia where voting can be encouraged and lower the voting age to 16. But Con - became the first state to lower its voting become a social norm .” 52 servative Party members, including Prime age from 21 to 18 for state races . 62 In San francisco, Supervisor John minister David Cameron, have opposed In the 1960 election, Democrat John Avalos this year proposed a November the idea and said it required more con - f. Kennedy, then 43, received 54 percent ballot initiative on whether to allow sultation with others, including members of the votes of those under 30 to defeat 16-year-olds to vote in city elections. of the House of Commons . 58 Republican Richard m. Nixon. four He eventually decided to postpone the years later, Democrat Lyndon B. John - idea until next year, when he said son fared even better, winning 64 per - voter turnout would be greater and cent of the under-30 vote. 63 In both the idea would have a better chance BACKGROUND cases, the results were several percent - of success. age points above the overall totals re - members of the San francisco Youth ceived by Kennedy and Johnson. Commission, a city advisory group made In 1968, however, growing oppo - up of young people, said lowering the Mobilizing the Young sition to the vietnam war led Johnson voting age should also encourage the not to seek re-election, and support parents of low-income citizens to start oung voters’ concerns have com - among young voters for the Demo - voting. “It’s supporting access and en - Y manded attention over the last cratic presidential candidate, Hubert gagement of underserved immigrant half-century, especially since 18-year- Humphrey , was down to 47 percent, communities,” said Oliver York, 16, olds in the United States were given with 38 percent favoring Republican speaking in favor of the idea to the the right to vote in 1971. But political Nixon and 15 percent backing George Board of Supervisors in June . 53 parties’ formal efforts to mobilize young wallace, who ran as an independent. Opponents of the idea, however, cite people date back decades earlier. Young voters’ support for Humphrey research that concludes that 16-year-olds In 1892, University of michigan law was 4 percentage points above his should not vote, including a 2006 study student James francis Burke organized overall total, 5 percentage points below by researchers at Britain’s University of the American Republican College Nixon’s and 1.5 percentage points Oxford and University of warwick. “The League and persuaded then-Ohio Gov. above wallace’s. 64 key issue, we claim, is the political ma - william mcKinley, who later became The vietnam war and the civil rights turity of young people,” the study said. president, to give a speech encouraging movement fueled the rise of youth ac - “Drawing on empirical data collected in young people to support the GOP. tivist organizations during the 1960s. nationally representative surveys, we Calvin Coolidge, who became president The ultra-leftist Students for a Demo - argue that the weight of such evidence in 1923, was an early member of what cratic Society (SDS), founded in 1959 suggests that young people are, to a became known as the College Repub - in Ann Arbor, mich., organized a na - significant degree, politically less mature licans. A year later, the group began tional antiwar march on washington, than older people, and that the voting operating directly as part of the Re - D.C., in 1965 and staged demonstrations age should not be lowered to 16.” 54 publican National Committee. 59 on college campuses around the coun - John J. Pitney Jr., a professor of pol - The Democratic Party followed suit try against the military draft. 65 itics at Claremont mcKenna College in in 1932, founding the College Democ - Left-wing activists Abbie Hoffman Claremont, Calif., agrees. “It’s a terrible rats of America during franklin D. Roo - and Jerry Rubin formed another group, idea,” he said. “Sixteen-year-olds have sevelt’s presidential campaign. 60 In a the Youth International Party, known a lot going for them, but civic judgment 1935 radio address, Roosevelt said, “I, as the Yippies, which staged antiwar isn’t one of those things.” 55 for one, am willing to place my trust protests and demonstrations, most no - voters in Brattleboro, vt., a politically in the youth of America. If they demand tably at the riot-torn 1968 Democratic liberal town of 12,000 people, in march action as well as preachments, I should National Convention in Chicago. Hoff - rejected by a 2-to-1 margin a proposal be ashamed to chill their enthusiasm man and Rubin were part of a group to lower the voting age to 16. 56 Town with the dire prophecy that to change of activists known as the “Chicago Clerk Annette Cappy said many older is to destroy.” 61 Seven,” one of whom — SDS co-

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 825 YOUNG vOTERS

founder Tom Hayden — later became young voters, but their registration rates 37 percent for Bush and 23 percent a California state legislator. 66 remained well below other age groups. for Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot, who with youth opposition to the vietnam At the same time, many who normally ran as an independent. 76 war growing, debates intensified over would have backed Carter were drawn As a candidate, Clinton sought to lowering the voting age to 18. The U.S. to the candidacy of Illinois GOP Rep. relate to younger votes by appearing Supreme Court ruled in a 1970 case, John Anderson, who ran as an inde - at a debate sponsored by the music- Oregon v Mitchell , that Congress could pendent. 70 Anderson ended up drawing video cable channel mTv and playing regulate the voting age for federal elec - 11 percent of the under-30 vote, with saxophone on comedian Arsenio Hall’s tions but not in local or state races. As 47 percent of that bloc voting for Carter late-night Tv talk show. Once in office, public support increased, Congress and 41 percent for Reagan . 71 Clinton signed into law the National passed the 26th Amendment, which for - voter Registration Act in 1993, a measure bade states from preventing anyone 18 Bush had vetoed two years earlier. The years old or older from voting in federal Anti-Reagan Sentiment so-called “motor voter” bill required elections. It did not set a minimum age states to allow people to register by for voting. In just over two months the n 1980 and 1984, young Democ - mail or when they apply for a driver’s measure was ratified by the required I ratic voters disliked Reagan for his license or unemployment, disability or three-quarters of the states, and Nixon conservatism but felt powerless and welfare benefits. 77 signed it into law in July 1971. did not show up at the polls to reg - Despite the motor voter law and “The reason I believe that your gen - ister their dissatisfaction. voting par - Rock the vote’s ongoing registration eration, the 11 million new voters, will ticipation in both elections among efforts, the under-30 turnout in the do so much for America at home is 18-to-29-year olds remained around 1996 presidential election dropped to that you will infuse into this nation the 50 percent mark. 72 But young Re - 44 percent. 78 Some political observers some idealism, some courage, some publicans adored Reagan, and he easily concluded that Clinton’s durable edge stamina, some high moral purpose, that won re-election in 1984 with 60 percent in the polls over Republican Sen. Robert this country always needs,” Nixon said of the under-30 vote. vice President Dole led many younger voters to con - as he signed the measure. 67 George H. w. Bush succeeded him clude it wasn’t necessary for them to In the 1972 presidential election, in 1988 after capturing 63 percent of cast ballots. young voters were expected to provide the under-30 vote. 73 Young-voter turnout also remained a significant boost to South Dakota In 1990 efforts to interest young flat in the 2000 election between Demo - Democratic Sen. George mcGovern, who people in politics received a boost cratic vice President Al Gore and Re - ran on a strongly liberal antiwar platform. with creation of Rock the vote, an publican George w. Bush, as it did But mcGovern won only 48 percent of organization started by musicians and among all voters under 45. 79 Young the under-30 vote and lost overwhelm - others in the recording industry in voters had become disenchanted with ingly. Older voters, who were strongly response to what they considered at - politics after the Republican takeover turned off by the vietnam protests and tacks by politicians on artistic expres - of Congress in 1994 and the GOP’s the drug-influenced “flower power” sion and freedom of speech. The subsequent decision to impeach Clinton ethic among younger people, turned group began registering new voters over lying about an affair with white out in force to back Nixon. 68 in 1992 and worked with the League House intern monica Lewinsky. In 1976 the watergate scandal, in of women voters and other organi - “The GOP had an opportunity to which GOP operatives were caught zations to add 350,000 names to the bring more young people into the fold breaking into the Democratic National voter-registration rolls, enlisting stars in 1995,” the Pew Research Center said Committee’s headquarters in washing - such as , , Queen in a November 1999 analysis. “On av - ton, D.C., and Nixon’s subsequent res - Latifah, R.E.m. and singer erage in 1995, 32 percent of those ignation amid impeachment proceed - in a series of public under age 30 identified themselves as ings in Congress helped push younger service announcements designed to Republicans. That number fell sharply voters toward Democratic presidential look like music videos . 74 in 1996 to 25 percent, and there has candidate Jimmy Carter. He received As a result, more young people went been no rebound.” 80 53 percent of the under-30 vote, his to the polls in 1992. Under-30 turnout Nevertheless, young voters did not best showing among all age groups . 69 reached 54 percent, 8 percentage points give Gore the support he needed to four years later, the campaigns of above the 1988 level. 75 Democrat B ill beat Bush. The two each received both Carter and Republican Ronald Clinton won the election with 40 percent 47 percent of the under-30 vote, with Reagan worked aggressively to court of the under-30 vote, compared to Continued on p. 828

826 CQ Researcher Chronology

1976 of uncounted florida votes, giving 1890s-1940s Democrat Jimmy Carter elected Bush the presidency. Politicians begin recognizing president with 53 percent of the importance of young voters. under-30 vote, his best showing 2004 among all age groups. Democrat John Kerry wins 60 per - 1892 cent of the under-30 vote, but American Republican College League • older Americans vote in greater is launched; it later becomes the numbers to re-elect Bush. College Republicans. 1980s-1990s 2006 1932 Efforts to boost young-voter Opposition to the Iraq war helps Democrats start College Democrats participation begin to succeed. bring young voters to the polls, of America during franklin D. helping to put Democrats in control Roosevelt’s presidential campaign. 1980 of both chambers of Congress. with 47 percent of the under-30 vote, 1943 Carter loses re-election to Republican 2008 Georgia becomes first state to lower Ronald Reagan, who receives 41 per - Illinois Democratic Sen. Barack its voting age from 21 to 18 in cent from that group. Obama wins presidency with state races. 66 percent of the under-30 vote. 1990 • Rock the vote is formed. 2010 Democrats lose control of the 1992 House as only about 21 percent 1960s-1970s working with other groups, Rock the of under-30 voters turn out. Federal voting age is lowered vote helps register an additional to 18. 350,000 voters. . . . Democra t Bill 2012 Clinton wins presidency with 40 per - After a concentrated effort by Democ - 1960 cent of under-30 vote, compared with rats to win youth votes amid the re - Democrat John f. Kennedy wins 37 percent for incumbent Republican cession, Obama gets 60 percent of 54 percent of under-30 vote. President George H. w. Bush. the under-30 vote in his re-election.

1964 1993 2013 Kennedy successor Lyndon B. Clinton signs so-called “motor voter” many young voters are outraged by Johnson wins 64 percent of the law requiring states to allow people ex-National Security Agency contrac - under-30 vote. to register by mail or when they tor Edward Snowden’s revelations apply for a driver’s license or un - that spy agencies are conducting 1970 employment benefits. domestic surveillance on Americans. U.S. Supreme Court rules in Ore - gon v Mitchell that Congress can • 2014 regulate the voting age in federal, Only 21.5 percent of under-30 vot - but not local or state, races. ers turn out in the midterm elec - 2000s Young voters tions, and Republicans reclaim 1971 back Barack Obama but remain control of the Senate. Congress passes 26th Amendment disinterested in midterms. to lower federal voting age to 18. 2015 2000 Oregon Democratic Gov. Kate Brown 1972 Democratic vice President Al Gore signs a first-in-the-nation bill aimed at Despite youth opposition to the viet - and Republican George w. Bush automatically registering eligible state nam war, anti-war Democrat George each takes 47 percent of under-30 residents to vote when they obtain or mcGovern receives just 48 percent of vote; Independent consumer activist renew a driver’s license. California’s the under-30 vote and loses over - Ralph Nader receives 6 percent. Democratic-controlled Legislature whelmingly to Richard m. Nixon. U.S. Supreme Court ends tabulation passes a similar bill.

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 827 YOUNG vOTERS

Republicans Tout ‘Sharing Economy’ to Attract Young Innovative businesses are being constrained by outdated laws, GOP says.

hen Republican presidential candidate and former statistics show taxicab trips during the first half of this year florida governor Jeb Bush needed a ride to a July dropped 10 percent from the same period in 2014, while w appearance in San francisco, his campaign arranged revenues from cab fares dropped 7 percent. 4 for Uber, the ride-sharing company that has grown into a $50 billion An analysis on the left-leaning politics website vox.com noted transportation and logistics giant, to take him. demographics are influencing the Republicans’ thinking. “Republican In recent months, Bush and other GOP candidates have voters tend to be older and more rural than Democrats,” it said. sought to appeal to young voters by embracing “sharing economy” “Uber has a young and disproportionately urban customer base. companies that rely on peer-to-peer transactions conducted via If Republicans can turn Uber into a salient example of [excessive] the Internet or smartphones. The most visible company for the government regulation, it could broaden the GOP’s demographic candidates has been Uber, which is extremely popular with appeal without compromising on conservative principles.” 5 urban millennials — 18- to 34-year-olds — who don’t own cars Uber contends its drivers are independent contractors who and want to get around by clicking an app. should not be paid benefits, such as unemployment insurance Bush, Sen. marco Rubio of florida and Sen. Rand Paul of or workers’ compensation. But unions and other critics contend Kentucky have praised the company as an example of an in - that they should be treated more like employees who are novative business that they say is constrained by outdated gov - entitled to greater protections. ernment regulations. In his new book American Dreams: Restoring Democratic front-runner Hillary Rodham Clinton recently Economic Opportunity for Everyone , Rubio included a chapter praised the “exciting opportunities” those companies can create called “making America Safe for Uber,” in which he discussed but warned that they also raise “hard questions about workplace how students in a politics class he once taught were disappointed protections.” that the service was not available in miami. 1 Her remarks led Bush’s campaign to accuse Clinton of pro - wisconsin Gov. Scott walker, who dropped out of the pres - tecting special interests “that want to stifle American ingenuity idential race on Sept. 21, signed legislation in may creating and 21st-century companies like Uber that are creating jobs.” statewide standards for ride-share companies such as Uber and Clinton’s campaign responded that she was not singling out any Lyft, an action co-opting local governments’ efforts to impose specific sector and merely was trying to highlight an economy wide tighter regulations on those companies. 2 And Sen. Ted Cruz, problem. 6 a Texas Republican, said he hoped to disrupt washington in Democrats are confident they can neutralize the Republicans’ the same way that the companies have taken on the taxicab effort by forcing a broader conversation about the future of industry in many cities. work. “Republicans want to gain political ground with these “The taxi commissions have done everything they can to companies,” said Holly Shulman, national press secretary for kill Uber and Lyft,” Cruz said. “what we’re trying to do in the the Democratic National Committee, “but the reality is, Republicans political world is very much the same thing, which is change actually oppose policies that help develop Silicon valley’s work - the means of decision-making.” 3 force.” During a visit to the region last year, Obama cited GOP Republican support for such companies could hurt Democrats, opposition to raising the minimum wage and to Democratic who have relied on labor unions that have been critical of proposals aimed at making college more affordable. 7 Uber and other companies for threatening members’ jobs and Democrats also say they need to stress how the Affordable income. In New York City, where Uber is extremely popular, Care Act, enacted over GOP opposition, has made it possible

Continued from p. 826 decision to invade Iraq became life- and be very straightforward, and they 6 percent going to consumer activist changing events for many young voters. will turn out,” he said. 82 Ralph Nader. 81 The U.S. Supreme Court Bush’s supporters sought to use the The Democrats’ eventual nominee, resolved the election in Bush’s favor importance of the war on terrorism to John Kerry, took 60 percent of the under- when it ended the tabulation of un - get young voters to the polls in 2004, 30 vote, but Bush’s popularity with older counted florida ballots. while young Democrats helped boost voters (although not those over 65) en - the candidacy of former vermont Gov. abled him to win re-election. 83 voter Howard Dean, a liberal and outspoken turnout among those under 30 improved War on Terrorism critic of the war. from 2000 but continued to significantly Dean said at the time that young voters trail other age groups . 84 he Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks desperately sought a candidate who would In the 2006 midterm elections, T and President Bush’s subsequent level with them. “Just say what you mean growing public disillusionment with

828 CQ Researcher for Uber drivers to leave their lower-paying day jobs, because n

they can afford to buy health insurance on their own now, rather a v i l than staying in an undesirable job just to obtain employer- l u S subsidized health insurance. Uber’s chief executive, Travis Kalanick, n i

8 t

holds libertarian views but has praised the health care law. s u

At the same time, Democratic Sen. mark warner of virginia, J / s

a former technology company executive, has proposed creating e g an “hour bank” for sharing-economy workers that tracks their a m I

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hours for a variety of employers and administers retirement t t programs for those workers. 9 e G Some political analysts are skeptical that supporting Uber, Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush arrives at a Lyft, Airbnb and other sharing-economy companies will help San Francisco campaign event in an Uber car on July 16, Republicans draw votes in urban areas, which are solidly De - 2015. Bush and other GOP candidates have sought to mocratic. “This attempt to look hip is unlikely to sway young appeal to young voters by praising Uber and other people who generally do not share the archaic views many of examples of the “sharing economy.” these politicians hold on issues like same-sex marriage, raising 2 Steven verburg, “Scott walker signs ‘Uber’ bill over local objections,” the minimum wage and immigration reform,” said vikas Bajaj, Madison.com , may 2, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/qadjuta. a member of The New York Times ’ editorial board. 10 3 Brendan Bordelon, “Ted Cruz: I’m Just the Uber of washington,” National And some Republicans say it can be politically dangerous Review , Dec. 16, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ng235wo. 4 Nolan Hicks and Dan Rivoli, “Taxi pickups plummet 10% to 77 million to ally with individual companies, given the potential for in first half of 2015: analysis,” New York Daily News , Aug. 16, 2015, something to go wrong at those firms. Uber has been accused http://tinyurl.com/neuh3jv. of seeking to force competitors out of markets and using 5 Timothy B. Lee, “Uber is the perfect poster child for the Republican customer data in questionable ways. The company has denied economic agenda,” Vox.com , July 24, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ojtpdyz. 6 Tony Romm, “Republicans hail Uber in bid for tech cred,” Politico , July 13 , wrongdoing and, in an attempt to boost its image, hired David 2015, http://tinyurl.com/nm8pul8. Plouffe, an architect of Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential win. 7 Josh Richman, “Inside Obama’s Silicon valley visit,” Contra Costa Times , Plouffe initially served as Uber’s senior vice president of policy may 8, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/p4ufg69. Also see Brian fung and Jacob Bogage, “Democrats think they’ve figured out how to turn the Uber wars and communications before becoming a strategic adviser focusing to their advantage,” , Aug. 12, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ more on long-term issues. 11 otyetfp. “There’s huge risk in any political candidate or party affiliating 8 vikas Bajaj, “Republicans Are Trying to Turn Uber Into a Partisan Issue,” with a particular company,” warned Republican pollster and The New York Times , Aug. 4, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/o5lxq4p. 9 12 Susan Page, “Sen. mark warner: Rethinking the social contract in the age political consultant Kristen Soltis Anderson. of Uber,” USA Today , June 3, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/oc27z9y. 10 Bajaj, op. cit. — Chuck McCutcheon 11 Brian fung, “Uber just gave David Plouffe’s job to a top Google exec,” The Washington Post , may 13, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/o53b7z5. 12 1 Emily Greenhouse, “Is Uber Democratic or Republican?” Bloomberg Politics , Kristen Soltis Anderson, The Selfie Vote: Where Millennials Are Leading Jan. 14, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ptvog93. America (And How Republicans Can Keep Up) (2015), p. 102. the situation in Iraq helped Democrats millennials to the polls. It also found electorate was becoming increasingly regain control of the House and Senate. that young adults who were contacted diverse. He campaigned in favor of Turnout among voters 30 and under by a candidate or campaign were far ending the Iraq war and making politics rose 2 percentage points from 2002, more likely to be “almost certain” they more open and accessible to a wider to 26 percent, as that demographic would vote or to have already voted, number of citizens. His supporters also chose Democrats over Republicans in compared to those who had not been used technology to a far greater extent congressional and gubernatorial races contacted. 85 than their opponents. by more than 20 percentage points. In 2008, Obama appealed to young But young voters became frustrated A post-election survey found that voters on several fronts. At 47, he was with Obama’s inability to make good Democrats made inroads by opposing 25 years younger than mcCain, and on his promise to end washington’s the Iraq war and by using face-to-face the son of an African father and a entrenched political gridlock. They contacts as well as technology to get white mother at a time when the young also became frustrated with the shaky

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 829 YOUNG vOTERS

Congressional millennials Try to Shake Things Up “From a generational perspective, there’s a sense of urgency and impatience.” f the half-dozen millennials who serve in Congress, Re - United States as children should be allowed to serve in the publican Rep. Elise Stefanik, 31, of New York, and Democratic military. 4 She said young voters are more interested in achieving O Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, 34, of Hawaii, have been among the results than in demonstrating ideological purity. most active in representing young voters’ interests and trying to Business executives have “disrupted entire industries to make motivate their generation to get more involved in politics. sure they’re providing the best quality service to customers and Stefanik and Gabbard, often described as rising stars in their the best products,” she said. “we haven’t done that in Congress respective parties, came to Capitol Hill with impressive resumes. yet. Hopefully, millennials in Congress will bring that spirit of Stefanik worked on President George w. Bush’s staff and managed bipartisan solutions to the table.” 5 wisconsin GOP Rep. Paul Ryan’s debate preparation during his Stefanik has introduced several bills aimed at helping millennials. 2012 vice presidential campaign. Gabbard served in Iraq and One would increase by 50 percent the maximum federal Pell grant Kuwait with the Hawaii National Guard. 1 — provided to help low-income students pay for college — and Republican leaders have given Stefanik, who took office in allow such grants to be used to attend summer classes as well as January as the youngest woman to be elected to Congress, fall and spring courses. 6 As of Sept. 22, the bill had drawn 19 several high-profile jobs. The House Republican Policy Committee, cosponsors, eight of them Democrats, but had not moved. 7 the GOP’s internal think tank, tapped her to lead an effort to Gabbard, who was elected in 2012 and is the first Hindu determine how the party can win over young voters. “millennials ever to serve in Congress, was first elected to public office in are up for grabs as we go into the next election cycle,” she 2002, at age 21, to a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives. said. “As a millennial in Congress, I believe it’s very important while campaigning for re-election in 2004, her unit was activated that we’re educating our colleagues.” 2 and she withdrew from the race to deploy with a medical unit Stefanik chaired a June hearing of the committee at which in Iraq for 18 months. After deploying again to Kuwait in 2008 pollsters discussed how best to reach voters in their late teens, as a platoon leader, she was elected in 2010 to the Honolulu 20s and early- to mid-30s, and said she plans to hold additional City Council. 8 hearings on the subject. During the August congressional recess The resistance she encountered from older voters as a young she hosted a discussion on helping businesses in her upstate political candidate, she said, has fueled her desire to help her New York district, featuring testimony from millennials in the generation. “One thing that I found through my own personal corporate world. 3 experience — both when I was 21 and I ran for the state Stefanik has parted company repeatedly with her more con - House, but also when I was 31 and ran for Congress — was servative House colleagues on immigration, including on the hearing leaders in the country talking about, ‘where’s the next issue of whether undocumented immigrants brought to the generation of leadership? when are they going to step up to economy following the 2007-09 reces - that combined information from poll - earlier. As a result, even though sion: In february 2010, 37 percent of sters, fundraisers, field workers and Obama did not win a majority of 18- to 29-year-olds were unemployed consumer databases as well as social- voters over 30 in the crucial battle - or out of the workforce, the highest media and mobile contacts with the ground states of florida, Ohio, virginia share among that age group in more main Democratic voter files in the and Pennsylvania, he swept all four than three decades. 86 Nevertheless, swing states. 88 of those states because of his support the Occupy wall Street movement failed Obama also overcame Republican among younger voters there. 89 to captivate many millennials: A De - challenger mitt Romney’s criticisms During Obama’s second term, mil - cember 2011 poll found just 21 percent that the economy was recovering too lennials’ faith in government institutions supported the movement, with 33 per - sluggishly by portraying Romney as has plummeted. Between 2010 and cent opposed and 46 percent unsure someone with an inability to under - 2015, the Harvard poll indicated, trust or refusing to answer. 87 stand average Americans, including levels have declined for the office of In the 2012 election, Democrats be - young voters. the presidency (44 percent to 37 per - came determined to ensure that young The president took a smaller per - cent), Congress (25 percent to 17 per - voters would head to the polls. Obama’s centage of the vote from those under cent) and the federal government as a re-election campaign mobilized a de - 30 than he had in 2008, but turnout whole (29 percent to 25 percent). mean - partment to analyze voter data that among that group was up: Their share while, trust in the military in 2015 was was five times the size of the department of the electorate was 19 percent — at 53 percent — up from 47 percent used in 2008. The team created a system up 1 percentage point from four years in 2014 and the same as in 2010. 90

830 CQ Researcher k r a l C

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the plate and take responsibility and own their future?’ ” she l l said. when she responded that she was stepping up to the a C

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plate, she recalled, “I was met with a very patronizing answer o R that was basically, ‘Tulsi, we think you’re great, but you’re too 9 Q young, you’re too inexperienced, and it’s not your time.’ ” C / s

Upon arriving in Congress in 2013, she co-founded the Congressional e g

future Caucus, which aims to unite younger lawmakers of all political a m I

stripes around areas of shared interest by holding regular meetings y t t

and informal discussions. It’s imperative that lawmakers of differing e G viewpoints talk to each other more often, she says. Democratic Rep. Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii co-founded the “I think we have the opportunity to really shift the way things Congressional Future Caucus when she arrived in maybe have been done, to where you’re not afraid to sit down Congress in 2013, at age 31. The group seeks to and collaborate and have a conversation,” she said. “from a gen - unite younger lawmakers of all political stripes erational perspective, there’s a sense of urgency and impatience around areas of shared interest. and not sitting here thinking, ‘I plan to serve in Congress for 3 “Stefanik Hosts millennial Policy Roundtable in Ballston Spa,” Rep. Elise the next 40 years, so here’s my 40-year plan.’ ” 10 Stefanik news release, Aug. 11, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/nqm82l3. At the same time, Gabbard said, Congress should delegate 4 marcos, op. cit. 5 more responsibility for problem solving to those outside of gov - Ron fournier, “Youngest woman Ever Elected to Congress Introduces GOP to millennials,” National Journal , June 22, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ne85mej. ernment, so innovative and entrepreneurial solutions can take 6 “Stefanik Introduces the flexible Pell Grant for 21st Century Students Act,” root. Asked at a forum about the best way government can Rep. Elise Stefanik news release, U.S. House of Representatives, July 23, help younger people, she responded, “Oftentimes, get out of 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ndhy73y. 7 the way.” 11 “H.R. 3180 — flexible Pell Grant for 21st Century Students Act,” Congress.gov, http://tinyurl.com/p282xgk. 8 — Chuck McCutcheon michael Barone and Chuck mcCutcheon, The Almanac of American Politics 2014 (2013), p. 518. 9 marianne Schnall, “A Q&A with Tulsi Gabbard,” Levo.com , Oct. 24, 2014, 1 Jamie weinstein, “Elise Stefanik wants to go to Congress,” Daily Caller , http://tinyurl.com/or6qzjh. Aug. 7, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/mdvcjrc. Also see “About Tulsi,” Rep. Tulsi 10 Stephanie Czekalinski and Ronald Brownstein, “what It’s Like to be a Gabbard website, U.S. House of Representatives, http://tinyurl.com/qabrudk. millennial in Congress,” National Journal , June 5, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/q8sphje. 2 Cristina marcos, “The GOP finds its millennial star,” The Hill , June 26, 11 Nikki Schwab, “Schock and Gabbard Stand Out Among the ‘Old Crusties’ 2013, http://tinyurl.com/olexsng. in Congress,” U.S. News & World Report , may 21, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/k69rosg.

The 2013 revelations by former Na - young people “totally overestimate how “The student loan issue for the mil - tional Security Agency contractor Edward private they’ll be from future employers, lennial generation will rank up there Snowden that government intelligence their government and police.” 93 with the draft for our generation,” said agencies were obtaining Americans’ Robert Borosage, a Baby Boomer and personal information led many young co-director of the liberal Campaign for voters to demand reforms regarding America’s future, which advocates on how much government data is collected social and environmental issues. 94 91 CURRENT about them. In August, unveiled a But political interest in that issue $350 billion college plan that did not has abated in the absence of further SITUATION go quite as far as Bernie Sanders’ proposal revelations. An American Press Insti - to make public higher education tuition tute survey in April showed that just free and debt free. Her plan would make 20 percent of millennials worry about Courting the Young community colleges free, while ensuring digital privacy all or most of the time, that students with loans would not be while 46 percent said they worry only eep concern about college af - required to pay more than 10 percent a little, and 34 percent said they don’t D fordability and student loans, of their income in debt payments. worry at all. 92 more than any other topic, is expected To finance her plan, Clinton would Cory Doctorow, a science-fiction au - to get young voters to go to the polls limit the value of itemized tax deduc - thor and activist on privacy issues, said to elect a president in 2016. tions for the wealthiest Americans. 95

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 831 YOUNG vOTERS

Her would-be Republican opponents and Bush have called for an increased him afterward for raising the issue, but have strenuously objected, calling the role for for-profit colleges, such as the said they vehemently disagree with move essentially a tax hike. 96 University of Phoenix. Competition from Sanders’ support of abortion rights. 102 The GOP candidates have taken a for-profit schools, they say, will spur non - All of the campaigns are investing sub - variety of positions on college afford - profit schools to improve their performance stantially in social media. Clinton’s campaign ability. Trump has agreed with Democ - and potentially lower costs, enabling more has partnered with the Snapchat messaging rats that the federal government is mak - students to attend college. 99 service, using its “Live Story” feature to ing too much money from loans and On judicial-fairness issues, Paul has showcase users’ photographs at her June has promised to address it. Kentucky’s courted young voters by advocating re - campaign kickoff rally. Bush used Snapchat Paul favors making college tuition tax- ductions in mandatory-minimum sen - to launch his campaign the same month. In July Clinton held a question-and-answer session on facebook. 103 To assist Trump, the GOP frontrunner for much of the summer, two Chicago- area millennials recently created a “super PAC,” a type of political action committee that can independently collect unlimited campaign contributions on his behalf. “Donald Trump will solve issues — the student loan crisis, the lack of good employment for people who go to col -

g lege and can’t find a job when they n

o graduate,” said Dan Gallegos, 25, one W 104 x of the PAC’s creators . e l

A “It’s hip and cool today to be a so - / s

e cialist,” Gallegos said referring to Sanders, g a

m but for millennials, “that’s not going to I

y 105 t take them to the Promised Land.” t e

G President Obama is joining the 2016 Anthony Rodriguez, central regional director of Young Americans for Liberty, logs poll candidates in reaching out to millennials, votes during the annual meeting of the Conservative Political Action Conference in including promising to do more to help National Harbor, Md., on Feb. 28, 2015. The conservative campus group claims them succeed in the U.S. economy. 600 chapters and 204,000 youth activists nationwide and says its goal is “to identify, educate, train and mobilize young people committed to winning on principle.” “Your generation is going to continue to shape that economy for decades to deductible. former Arkansas Republican tencing and reduced penalties for ju - come — and that’s exactly why we Gov. mike Huckabee and South Car - venile offenders. Clinton and Sanders know we have more work to do to ad - olina GOP Sen. Lindsey Graham have also have discussed the need to end dress the challenges you still face,” Obama joined Clinton in supporting lower in - what they perceive as racial discrimi - wrote in a post on the blog-publishing terest rates for borrowers seeking to nation in the criminal-justice system . 100 website Medium last year . 106 refinance student loans. 97 Jeb Bush Sanders has spoken at numerous “That means making student loan wants to use the threat of withholding college campuses, including Liberty Uni - payments even more affordable,” he federal student-loan money to force versity, a conservative evangelical Chris - continued. “It means investing in the colleges to make more professors, rather tian college in Lynchburg, va., founded kind of basic research that led to the than adjuncts, teach courses. 98 former by the late televangelist Jerry falwell. Internet and GPS [Global Positioning Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly fiorina has Sanders told students there in September System] technology to help our next called for the federal government to that he hoped to find common ground generation of American companies suc - stop forcing what she says are overly with them on income inequality. ceed. And at a time when increased expensive accreditation procedures on “Do you think it’s moral when 20 per - investments in education have meant colleges. cent of the children in this country, the that young women are making the florida Republican Sen. marco Rubio wealthiest country in the history of the strongest start in the workforce of any has called for more online and vocational world, are living in poverty?” Sanders generation before them, it means fight - 101 training for working adults. And both he asked. Some students complimented Continued on p. 834

832 CQ Researcher At Issue:

Shoyes uld the voting age be lowered to 16?

ROB RICHIE LOU MANZA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PROFESSOR AND CHAIR FAIR VOTE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY CENTER FOR VOTING AND DEMOCRACY LEBANON VALLEY COLLEGE

WRITTEN FOR CQ RESEARCHER , SEPTEMBER 2015 WRITTEN FOR CQ RESEARCHER , SEPTEMBER 2015

ur nation is overdue for a serious conversation about s with other age-restricted activities, such as driving or the right to vote. we rightly honor the anniversary of military service, it can be difficult to decide where to o the voting Rights Act, but without an explicit right to a draw the line on the right to vote. while I’m confi - vote in the Constitution, we too often fail to bring sufficient dent some 16-year-olds would likely take voting seriously, many rigor to protecting voting rights. others probably would not, or even could not, as a result of we have erratic state and local standards for running na - how brains develop. tional elections. Our voter registration rolls miss nearly a third One reason society restricts certain behaviors to adults con - of eligible voters and are rife with errors. we deny full voting cerns how neural maturation allows individuals to reason ef - rights to more than 8 million citizens who have felony convic - fectively. This skill relies on one’s ability to suppress emotions tions or who live in washington, D.C., or the territories. And when making decisions requiring data-based analyses. As a unlike in many nations, only a few cities allow legal immi - group, teenagers tend not to fare as well with this compared grants to vote in loycal elections. es to adults. no The nation’s single-largest disenfranchised group is American much of our capacity for informed decision-making hinges citizens under 18. It’s time to join other nations in rethinking on having a well-developed pre-frontal cortex (PfC). This brain the voting age. In Scotland, 16-year-olds voted in the 2014 region, when functioning optimally, allows us to suppress in - referendum on independence. After so many young people formation influenced by emotions and focus on objective data seriously engaged on the issue, lawmakers from all parties for a given situation. Adults can then reach a more reasoned unanimously voted to permanently lower the voting age, conclusion than might be possible without the ability to con - joining nations like Argentina, Austria and Brazil. trol their emotions. But in a teenagers-vs.-adults scenario, re - The 26th Amendment prohibits a state from restricting search shows that PfCs tend not to reach full maturity until anyone age 18 or older from voting, but does not establish a the mid-20s, making younger individuals more susceptible to minimum voting age. Two maryland cities in suburban wash - bad decisions. ington — Hyattsville and Takoma Park — have extended vot - Since casting a ballot in any local, state or national elec - ing rights for municipal elections to 16-year-olds, and at least tion is a very serious decision with the potential to impact 14 states allow 17-year-olds to vote in all state and federal pri - society as a whole, we should do all we can to ensure that maries if they will be 18 by the time of the general election. those who bear the responsibility for voting have the best Research shows 16-year-old voters make informed decisions likelihood of making a reasoned, and not emotional, deci - and will participate in relatively high numbers. In both the sion. This can be accomplished in various ways, but restrict - 2013 city elections and a 2014 special election, Takoma Park’s ing people younger than 18 from going to the polls is one newly enfranchised teens voted at a rate comparable to people effective option. in their 40s — and, shockingly, more than all 18- to 29-year- Indeed, one could argue that based on biological evidence olds combined. A Danish study found that 18-year-olds were we should raise the voting age, since 18-year-olds, while pos - more likely to cast their “first vote” than 19-year-olds, and that sessing better-developed PfCs than younger peers, still are not every month of additional age resulted in declines in “first as equipped as older adults to make informed choices relative vote” turnout. to their voting habits. Allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote would enable them much of the pressure behind the 26th Amendment, which to vote before leaving home, help establish a lifelong habit lowered the voting age to 18, grew out of the fact that the and go hand-in-hand with new rights and responsibilities that age at which individuals could be drafted to serve in vietnam society extends to 16-year-olds, such as paying taxes and had been lowered to 18, yet those individuals had no say in being able to marry. the officials or policies that sent them there. It’s a valid argu - Expect widespread action on lowering the voting age in ment, but perhaps the draft age, and not the voting age, was the coming years, starting in cities. The right to vote always the figure that was out of line. warranno ts a close look — and our fullest commitment. But that’s an argument for another day.

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 833 YOUNG vOTERS

Continued from p. 832 Gov. Chris Christie — a Republican years, says Colby College’s Shea. “That’s ing to make sure they get the equal presidential candidate — vetoed a similar an indication that they’re not concerned pay for equal work they deserve.” 107 measure last year, also citing concerns and deeply connected for the long haul.” To further affirm his support for about increased voter fraud. 114 The party that will attract the most millennials, Obama’s administration has The John S. and James L. Knight millennial votes over the long term reminded voters that the Affordable foundation, based in miami, announced will be the one that engages them as Care Act, which overhauled the U.S. in July that it was distributing $3.2 million individuals instead as a monolithic health insurance system, enables people to various groups seeking innovative group, says Della volpe, the Harvard to remain on their parents’ health plans ways to increase young-voter participa - pollster. “Before you start talking about up to age 26. 108 tion and provide them with election- an issue,” he told a group of House Sen. Elizabeth warren, D-mass., related information. Republican lawmakers at a June hear - widely admired by millennial liberals, A $250,000 grant went to the Youth ing, “you need to form a relationship.” has proposed allowing students with Outreach Community Awareness Program, To do that, many young voters agree, debt to refinance at lower interest rates, a Philadelphia youth-advocacy group, to politicians must cut down on the pre - which has been an inspiration to Clin - recruit African-American barbershops in vailing tendency to engage in political ton’s plan. 109 that city to get customers to take surveys posturing and double-talk. “my predic - Senate Republicans blocked a vote and discuss the importance of voting. tion for the future is that when we on warren’s proposal last year and again Another group, the California nonprofit look back at today’s political rhetoric, in march, first because they wanted the Long Distance voter, received $325,000 it’ll be the same as going back and ability to offer unlimited amendments from the foundation to develop tech - watching an old cheesy ’90s Tv com - to her bill and then because they said nology to enable smartphone users to mercial,” says Ben Stockdale, 21, a her proposal didn’t belong on the fiscal complete and mail absentee ballots North Carolina State senior and pres - 2016 budget resolution . 110 from their phones. 115 ident of the local College Democrats meanwhile, Rock the vote in Sep - chapter. “You’ll think, ‘How the hell tember announced a partnership with did anyone ever take that seriously?’ State and Other Efforts the San Antonio media firm iHeartmedia, Now, there will always be people who which claims 245 million monthly listeners can get down with the ‘make America ome Democratic-leaning states are via more than 850 radio stations and a great again’ rhetoric and the speeches Staking steps to make it easier to digital radio platform, to begin a campaign that are straight out of “The west wing” vote, which observers say will greatly called “voting Is the Party.” It will feature [Tv show], but I think, in my generation, bolster under-30 political participation. announcements from musical artists and it’s a shrinking minority.” In Oregon, Democratic Gov. Kate others stressing the importance of voting Some political experts predict that Brown in march signed a first-in-the- and civic engagement. 116 millennials who already vote Democratic nation bill aimed at automatically reg - or Republican are unlikely to shift their istering eligible state residents to vote political allegiance, making it all the more when they obtain or renew a driver’s important for parties to invest in reaching license, going beyond the federal motor- OUTLOOK independent-minded young voters. voter law by adding people to the voter “If millennials are leaning toward one rolls unless they voluntarily opt out. 111 party now, they will likely stay with that Democrats in California’s Legislature party throughout their voting lives,” says subsequently passed a similar proposal The Long Haul Kristin Kanthak, a professor of political over the objections of Republicans, science at the University of Pittsburgh. who argued that it would increase voter any political scientists and other Over the longer term, some experts fraud. 112 Democratic Gov. Jerry Brown mobservers expect young voters to wonder if the generational divides be - had not taken a position on the bill make a sizeable impact at the polls tween millennials and other age groups as of mid-September, but in the past in 2016, but they are skeptical about could eventually lead to conflicts over he has expressed support for automatic whether that participation will translate issues such as spending on Social Security voter registration. 113 into longer-term political interest. and other federal entitlement programs. In New Jersey, the Democratic-con - “when it comes to deciding control Ronald Brownstein, editorial director trolled Legislature passed a package of of Congress, or governors’ offices or for National Journal , who has written election reforms that included automatic special elections, young voters are not extensively about the nation’s changing registration and online registration. But as mobilized” as in presidential-election demographics, has noted that minority

834 CQ Researcher groups, most notably Latinos, will turn Republicans Can Keep Up) (2015), p. 12. 17 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - the United States into a majority-minority 3 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public nation. He predicted: “In an age of di - icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public Service,” op. cit. 18 minished resources, the United States Service,” Harvard Institute of Politics, April 29, “Update — 21.5% Youth Turnout: Two-Day may be heading for an intensifying con - 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ox7ntmx . Estimate Comparable to Recent midterm Years,” 4 J. Cherie Strachan, “Building Youth Party Center for Information & Research on Civic frontation between the gray [aging Baby 117 Identification and Strengthening Democracy,” Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), Tufts Uni - Boomers] and the brown. ” in Daniel m. Shea and John C. Green, Fountain versity, Nov. 6, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/nnqf6aa . To avoid that confrontation, some of Youth: Strategies and Tactics for Mobilizing 19 Paul Taylor and mark Hugo Lopez, “Six analysts say, politicians should take se - America’s Young Voters (2007), p. 86. takeaways from the Census Bureau’s voting riously the needs of underperforming 5 Amy mitchell, Jeffrey Gottfried and Katerina report,” Pew Research Center, may 8, 2013, minority students who will become es - Eva matsa, “facebook Top Source for Political http://tinyurl.com/p8fcax3 . Also see “2012 sential to sustaining a vital workforce. News Among millennials,” Pew Research Cen - voter Turnout Report,” Bipartisan Policy Center, “The future of America is in this ter, June 1, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/qdjhrf9 . Nov. 8, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/obxdsd8 . question: will the Baby Boomers rec - See also, Tom Price, “Social media and Politics,” 20 Shea and Green, op. cit. , p. 12. 21 ognize that they have a responsibility CQ Researcher , Oct. 12, 2012, pp. 865-888. matthew R. Costlow, “A realist millennial’s 6 and a personal stake in ensuring that Connie Cass, “Some millennials digging into view of nuclear weapons,” Bulletin of the news, contrary to stereotype,” The Associated Atomic Scientists , Sept. 16, 2015, http://tiny this next generation of largely Latino Press, Sept. 25, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/qc92cnl . url.com/njghsw2 . and African-American kids are prepared 7 Anne Kim, “P.G. Sittenfeld: A Rising millennial 22 Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. fox, to succeed?” said Stephen Klineberg, a Star Calling for a millennial Shift in Politics,” Running From Office: Why Young Americans sociologist at Rice University who studies Republic 3.0 , June 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ Are Turned Off to Politics (2015), p. xi. the implications of changing demograph - ppqoj7b . 23 See Peter Katel, “Occupy movement,” CQ ics. “This ethnic transformation could 8 Paul Taylor and George Gao, “Generation X : Researcher , Jan. 13, 2012, pp. 25-52; and Peter be the greatest asset this county will America’s Neglected ‘middle Child,’ ” Pew Re - Katel, “Police Tactics,” CQ Researcher , Dec. 12, have, with a young multilingual, well- search Center, June 5, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ 2014, pp. 1033-1060. educated workforce. Or it could tear us oldpdms . Also see Carly Cody, “4 Reasons The 24 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - apart and become a major liability. ” 118 Pew millennials Report Should worry Democrats, icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public But many young voters are optimistic Too,” “it’s all politics,” NPR, march 10, 2014, Service,” op. cit. http://tinyurl.com/nzbm7xt . 25 Noah Berlatsky, “Hashtag Activism Isn’t a that such conflicts can be avoided and 9 John Tierney, “How to win millennials: Equality, Cop-Out,” The Atlantic , Jan. 7, 2015, http://tiny express great confidence that their gen - Climate Change, and Gay marriage,” The Atlantic , url.com/os4j2h8 . eration eventually will become more may 17, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/p6ysavt . 26 “mUSD breaks ground on 15 solar power involved in politics. 10 francine Kiefer, “Hillary Clinton’s college projects,” Hi-Desert Star (California), Aug. 12, “Each year that passes, the people I plan: Could parts of it fly with Republicans?” 2015, http://tinyurl.com/oq3jkhs . interact with know more and more about The Christian Science Monitor , Aug. 11, 2015, 27 Katy Steinmetz, “why Young People Don’t politics,” says Krolik, the Siena College http://tinyurl.com/ps92w54 . want to Run for Office,” Time , may 19, 2015, senior. “Once we enter the workforce, 11 Dylan matthews, “This poll proves that mil - http://tinyurl.com/pepxjbb . we will learn more about how taxes lennials have totally incoherent political views,” 28 Paul Taylor, The Next America: Boomers, work and will — hopefully — be making Vox.com , July 14, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/koekx9j . Millennials and the Coming Generational 12 [more than] the minimum wage, pro - michelle Diggles, “millennials: Political Ex - Showdown (2014), p. 34. plorers,” Third way.org, march 20, 2014, 29 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - pelling us to care about tax policy. http://tinyurl.com/nbuwb5p . icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public “Then,” she continues, “as we pur - 13 Scott Keeter, Juliana Horowitz and Alec Service,” op. cit. chase houses and have children, other Tyson, “Young voters in the 2008 Election,” 30 for more information see Chuck mc - aspects of public policy will become Pew Research Center, Nov. 13, 2008, http://tiny Cutcheon, “future of the GOP,” CQ Researcher , relevant and begin to matter.” url.com/n3mzmuq . Oct. 24, 2014, pp. 889-912. 14 “Young voters Supported Obama Less, But 31 Robert P. Jones, “what Americans Actually may Have mattered more,” Pew Research Cen - Think About Immigration,” The Atlantic , feb. 25, ter, Nov. 26, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/d7hxmbn . 2015, http://tinyurl.com/lur827n . Notes 15 “How Do Young People Decide who to 32 Chris Cillizza, “Today’s Republican Party is vote for?” Center for Information & Research a Battle Between mathematicians and Priests,” on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), The Washington Post , Aug. 11, 2015, http://tiny 1 See Alan Greenblatt, “millennial Generation,” Tufts University, http://tinyurl.com/ngzv5cx . url.com/qge54mz . CQ Researcher , June 26, 2015, pp. 553-576. 16 Brent Budowsky, “Bernie Sanders’s great 33 Gary Langer, “Clinton Goes Under water; 2 Kristen Soltis Anderson, The Selfie Vote: Where idea: free public college education,” The Hill , Trump Polarization Grows (Poll),” ABC News.com, Millennials Are Leading America (And How June 9, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/oaf5lyz . Sept. 2, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/pqshtc8 .

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 835 YOUNG vOTERS

34 for more information see Chuck mcCutcheon, 53 Emily Green, “Plan to allow S.f. 16-year- clopedia Britannica , http://tinyurl.com/nefe4jg . “Latino voters,” CQ Researcher , April 3, 2015, olds to vote won’t be on 2015 ballot,” San 67 “The 26th Amendment,” op. cit. pp. 289-312. Francisco Chronicle , June 8, 2015, http://tiny 68 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 1968- 35 Alexia fernández Campbell, “Every 30 Sec - url.com/oho5q9x . 1972,” op. cit. onds, a Latino Reaches voting Age. You Read 54 Lisa Suhay, “Should 16-year-olds be allowed 69 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 1976- That Right,” National Journal , Aug. 26, 2015, to vote?” The Christian Science Monitor , march 1980, Gallup.com, http://tinyurl.com/o7rff7a . http://tinyurl.com/of7ctxz . 1, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/lhkuych . Also see 70 Kathy Sawyer and Barry Sussman, “millions 36 Robby mook, “State of the Race, Summer Tak wing Chan and matthew Clayton, “Should of Young Adults Have No Plans to Register 2015,” http://tinyurl.com/nw5ealx . the voting Age Be Lowered to Sixteen? Nor - to vote,” The Washington Post , Sept. 21, 1980, 37 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - mative and Empirical Considerations,” Political http://tinyurl.com/nv9nyyh . icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public Studies , vol. 54, 2006, http://tinyurl.com/pohn4pj . 71 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 1976- Service,” op. cit. 55 Emily Green, “voting at 16 in S.f.? Supervisor 1980,” op. cit. 38 Taylor, The Next America , op. cit. , p. 39. says the time has come,” San Francisco Chron - 72 mark Hugo Lopez and Carrie Donovan, 39 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - icle , march 16, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/qzwgxb2 . “Youth & Adult voter Turnout from 1972-2002,” icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public 56 Ted Siefer, “vermont town rejects lowering undated, Center for Information & Research on Service,” op. cit. voting age to 16: report,” Reuters, march 3, Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) , 40 Ibid. for more information, see Jane friedman, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/owbv2jz . http://tinyurl.com/ymdw4g . “Terrorism,” CQR Hot Topics, may 12, 2015. 57 martha Shanahan, “Brattleboro weighs voting 73 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 1984- 41 Anderson, op. cit. , p. 219. rights for 16- and 17-year olds,” Keene Sentinel , 1988,” Gallup.com, http://tinyurl.com/pxmg3dq . 42 Ibid. , p. 208. march 3, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/nmvnkf3 . 74 michael Hoover and Susan Orr, “Young 43 Ibid. , p. 195. 58 Owen Bennett, “votes for 16-Year-Olds A Political Engagement: why Rock the vote Hits 44 “Lowering the voting Age,” fairvote.org, Step Closer After House Of Lords Backs Elec - the wrong Note,” in Shea and Green, op. cit. , http://tinyurl.com/o89ytoa . tion Reform,” The Huffington Post United King - pp. 148-149. 45 John Curtice, “So How many 16- and 17- dom , July 15, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/q7pev5t . 75 Lopez and Donovan, op. cit. Year-olds voted?” whatScotlandThinks.org, 59 “A long history of campus activism,” College 76 “Election Polls — vote by Group, 1992- Dec. 16, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/owxep55 . Republican National Committee, undated, 1996,” Gallup.com, http://tinyurl.com/ootflss . 46 Jason Brennan, “Let 16-year-olds vote,” CNN.com, http://tinyurl.com/awc5nur . 77 Linda m. Harrington, “House Approves Sept. 19, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/l22b3r4 . 60 “Our story,” College Democrats of America, motor-voter Bill,” Chicago Tribune , feb. 5, 47 “Lowering the voting Age,” op. cit. undated, http://tinyurl.com/q2o7eq6 . 1993, http://tinyurl.com/qh2uljm . 48 Yosef Bhatti and Kasper m. Hansen, “Leaving 61 franklin D. Roosevelt, “130 — Radio Address 78 Lopez and Donovan, op. cit. the Nest and the Social Act of voting: Turnout to the Young Democratic Clubs of America,” 79 Hoover and Orr, op. cit. , p. 150. Among first-voters,” Journal of Elections, Public University of California-Santa Barbara American 80 “Retro-Politics: The Political Typology, ver - Opinion and Parties , vol. 22, No. 4, November Presidency Project, Aug. 24, 1935, http://tinyurl. sion 3.0,” Pew Research Center, Nov. 11, 1999, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/npfcpne. com/okeuczj . http://tinyurl.com/pu53334 . 49 “Lowering the voting Age,” op. cit. 62 “The 26th Amendment,” History.com, 2010, 81 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 2000- 50 milan Simonich, “Teen voting bill lives an - http://tinyurl.com/nblje7a . 2004,” Gallup.com, http://tinyurl.com/oh9c2y8 . other day,” The New Mexican , feb. 16, 2015, 63 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 1960- 82 Chuck mcCutcheon, “Young voters are http://tinyurl.com/nqrfszw . 1964,” Gallup.com, http://tinyurl.com/bvlp3ux . trying to add peers to their rolls,” The Star- 51 “HB 249 — 16-Year-olds voting in School 64 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 1968- Ledger (Newark, N.J.), Aug. 1, 2004. Elections,” New mexico Legislature, undated, 1972,” Gallup.com, http://tinyurl.com/oqs7vqr . 83 “Election Polls — vote by Groups, 2000- http://tinyurl.com/psbkseb . 65 “Students for a Democratic Society,” Ency - 2004,” op. cit. 52 Peter Levine, “why the voting Age Should clopedia Britannica Online (2015), http://tiny 84 Thom file, “Young-Adult voting: An Analysis be 17,” Politico , feb. 24, 2015, http://tinyurl. url.com/omtcjkb . of Presidential Elections, 1964-2012,” U.S. Census com/nc3f8zq . 66 “Tom Hayden” and “Chicago Seven,” Ency - Bureau, April 2014, http://tinyurl.com/peaey63 . 85 “New Lake-Goeas Poll Analysis Shows Iraq, Pocketbook Issues & Candidate Contact About the Author Spurred Large 2006 Youth vote,” Youngvoter Strategies.org/Center for Information & Re - Chuck McCutcheon is an assistant managing editor of search on Civic Learning and Engagement, CQ Researcher . He has been a reporter and editor for Con - Dec. 14, 2006, http://tinyurl.com/oug8to6 . gressional Quarterly and Newhouse News Service and is co- 86 “millennials: Confident. Connected. Open author of the 2012 and 2014 editions of The Almanac of to Change,” Pew Research Center, feb. 24, American Politics Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs and Wash - 2010, http://tinyurl.com/9vxl6oa . and 87 ington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang and Bluster “more millennials Predict Obama will Lose Bid for Re-election Than win, Harvard Poll of American Political Speech. He also has written books on finds,” Harvard Institute of Politics, Dec. 15, climate change and nuclear waste. 2011, http://tinyurl.com/ppo83g4 .

836 CQ Researcher 88 michael Scherer, “How Obama’s data crunch - ers helped him win,” CNN.com, Nov. 8, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/lq8y4hp . FOR MORE INFORMATION 89 “Young voters Supported Obama Less, But Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy , University of may Have mattered more,” op. cit. Southern California, 350 S. Grand Ave., Suite 3350, Los Angeles, CA 90071 ; 213- 90 “Executive Summary: Survey of Young Amer - 337-3100 ; communicationleadership.usc.edu . Conducts research into how technology icans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public and other forces affect civic discourse. Service,” op. cit. Center for American Progress , 1333 H St., N.w., 10th floor, washington, DC 91 for more information see Chuck mc - 20005 ; 202-682-1611 ; www.americanprogress.org . A liberal think tank that studies Cutcheon, “Government Surveillance,” CQ Re - a wide range of policy topics. searcher , Aug. 30, 2013, pp. 717-740. Center for Generational Kinetics , 8733 Shoal Creek Blvd., Austin, TX 78757 ; 92 Avery Powell, “Study: millennials indifferent 512-259-6877 ; genhq.com . Conducts research to keep corporate clients abreast of about digital privacy,” USA Today College , April generational trends and challenges, with an emphasis on millennials. 3, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/pp2wdrd . Harvard University Institute of Politics , 79 John f. Kennedy St., Cambridge, 93 Cory Doctorow, “You Are Not a Digital Native: mA 02138 ; 617-495-1360 ; www.iop.harvard.edu /. Conducts regular surveys of Privacy in the Age of the Internet,” Tor.com, young voters’ political preferences. may 27, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/oerf8hw . Millennial Action Project , 1601 Connecticut Ave., N.w., Suite 200, washington, 94 Jonathan martin, “Some Democrats Look to DC 20009 ; 202-534-1163 ; www.millennialaction.org . Nonpartisan group that trains Push Party Away from Center,” The New York young leaders to find pragmatic solutions to issues concerning the rising generation; Times , July 24, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/qeb6k9j . organized a Congressional future Caucus for millennials in Congress. 95 Annie Linskey, “Clinton to unveil student Rock the Vote , 1001 Connecticut Ave., N.w., Suite 640, washington, DC 20036 ; debt plan,” The Boston Globe , Aug. 10, 2015, 202-719-9910 ; www.rockthevote.com . Nonpartisan youth voter-registration and http://tinyurl.com/nn4ubjr . voter-awareness group. 96 Kiefer, op. cit. Roosevelt Institute Campus Network , 570 Lexington Ave., 5th floor, New York, 97 Allie Bidwell, “GOP Hopefuls Back Student NY 10022 ; 212-444-9130 ; www.rooseveltcampusnetwork.org . Network of more than Loan Refinancing,” U.S. News & World Report , 120 campus chapters that provides policy training for students and conducts re - June 9, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ncebkaf . See search on the political and budgetary priorities of millennials at the community also Jillian Berman, “Donald Trump accuses and national levels. the government of profiting off student loans,” Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement MarketWatch , Sept. 21, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ (CIRCLE) , Tufts University, Lincoln filene Hall, medford, mA 02155 ; 617-627-3453 ; pljcvwt . www.civicyouth.org . Research group focusing on young people, especially those 98 Jennifer Rubin, “Jeb Bush: A different kind who are marginalized. of Republican,” The Washington Post , Aug. 30 , Young Invincibles , 1411 K St., N.w., fourth floor, washington, DC 20005 ; 202- 2012, http://tinyurl.com/pfhw8rd , http://tinyurl. 734-6510 ; younginvincibles.org . Advocacy group that addresses health care and com/nzbm7xt . youth unemployment issues. 99 John Sandman, “Republican Presidential Candidates Court the millennial vote, But Are com/otwn5vp . to vote,” Vox.com , Sept. 14, 2015, http://tiny Soft on Student-Loan Solutions,” TheStreet.com, 105 Ibid. url.com/ofmo49f . Aug. 7, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ncnhb6d . 106 Barack Obama, “why I’m Betting on You 113 Ari Berman, “How Automatic voter Regis - 100 Kira Lerner, “How Criminal Justice Reform to Help Shape the New American Economy,” tration Can Transform American Politics,” The Became the Least Controversial Issue in the Medium.com , Oct. 9, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ Nation , Sept. 22, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ 2016 Presidential Race,” ThinkProgress.org, m6wlma9 . nvy42sg . feb. 18, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/ozu3x6o . Also 107 Ibid. 114 Ricardo Kaulessar, “Sen. Gill to Christie: see “Racial Justice,” Bernie Sanders presidential 108 “fACT SHEET: President Obama’s Agenda Sign voting Rights Bill,” Montclair Times (N.J.), campaign website, http://tinyurl.com/pp8bfja . for Creating Economic Opportunity for mil - Sept. 16, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/nvqo2n8 . 101 Chris Cillizza, “Bernie Sanders’ Liberty Uni - lennials,” white House Office of the Press Sec - 115 “Knight News Challenge awards $3.2 million versity speech, annotated,” The Washington retary, Oct. 9, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ojv4c2d . for ideas to better inform voters and increase Post , Sept. 14, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/psgv9uu . 109 Linskey, op. cit. civic participation,” Knight foundation, July 22 , 102 Jessica Pounds, “Liberty University students 110 Jordain Carney, “GOP blocks warren’s stu - 2015, http://tinyurl.com/o2ck52g . react to Bernie Sanders,” The Roanoke Times , dent loan plan,” The Hill , march 25, 2015, 116 “Rock the vote and iHeartmedia Announce Sept. 14, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/o4b43gb . http://tinyurl.com/o5r8wqs . Partnership To Increase voter Turnout in the 103 Nisha Chittal, “Hillary Clinton Joins 111 maria L. La Ganga, “Under new Oregon 2016 Presidential Election,” Rock the vote news Snapchat,” mSNBC.com, Aug. 10, 2015, http:// law, all eligible voters are registered unless release, Sept. 18, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/plf64s6 . tinyurl.com/ncbjeag . they opt out,” , march 17, 117 Ronald Brownstein, “The Gray and the 104 Carol felsenthal, “meet the Chicago millennials 2015, http://tinyurl.com/pwlqhn6 . Brown: A Generational mismatch,” National who Started a Donald Trump Super PAC,” 112 Andrew Prokop, “California looks like it’s Journal , April 18, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/bs9f7tn . Chicago Magazine , Sept. 3, 2015, http://tinyurl. about to start automatically registering people 118 Ibid.

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 837 Bibliography Selected Sources

Books Lee , Timothy B. , “Uber is the perfect poster child for the Republican economic agenda,” Vox.com , July 24, 2015 , Anderson , Kristen Soltis , The Selfie Vote: Where Millen - http://tinyurl.com/ojtpdyz . nials Are Leading America (And How Republicans Can A journalist looks at how Republicans are embracing Uber Keep Up) , Broadside Books , 2015 . and similar companies to win over young voters. A Republican pollster and political consultant chronicles how the GOP is losing support from millennials and suggests Reports and Studies ways the party can regain it. “How Do Young People Decide Who to Vote For?” Center Lawless , Jennifer L. , and Richard L. Fox , Running From for Information & Research on Civic Learning and En - Office: Why Young Americans Are Turned Off to Politics , gagement (CIRCLE), Tufts University , undated , http://tiny Oxford University Press , 2015 . url.com/ngzv5cx . Two political scientists explain the findings of their national A research group concludes that young voters care more survey of more than 4,000 high school and college students about issues than candidates’ perceived personal qualities, showing a strong lack of interest in becoming politicians. but given a choice of personal qualities, favor candidates they feel are in touch with people like them. Taylor , Paul , The Next America: Boomers, Millennials and the Looming Generational Showdown , PublicAffairs , 2014 . “Millennials: The Politically Unclaimed Generation,” A former Pew Research Center executive summarizes the wash - Reason-Rupe , July 10, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/pxg5x9j . ington think tank’s findings on the two largest American generations, The polling arm of the libertarian magazine Reason concludes concluding that extended political conflict isn’t inevitable. that millennials deeply mistrust government.

Winograd , Morley , and Michael D. Hais , Millennial Mo - “Survey of Young Americans’ Attitudes Toward Politics mentum: How a New Generation Is Reshaping America , and Public Service,” Harvard Institute of Politics , April Rutgers University Press , 2011 . 29, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/mgpabt3 . The authors, who have worked in communications and A survey of more than 3,000 millennials finds they prefer politics, present research exploring how the rising generation a Democrat to win the presidency in 2016. has affected politics, culture and education. “Young Voters Supported Obama Less, But May Have Articles Mattered More,” Pew Research Center , Nov. 26, 2012 , http://tinyurl.com/d7hxmbn . Brennan , Jason , “Let 16-year-olds vote,” CNN.com , Sept. 19, The nonpartisan think tank indicates that President Obama 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/l22b3r4 . won a smaller percentage of millennials’ votes in 2012 than A Georgetown University professor of strategy, economics, in 2008 but that a larger number of them backed him in ethics and public policy argues that the U.S. voting age should key battleground states crucial to his re-election. be lowered, as it has been in Scotland and elsewhere. Diggles , Michelle , “Millennials — Political Explorers,” Third Campbell , Alexia Fernandez , “Every 30 Seconds, a Latino Way.org , March 20, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/nbuwb5p . Reaches Voting Age. You Read That Right,” National A researcher at a centrist think tank finds millennials are Journal , Aug. 26, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/of7ctxz . skeptical of government institutions but nonetheless open to A journalist assesses how growth among Latinos might governmental solutions to society’s problems. shape U.S. politics in the future. File , Thom , “Young-Adult Voting: An Analysis of Presi - Costlow , Matthew R. , “A realist Millennial’s view of nuclear dential Elections, 1964-2012,” U.S. Census Bureau, April weapons,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , Sept. 16, 2015 , 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/peaey63 . http://tinyurl.com/njghsw2 . A Census Bureau analyst compiles young-voter data over A millennial policy analyst at a right-leaning think tank the past four decades. takes his generation to task for not taking issues such as nuclear arms proliferation more seriously. Mitchell, Amy, Jeffrey Gottfried and Katerina Eva Matsa, “Facebook Top Source for Political News Among Millennials,” Killian, Linda, “When Will We See a #Millennial Congress?” Pew Research Center, June 1, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/qdjhrf9 . The Daily Beast , Dec. 26, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/opagov7 . The nonpartisan washington think tank finds that facebook A journalist looks at millennials’ low turnout in the 2014 is far and away the leading source of political news for mil - midterm elections and questions whether turnout will remain lennials. low in future elections.

838 CQ Researcher The Next Step: Additional Articles from Current Periodicals

2016 Election Despite experts’ fears that millennials lack interest in running for office, historical data show they will likely begin to Corasaniti , Nick, “Poll Finds Democrats’ Edge Among replace Baby Boomer congressional representatives as they Young Slipping,” The New York Times , April 29, 2015 , enter their 30s. http://tinyurl.com/pswgecf . fifty-five percent of millennials support the Democratic Dure , Beau , “Millennial politicians take on small towns,” Party in the upcoming presidential election, according to a CNN Money , Dec. 5, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/pcmt566 . poll by Harvard University’s Institute of Politics, well below more millennial political candidates are being elected to the 67 percent who voted for President Obama in 2012. govern small towns and suburbs, according to a nonpartisan group that represents young officeholders. Kokalitcheva , Kia , “Snapchat’s secret to winning the 2016 election,” Fortune , June 24, 2015 , http://tinyurl. Voter Engagement com/o94vaj8 . The social media messaging app Snapchat plans to create Brennan , Chris , “Millennials could be political force in political content during the 2016 election to encourage civic Philadelphia, if they voted,” The Philadelphia Inquirer , engagement in young voters. March 2, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/njl9jzs . mayoral candidates in Philadelphia, where the average resident Lippman , Daniel , “Group’s proposals would make debates is 33, have struggled to appeal to disengaged millennials. more candidate, millennial-friendly,” Politico , June 17, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/pm3lcac . El Nasser , Haya , “Candidates facing more Latino voters A bipartisan group of veteran campaign workers wants to who don’t speak Spanish,” Al Jazeera America , June 2, 2015 , reformat the general election debates to increase viewership http://tinyurl.com/on8ysjn . and make them more accessible to millennial and Hispanic Presidential candidates are trying to appeal to a new gen - voters. eration of non-Spanish-speaking Latino voters by targeting issues that affect them, such as immigration, health care and Media Consumption the minimum wage.

Cass , Connie , “Some millennials digging into news, con - Seipel , Arnie , “Millennial Voters Are Paying Attention — trary to stereotype,” The Associated Press , Sept. 25, 2015 , So Why Don’t More Vote?” NPR , Oct. 8, 2014 , http://tinyurl. http://tinyurl.com/pmz99nv . com/o7pcbvr . four in 10 millennials actively read the news, though political The highly partisan political climate has led fewer millennials news consumption varies depending on their family and to vote or join a political party, according to the president career goals and other factors, according to a joint poll by of the voter engagement nonprofit Rock the vote. The Associated Press and the American Press Institute.

Talev , Margaret , “Inside Obama’s Web Campaign to Target CITING CQ RESEARCHER Millennials,” Bloomberg Politics , Feb. 10, 2015 , http://tiny Sample formats for citing these reports in a bibliography url.com/pq7hbjw . A senior adviser to President Obama says since 2008 the include the ones listed below. Preferred styles and formats administration has continuously adapted to changing media- vary, so please check with your instructor or professor. consumption habits of young voters. mLA STYLE Officeholders Jost, Kenneth. “Remembering 9/11.” CQ Researcher 2 Sept. 2011: 701-732. Beam , Adam , “Kentucky’s election filled with ‘firsts,’ ” The Associated Press , May 26, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/ APA S TYLE ogtymdw . Jost, K. (2011, September 2). Remembering 9/11. CQ Researcher, Three Republican nominees for state-level positions in Ken - tucky, two for cabinet offices and one for attorney general, 9, 701-732. are under 35. CHICAGO STYLE Bump , Philip , “Why aren’t millennials running for office? Jost, Kenneth. “Remembering 9/11.” CQ Researcher , September It’s not because they’re turned off. It’s age,” The Wash - 2, 2011, 701-32. ington Post , May 27, 2015 , http://tinyurl.com/olt2ysx .

www.cqresearcher.com Oct. 2, 2015 839 In-depth Reports on Issues in the News

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