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Revista Actual Blanca Editores invitados . Gregory Zambrano y Hernán Lucena Universidad de Los Andes Mérida - Venezuela Blanca PRESENTACIÓN En 1938 se dio inicio formal a las relaciones de cooperación entre Venezuela y Japón. Han sido setenta años de intercambios en diversas áreas, especialmente en el aspecto energético, tecnológico, médico, comercial, deportivo y cultural. Para celebrar este aniversario en varias ciudades de Venezuela se desarrollaron actividades específi cas, muchas de ellas enmarcadas dentro de las tradicionales “semanas culturales” que han tenido una productiva continuidad en varias de las principales ciudades de Venezuela. Ese marco ha sido propicio también para mostrar entre los lectores de Actual facetas relevantes del hecho cultural japonés. En este número monográfi co especial se reúnen diversos trabajos que dan cuenta del rico y variado legado cultural del país nipón. Contamos con la colaboración de especialistas destacados en el área de las artes plásticas, la arquitectura, la literatura, el teatro, pero también estudiosos de la sociedad japonesa, de su lugar preponderante en los negocios, en la exportación de tecnología, de la cooperación internacional, de sus programas académicos, entre otros. La primera parte de nuestra revista se dedica al estudio del arte en la tradición japonesa, con la contribución de Amaury García Rodríguez, investigador de El Colegio de México, quien se ocupa de indagar en el erotismo y la imagen de la mujer en el Japón moderno. A éste sigue el aporte del académico venezolano Ignacio Aristimuño, docente en la Universidad Doshisha, de Kioto, y quien se especializa en el tema de los jardines japoneses. Betsy Forero Montoya, académica colombiana, quien también labora en Japón, en ACTUAL 5 la Universidad de Sofía, nos entrega su contribución en el aspecto teatral que se condensa en el estudio de los rastros de la historia japonesa en la danza de la oscuridad. La segunda parte de los estudios interpretativos, se concentra en los aportes del arte literario, tensando un arco histórico que permite apreciar las transiciones, las contradicciones y sobre todo las orientaciones de la literatura japonesa desde los aportes más antiguos hasta los contemporáneos, entendiendo sus continuidades y rupturas en el camino de la tradición hacia la modernidad. En esta sección se presentan las contribuciones de Masateru Ito, apreciado ex embajador de Japón en Venezuela, quien se ocupa del estudio de la literatura clásica japonesa, en la cual muestra el espejo del alma del pueblo japonés. Continúa en la línea cronológica en ensayo del escritor venezolano Ednodio Quintero, cuyas páginas ofrecen un paseo en siete estaciones por la literatura japonesa, alcanzando a establecer los aportes más recientes de sus narradores. Continúa Noriaki Takabayashi Iwasaki, profesor de la Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Kioto, quien nos presentan a un autor poco conocido en Occidente y, sin duda, será una interesante revelación lo que el autor descubre tras las huellas de la vida del novelista Toson Shimazaki y sus fricciones con la sociedad de su tiempo. Esta sección culmina con el estudio de la profesora Yoko Imai, de la Universidad de Kyoto Sangyo, quien se ocupa de establecer puentes culturales y diálogos textuales entre dos escritores emblemáticos: Natsume Soseki y Julio Cortázar. Siguen dos secciones dedicadas de manera especial a la poesía y al cuento. En la primera una muestra de dos importantes poetas contemporáneos de Japón, Kazuko Shiraishi y Yutaka Hosono y una selección de cuentos de autores considerados como clásicos de las letras japonesas: Ryunosuke Akutagawa, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima y Shinichi Hoshi. Hemos reservado una sección al estudio de aspectos sobre cultura y sociedad en el Japón contemporáneo, en la cual apreciamos 6 ACTUAL la contribución de dos destacadas académicas mexicanas que han dedicado su vida profesional al estudio de aspectos polémicos de la historia japonesa más reciente: Silvia Lidia González, de la Universidad de Estudios Internacionales de Kanda, Japón, cuya investigación se desarrolla en el marco de los estudios sobre la cultura de la paz y los medios de comunicación, indaga en la signifi cación de las fotografías recientemente divulgadas en torno a Hiroshima y el impacto que esto tiene en el imaginario visual de la emblemática ciudad japonesa. Emma Mendoza Martínez, de la Universidad de Colima, México, se ocupa de establecer la dinámica de la energía renovable y la sociedad civil en Japón, valorando el modo cómo la ciudadanía se ha estado incorporando a los proyectos en torno a los combustibles para lograr el equilibrio entre la producción, el consumo de energía, y la generación de emisiones contaminantes. Para refrendar la importancia de las relaciones culturales entre Japón y Venezuela, consideramos el aporte de María Gabriela Mata Carnevali, de la Universidad de Los Andes, quien ha vivido de cerca el desarrollo de las Semanas Culturales de Japón en Venezuela, programa que enmarca dentro de lo que denomina Diplomacia de los pueblos. Como una muestra del rico legado del arte plástico japonés, presentamos la propuesta pictórica de Takako Kodani, dibujante y pintora japonesa, radicada en Venezuela, quien recientemente ha presentado una muestra de su trabajo en la galería Ginza-Renga de Tokio, la Galería Corp Banca de Caracas y la Galería la Otra Banda de la Universidad de Los Andes, en Mérida, Venezuela. Cierra este número especial una reseña de quien suscribe, acerca de la reciente aparición en Venezuela de una antología de cuentos de Junichiro Tanizaki, que por vez primera se traduce directamente del japonés a la lengua de Cervantes. Para concluir estas notas preliminares, deseo expresar mi gratitud a la Universidad de Los Andes y especialmente a la Dirección General de Cultura y Extensión que acogió la idea de este volumen conmemorativo, a los colegas del Departamento de Estudios de Área ACTUAL 7 de la Universidad de Tokio, en especial a la profesora Ayako Saitou; al profesor Ryukichi Terao, de la Universidad Ferris, de Yokohama, por su traducciones de los cuentos de Akutagawa, Kawabata, Mishima y Hoshi y mi especial gratitud a la “Japan Foundation”, que me acogió en el “Japanese Studies Fellowship Program”. Gregory Zambrano Tokio, junio de 2008 8 ACTUAL ENERO - AGOSTO 2008 67-68 ISSN:1315-8589 . Revista de la Dirección General de Cultura y Extensión. Universidad de Los Andes Fundada en 1968 Director Fundador Salvador Garmendia 5 Presentación Revista arbitrada y registrada En el índex REVENCYT Código RV A007 (junio 01/05) EL ARTE EN LA TRADICIÓN AUTORIDADES UNIVERSITARIAS JAPONESA Rector Léster Rodríguez Herrera Vicerrector Académico 13 “Lo erótico” y la imagen de la Humberto Ruíz Calderón mujer en el Japón moderno Vicerrector Administrativo Mario Bonucci Rossini Amaury A. García Rodríguez Secretaria Nancy Rivas de Prado Director General de Cultura y Extensión 27 Fundamentos del jardín japonés Orlando Chacón Mora Ignacio Aristimuño REVISTA ACTUAL Director 49 Rastros de historia japonesa en Orlando Chacón Mora la danza de la oscuridad Editores invitados Gregory Zambrano/Hernán Lucena Betsy Forero Montoya Asistencia editorial Deboralicia Flores Fuentes Consejo de redacción LAS LETRAS: Luis Ricardo Dávila, Vincent Morley, DE LA TRADICIÓN Simón Noriega, Alberto Rodríguez Carucci, Gregory Zambrano A LA MODERNIDAD Concepto gráfi co José Gregorio Romero 61 La literatura clásica japonesa: Portada Actor de teatro kabuki. espejo del alma de su pueblo Foto: Ednodio Quintero Masateru Ito Impresión: Editorial Venezolana C. A. 77 Paseo en siete estaciones por la Universidad de Los Andes Revista Actual: Av. 5 Zerpa literatura japonesa Esquina con calle 24, antiguo Colegio Ednodio Quintero San José, 1º piso. Tele-fax 0274.240.2658 Mérida 5101. Venezuela Correo electrónico: [email protected] 93 Huellas de la vida del novelista y HECHO EL DEPÓSITO DE LEY: sus fricciones con la sociedad: PP196802ME262 El caso de Toson Shimazaki Noriaki Takabayashi Iwasaki 10 ACTUAL CONTENIDO 109 Soseki y Cortázar: profesores de literatura inglesa: La infl uencia de Keats y del arte del fi n del siglo Yoko Imai Poemas de 125 Kazuko Shiraishi 129 Yutaka Hosono Takako Kodani Cuentos de 133 Ryunosuke Akutagawa, “El mago” TESTIMONIO 138 Yasunari Kawabata, 179 Semanas Culturales: “Huesos de dios” Diplomacia de los pueblos María Gabriela Mata Carnevali 141 Yukio Mishima, “No confi eses” ARTISTA INVITADA: 145 Shinichi Hoshi, 191 Takako Kodani “Bokko-chan” Semblanza, obra gráfi ca. CULTURA Y SOCIEDAD CATALEJO EN JAPÓN 195 Junichiro Tanizaki: del mundo 149 Entre nuevas imágenes y viejas fl otante a la realidad disonante percepciones: la formación del Gregory Zambrano imaginario atómico Silvia Lidia González 203 LOS AUTORES 165 Energía Renovable y Sociedad 210 Canje Civil en Japón Emma Mendoza Martínez ACTUAL 11 Keisai Eisen, “Concurso de belleza: Una geisha de la capital oriental” Revista de la Dirección General de Cultura y Extensión. Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida-Venezuela Nº 67-68. Enero-agosto, 2008, pp. 13-26. el arte en la tradición japonesa “LO ERÓTICO” Y LA IMAGEN DE LA MUJER EN EL JAPÓN MODERNO AMAURY A. GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ* Resumen El artículo versa sobre la importación a Japón de términos y conceptos occidentales vinculados con la sexualidad, sus relaciones con las estructuras de poder japonesas de principios del siglo XX, y la manera en que sirven de base para la construcción de un imaginario que se edifi ca a partir de la representación de la mujer como ícono máximo de la “sexualidad moderna”. Palabras clave: Sexualidad,
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