Thamesview School History
Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88
Home Learning Booklet KT2: Challenges at Home and Abroad, 1569-88
Instructions • Complete the knowledge recall sections of the booklet. • Answer the exam questions. Plots and Revolts at Home
1. Write the number of each of the following events and developments in the appropriate column to identify whether it was a key cause, event or consequence of the Revolt of the Northern Earls.
Cause Event Consequence
1: The Earl of Sussex assembled a 2: The earls had political and 3: From 9 to 15 November 1569 huge royal army of 10,000 men, economic grievances against the earls of Northumberland and causing the Northern Earls to turn Elizabeth. She had weakened Westmorland urged all their back their march and escape into their control by appointing a tenants to join their army and Scotland. The Earl of Council of the North and had march south to bring an end to Northumberland was later taken lands from nobles, the Privy Council, which executed, along with 450 rebels. including the Earl of supported Elizabeth’s policies. Northumberland. 4: The revolt had little chance of 5: Elizabeth’s government did not 6: The earls had strong Catholic success since it was ineffectively panic. Officials in the north traditions, and both had taken led, confused in its aims and prevented rebels from taking key part in a plan to marry Mary lacked the support of most towns and were successful in Queen of Scots to the Duke of English Catholics, who were not raising a huge army in support of Norfolk to further support her committed to the revolt. The Elizabeth. This army was prepared claim to the throne. They held a revolt also did not receive to fight to defend her governance Catholic service in Durham support from abroad. of the kingdom. Cathedral.
2. Read the statements and then write the appropriate number in the empty box in the table below to identify whether each statement describes a cause, event or significance of the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 or the Throckmorton Plot of 1583.
1: Elizabeth’s government 2: Mary Queen of Scots used 3: Throckmorton was put under carefully unravelled the details of Ridolfi to carry messages to surveillance in April 1583; he was the plot. Norfolk’s servants Catholics abroad, urging them to arrested in June and, after a betrayed him under interrogation organise an invasion of England. search of his house, incriminating and the duke was arrested in Their aim was to overthrow papers detailing the plan were September 1571, bringing an end Elizabeth, make Mary queen and discovered. Throckmorton to a plot that had failed to be put restore the Catholic religion. A confessed under torture to this into action. coded message was left with the plan and was executed in July Duke of Norfolk. 1584.
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Cause Event Significance
Ridolfi Plot of 1571 The Duke of Norfolk was put on trial in January 1572 and beheaded in June. Ridolfi stayed abroad. Elizabeth passed an Act saying that anyone claiming she was not the rightful queen was a traitor, but fears of Catholic plotting remained.
Throckmorton Plot of Francis Throckmorton The plot confirmed that 1583 carried letters from Mary some Catholics Queen of Scots to the continued to plot against French and Spanish Elizabeth. Fears ambassadors and was in increased after the touch with English assassination of William Catholic nobles. The plan of Orange in July 1584. was to create an uprising Elizabeth’s government of English Catholics, intensified its assisted by a French surveillance to protect invasion and Spanish Elizabeth and to financial support, to free incriminate Mary in any Mary and restore plots. Catholicism.
3. Put the following statements about the Babington Plot of 1586 into chronological order by writing the number of each in the table.
Chronological Order Statement 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
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1: In July 1586 Babington wrote 2: Babington and two other 3: Babington was apparently to Mary, outlining six steps to conspirators were arrested as unaware that this latest plot make the plan a success. The they attempted to flee, and the originated from a fanatical priest steps involved planning for a rest were rounded up and whom Elizabeth’s government foreign invasion (probably from condemned to death for treason. already had under surveillance. Spain, with which England was They were executed in September The intention was to murder already at war), freeing Mary and 1586 and Mary was moved to Elizabeth, make Mary queen and murdering Elizabeth. Fotheringhay Castle to begin her restore Catholicism. trial. 4: In September and October 5: Anthony Babington was a page 6: Elizabeth’s government had evidence was heard and legal to the Earl of Shrewsbury. He was placed spies in Mary’s household, proceedings discussed Mary’s responsible for Mary’s custody who persuaded her that it was role in the plot. At the end of and had carried letters for her in safe to send letters hidden in October, the Commissioners the early 1580s. In 1586, urged by beer barrels. Mary could not found Mary guilty of plotting to Catholic friends, he appears to resist, and all of her letters were take Elizabeth’s life and have been persuaded to engage intercepted and sent to recommended that she should be in more serious plotting. Walsingham. Mary replied to executed. Babington on 17 July 1586 and her fate was sealed.
4. Study the mind map and then explain in the table each method developed by Walsingham to keep Elizabeth safe. To help, use the knowledge of the plots you have studied.
1 Intercepting coded messages 6 2 Capturing Employing a Catholic spy network priests Walsingham’s Methods to keep Elizabeth safe 3 5 Acts of Interrogation Parliament and torture
4 Searches and registers
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Methods developed by Walsingham to keep Elizabeth safe 1. Intercepting coded messages
2. Employing a spy network
3. Acts of Parliament
4. Searches and registers
5. Interrogation and torture
6. Capturing Catholic priests
5. Put the following key causes, events and consequences of the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots into chronological order by writing the number of each in the table.
Chronological Order Causes, Events and Consequences
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
1: Elizabeth’s Council and 2: On 17 July Walsingham’s spies 3: Mary’s trial was in October Parliament were hostile to Mary’s intercepted Mary’s reply to 1586 and she was found guilty of claim to the throne. Babington’s plotting. 4: The Commissioners 5: In July 1586 Babington wrote 6: Mary was increasingly recommended execution and the to Mary outlining six steps to end disillusioned with her Protestantism.
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death warrant was signed in confinement in England since February 1587. 1568.
Relations with Spain
6. Write the number of each of the following statements in the correct column to identify whether it represented increasing political rivalry or increasing religious rivalry between England and Spain.
Increasing Political Rivalry Increasing Religious Rivalry
1: In 1559 Elizabeth established a 2: King Philip of Spain was the 3: Spain appeared to be Protestant Church of England and ruler of the most powerful country implicated in the political plotting she began to increase penalties in the world, with interests in the of Catholics in England against against Catholics through Acts of Spanish Netherlands and the New Elizabeth’s governance in the Parliament in 1571, 1581 and World in the Americas. Revolt of the Northern Earls and 1585. These Acts increased the Commercial interests and wealth in the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and concerns of the Spanish gained in these areas made it Babington plots. Such interference ambassadors in England and they important for Philip to defend was a major irritation to counselled the King of Spain Spanish political interests, and Elizabeth’s government and was accordingly. England was perceived as the source of ongoing political undermining such interests. tension between the two countries.
4: Philip’s policy towards England 5: As Catholic missionaries began 6: In 1570 the Pope was complicated because he increasingly to arrive in England excommunicated Elizabeth from preferred Elizabeth as queen to support English Catholics from the Catholic Church. While King rather than Mary Queen of Scots, the 1570s onwards, fears in Philip of Spain took no immediate as Mary had links with France. If England of a religious crusade to action, this intensified the Spain was too hostile to England, restore Catholicism were religious divisions between the he feared that England might be intensified. Such religious two countries because it justified driven into an alliance with France, differences continued to further the reaction of foreign powers to which would further undermine sour relations that emerged from Elizabeth’s religious reforms. Spanish political interests. political and commercial differences.
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7. Write the number of each of the following events and developments under the most appropriate heading to help summarise the key reasons for the increasing commercial rivalry between England and Spain before 1585.
Decline of the Antwerp wool Spanish concerns over trade in Spanish anger over English trade from 1550 the New World pirates
1: From the 1550s onwards, 2: The Spanish Empire in the New 3: In 1562 and 1564 John Hawkins English explorers began to look World consisted of Mexico, Peru, made two slave trade voyages for new trading markets after the Chile and the Caribbean. For from Africa to sell slaves to collapse of the Antwerp market in English explorers these areas colonists in the New World. This wool. This involved making presented commercial was an illegal attempt to break arrangements in new areas like opportunities to make money fast, into Spain’s trading empire, and it Russia and India, but also in the either through attacking Spanish increased commercial and political New World, where Spain was treasure fleets or by trading rivalry between the two countries. dominant. directly.
4: In 1568 at the battle of San 5: Before 1550 the bulk of English 6: From 1558 Spain was Juan de Ulúa, in 1572 with the trade abroad was based on the commercially wary of England sacking of Nombre de Dios, and export of woollen cloth to trading with the New World in the in 1579 with the capture of the Antwerp in the Netherlands. Both Americas. In particular Spain was Cacafuego, the English pirate Sir overproduction of woollen cloth very wary of growing English Francis Drake attacked and seized to these markets and increasing involvement because of the Spanish gold and silver, Spanish interference led to a potential for piracy and looting of sometimes with secret orders decline in the market, directly Spanish treasure and growing from Elizabeth’s government and affecting English exports. English trade, so Spain refused to investors. King Philip of Spain grant licences to English made many formal complaints to merchants. Elizabeth’s government.
Outbreak of War with Spain, 1585-88
8. Match each development of direct English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands to the appropriate event.
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1572 1: A larger Spanish army under the Duke of Parma arrived in the Netherlands, causing Elizabeth’s government concern at such a large army just across the channel. 1578 2: The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed, in which Elizabeth agreed to direct English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands. She sent an army led by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to help rebels. 1884 3: Protestants in the Netherlands rebelled against Spanish rule and Philip II sent a huge army against them. Elizabeth secretly gave support to the rebels. 1585 4: William of Orange was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic with links to Spain. This forced Elizabeth to consider her future policy and actions towards events in the Spanish Netherlands.
9. Put the following key causes, events and consequences of Drake’s raid on Cadiz in April 1587 in chronological order by writing the number of each in the table.
Chronological Order Causes, Events and Consequences
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
1: Philip of Spain was incensed 2: Finally, Drake headed off to the 3: After the attack on Cadiz, about Drake’s expedition and was Azores, capturing a Spanish Drake’s convoy sailed northwards, convinced that he needed to treasure ship, the San Felipe, and destroying Portuguese vessels speed up his plans to deal with returning to England with heading for Lisbon with materials England by assembling a massive £114,000. His actions had needed to make the barrels that fleet to embark on an invasion disrupted Spanish plans and would hold the Armada’s food and conquest. brought Elizabeth a further supplies. 12 months to plan defences. 4: The immediate impact of the 5: When news of Philip’s plans to 6: In 1585 Elizabeth appointed Cadiz raid was to delay the arm a great fleet reached Francis Drake in charge of an construction of the Spanish fleet England, Drake persuaded expedition to attack the Spanish that Philip was assembling in Elizabeth that attack was the best interests in the West Indies. He order to invade England. form of defence. In April 1587, in partly succeeded by capturing a cheeky, daring raid, he sailed two wealthy towns and returning into Cadiz Harbour and inflicted to England with £30,000. heavy damage on the ships anchored there.
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The Armada
10. Put the six main phases of the Spanish invasion plan in order by writing the number of each in the table and describing one aspect of each phase.
Spanish Plan Description One aspect of the phase Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6
1: Spanish forces to land in Kent 2: Duke of Parma to meet the 3: Elizabeth to be overthrown and then march on London. Armada at Calais. and the Catholic faith to be restored in England. 4: The Armada to sail through 5: English Catholics to rise up 6: Parma’s army to be ferried to the Channel to Calais. against Elizabeth. England.
11. Give two reasons in each category to explain the English victory over the Spanish Armada.
Problems with Spanish Wind and Weather Quality of Leadership Resources Tactics Reason 1 Reason 1 Reason 1 Reason 1
Reason 2 Reason 2 Reason 2 Reason 2
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Exam Practice
1. Describe the two features of the plots against Elizabeth I. [4 marks]
Feature
Feature 1 Supporting Information
Feature
Feature 2 Supporting Information
2. Explain why Philip II launched the Armada against England in 1588. [12 marks]
You may use the following in your answer:
• Francis Drake • Elizabeth’s support of the Dutch rebels
You must use information of your own.
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Thamesview School History
Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88
Home Learning Booklet
KT3: Elizabethan Society in the Age of Exploration, 1558-1588
Instructions • Complete the knowledge recall sections of the booklet. • Answer the exam questions.
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Education and Leisure
1. Match each description of children’s education to the most appropriate social class.
Children of the nobility Children of gentry, merchants and Children of the fourth sort yeomen
1: Sons in this class of people 2: There was an expansion during 3: The sons in this social class would most likely go to the sixteenth century in the were at first educated at home by parish/petty schools for 4- to 7- number of sons of this class going a private tutor. Some would then year-olds to learn to read and to school. Most families in this attend the fee-paying boarding write in preparation for grammar social class were too poor to send schools called independent or schools from ages 7–15. Demand their children to school, however, public schools, before going to for places at grammar schools since even schools for the lower university at 15. About one-third grew and 72 new grammar classes charged for coal, candles of students who graduated from schools were founded in and educational materials. Oxford and Cambridge came from Elizabeth’s reign. Latin, Greek, Parish/petty schools taught 4- to the nobility and gentry. On Classics and arithmetic were 7-year-olds to read and write in completion of his education a important parts of the curriculum preparation for grammar schools. gentleman would be in preparation for university. Some even managed to go to distinguishable from the lower Some students may have gone to university. classes because he could speak public schools (fee-paying and write in several languages. boarding schools). At university all Increasingly, some families in this degrees involved a broad range of social class also had home tutors subjects before specialisation, and for their daughters. law was a popular option.
2. Write the number of each statement under the most appropriate category to classify the sports and pastimes associated with the different social classes.
Lords and gentry, and their Everyone Working people, their families families and the unemployed
1: Visiting inns and taverns was 2: Storytelling was an important 3: Archery and fishing were an important part of everyday part in the lives of this social popular at all levels of society. life. Pastimes for this social class class. The invention of the Celebrating feast days was also popular and attracted a broad
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often involved activities, singing printing press led to popular range from the community. ballads and other games. stories being published. Theatre-going was another popular activity. 4: All took part in hunting. The 5: Gambling on the outcome of 6: Gentlemen preferred sports rich mainly hunted for deer and sports such as bear baiting, cock like fencing, tennis and bowls. hawks, while the lower classes fighting and racing, as well as Nobles enjoyed performances by liked to hunt rabbit. cards and dice, was popular. household musicians, musical evenings and reading.
3. Theatres began to grow in number and popularity in Elizabethan England and were enjoyed by all social classes. Label the key features of the theatre on the diagram using the statements below.
1: The pit. Cheap prices allowed people to stand in this part and they were called groundlings. It was often very noisy. 2: Wealthier spectators could stand or sit in one of the three covered galleries. 3: Sometimes upper-class families sat on stools on the stage. 4: The stage was where the actors performed to the public, who paid to see the performance.
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The Problem of the Poor
4. Study the mind map that shows reasons why poverty increased in Elizabethan England. Then, give one or two examples of each reason in the table.
1 Harvests and changes in farming
5 2 The closure of Unemployment the monasteries in industries Walsingham’s Methods to keep Elizabeth safe
3 4 Population Growth of growth inflation
Reason for the growth of poverty, 1558-88
1: Harvests and changes in farming
2: Unemployment in industries
3: Population growth
4: Growth of inflation
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5: The closure of the monasteries
5. Fill in the number of each statement on the diagram in order of importance of the reasons Elizabethans were so worried about poverty. The most important reason should be at the top of the pyramid and the least important reasons on the bottom row.
Reasons Elizabethans were so worried about poverty
1: Threat posed by the poor to the social order if there were huge numbers.
2: Puritan beliefs within the Privy Council and Parliament about hard work.
3: The growing cost of Poor Relief after the closure of the monasteries in the 1530s.
4: Beggars often turned to crime and Justices of the Peace felt overwhelmed.
5: Many people thought that wandering groups of vagabonds spread disease.
6: The decline in the cloth trade and changes in farming meant increasing unemployment.
6. Complete the table by finding information about each of the laws introduced to deal with poverty in Elizabethan England.
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Statute of Artificer, 1563 Vagabonds Act. 1572 Poor Relief Act, 1576
Aim Aim Aim
Features Features Features
Exploration and Voyages of Discovery
7. Explain how each factor in the table led to an increase in Elizabethan exploration.
Reason Why did this lead to an increase in exploration?
Expanding trade
Search for adventure
New technology
Ship design
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8. Match the correct heading to the correct column of bullet points to describe the main events and developments of Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe.
Preparations before Stage 1: Sailing to Stage 2: Brazil to Stage 3: Guatulco to December 1577 Brazil, December Guatulco, April 1578– Plymouth, April 1579– 1577–April 1578 April 1579 September 1580
1 2 3 4
• From April 1578 the • Drake had developed • The fleet set sail again • At Guatulco, in Central fleet sailed down the a hatred of Spain and in December and America, Drake coast of Brazil. sought to challenge its sailed south down the decided to find a economic and political west coast of Africa. route home via North • Divisions among the power in Europe and America. crew led to Drake • At the Cape Verde the New World. executing Sir Doughty Islands they captured • From California Drake and rationalising his • Drake prepared a fleet a Portuguese ship and sailed west across the ships to three. of five ships and a its cargo of wine. Pacific Ocean, making crew of 164 sailors. trade deals with the • In September 1578 • As they neared the King of Ternate. Drake made his way • After setting off from coast of Brazil quarrels up the west coast of Plymouth on 15 began to break out • Then Drake sailed South America and, November they had to among the crew, across the Indian after many problems, return after three days. which threatened Ocean, past the Cape captured considerable success. of Good Hope and up treasure from Spanish the west coast of settlements and the Africa, reaching Cacafuego. Plymouth on 26 September 1580.
Raleigh and Virginia
9. Put each event in the attempted colonisation of Virginia into the correct chronological order. Then complete the description of each event.
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Chronological Order Event
The settlement got off to an unfortunate start when Grenville’s ship … 1st
In April 1584 Walter Raleigh … 2nd
When Drake arrived at the colony on his way home from the West Indies 3rd in June 1586 …
Relations with Native Americans began to sour as … 4th
When the ships returned they reported enthusiastically on a fertile land 5th with many natural resources and with civilised Native Americans. In 1585 …
On his return to England by the summer of 1586 Ralph Lane enthused 6th about …
10. Outline the main events and development in the 1587 voyage to establish a colony in Virginia.
11. Despite the failure, what were the long-term benefits of the attempts to establish a colony in Virginia in the 1560s?
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12. Fill in the number of each statement on the diagram in order of priority of the reasons for the failure of the attempt to colonise Virginia. The most important reason should be at the top of the pyramid and the least important reasons on the bottom row.
Reasons why the attempt to colonise Virginia failed
1: Food supplies did not survive the journey and, as a consequence, there was starvation.
2: Colonists depended on local Native Americans for food,
3: Relations with the Native Americans deteriorated over demands on local resources.
4: Lack of a decent harbour to establish good sailing links with other areas.
5: Failure of ships to arrive from England with fresh food and supplies of food and men.
6: Disease
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Raleigh and Virginia
1. Describe the two features of the Elizabethan theatre. [4 marks]
Feature
Feature 1 Supporting Information
Feature
Feature 2 Supporting Information
2. ‘Poor harvests were the most important cause of poverty in Elizabeth’s reign’. How far do you agree? [16 marks]
You may use the following in your answer:
• Population growth • Land enclosure
You must use information of your own.
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