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Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation
Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation Christine M. Knaack Doctor of Philosophy University of York History April 2015 2 Abstract This thesis examines how power was re-articulated in light of the royal supremacy during the early stages of the English Reformation. It argues that key words and concepts, particularly those involving law, counsel, and commonwealth, formed the basis of political participation during this period. These concepts were invoked with the aim of influencing the king or his ministers, of drawing attention to problems the kingdom faced, or of expressing a political ideal. This thesis demonstrates that these languages of power were present in a wide variety of contexts, appearing not only in official documents such as laws and royal proclamations, but also in manuscript texts, printed books, sermons, complaints, and other texts directed at king and counsellors alike. The prose dialogue and the medium of translation were employed in order to express political concerns. This thesis shows that political languages were available to a much wider range of participants than has been previously acknowledged. Part One focuses on the period c. 1528-36, investigating the role of languages of power during the period encompassing the Reformation Parliament. The legislation passed during this Parliament re-articulated notions of the realm’s social order, creating a body politic that encompassed temporal and spiritual members of the realm alike and positioning the king as the head of that body. Writers and theorists examined legal changes by invoking the commonwealth, describing the social hierarchy as an organic body politic, and using the theme of counsel to acknowledge the king’s imperial authority. -
Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88 Home Learning Booklet KT2
Thamesview School History Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88 Home Learning Booklet KT2: Challenges at Home and Abroad, 1569-88 Instructions • Complete the knowledge recall sections of the booklet. • Answer the exam questions. Plots and Revolts at Home 1. Write the number of each of the following events and developments in the appropriate column to identify whether it was a key cause, event or consequence of the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Cause Event Consequence 1: The Earl of Sussex assembled a 2: The earls had political and 3: From 9 to 15 November 1569 huge royal army of 10,000 men, economic grievances against the earls of Northumberland and causing the Northern Earls to turn Elizabeth. She had weakened Westmorland urged all their back their march and escape into their control by appointing a tenants to join their army and Scotland. The Earl of Council of the North and had march south to bring an end to Northumberland was later taken lands from nobles, the Privy Council, which executed, along with 450 rebels. including the Earl of supported Elizabeth’s policies. Northumberland. 4: The revolt had little chance of 5: Elizabeth’s government did not 6: The earls had strong Catholic success since it was ineffectively panic. Officials in the north traditions, and both had taken led, confused in its aims and prevented rebels from taking key part in a plan to marry Mary lacked the support of most towns and were successful in Queen of Scots to the Duke of English Catholics, who were not raising a huge army in support of Norfolk to further support her committed to the revolt. -
Elisabeth Parr's Renaissance at the Mid-Tudor Court
Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2013, vol. 8 Elisabeth Parr’s Renaissance at the Mid-Tudor Court Helen Graham-Matheson oan Kelly’s ground-breaking article, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” Jcenters on four criteria for ascertaining the “relative contraction (or expansion) of the powers of Renaissance women”: women’s economic, political, cultural roles and the ideology about women across the mid- Tudor period. Focusing particularly on cultural and political roles, this essay applies Kelly’s criteria to Elisabeth Parr née Brooke, Marchioness of Northampton (1526–1565) and sister-in-law of Katherine Parr, Henry VIII’s last wife, whose controversial court career evinces women’s lived experience and their contemporary political importance across the mid- Tudor courts of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. By taking each reign in isolation, this essay follows Kelly’s call to question “accepted schemes of periodization” and reassesses whether “events that further the historical development of men, liberating them from natural, social, or ideological constraints, have quite different, even opposite, effects upon women.”1 The key point of departure of my essay from Kelly’s argument is that she states that women’s involvement in the public sphere and politics lessened in the Italian cinquecento, whereas my findings suggest that in England women such as Elisabeth Parr increasingly involved themselves in the public world of court politics. According to Kelly, 1 Joan Kelly, ”Did Women Have a Renaissance?” Feminism and Renaissance Studies, ed. L. Hutson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 21. 289 290 EMWJ 2013, vol. 8 Helen Graham-Matheson [n]oblewomen . -
Oxford DNB: May 2021
Oxford DNB: May 2021 Welcome to the seventy-fourth update of the Oxford DNB, which adds 18 new lives and 1 portrait likeness. The newly-added biographies range from the noblewoman Jane Dudley, duchess of Northumberland, to Eleanor Cavanagh, lady’s maid and correspondent from Russia, and include a cluster with a focus on catholic lay culture in early modern England. They have been curated and edited by Dr Anders Ingram of the ODNB. From May 2021, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford DNB) offers biographies of 64, 115men and women who have shaped the British past, contained in 61, 787 articles. 11,802 biographies include a portrait image of the subject – researched in partnership with the National Portrait Gallery, London. Most public libraries across the UK subscribe to the Oxford DNB, which means you can access the complete dictionary for free via your local library. Libraries offer 'remote access' that enables you to log in at any time at home (or anywhere you have internet access). Elsewhere, the Oxford DNB is available online in schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions worldwide. Full details of participating British public libraries, and how to gain access to the complete dictionary, are available here. May 2021: summary of newly-added content The lives in this month’s update focus on Early Modern Women and particularly on the adaptions of underground catholic lay culture in the face of religious turbulence and persecution in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. Joan Aldred [née Ferneley] (b. 1546, d. after 12 Oct 1625), and her husband Solomon were catholic activists who seem to have received a papal pension for their role in supporting the landing of the secret Jesuit mission of Edmund Campion. -
Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88 REVISION SHEET Key Topic 1
Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88 REVISION SHEET Key topic 1: Queen, government and religion, 1558-69 Society Government Hierarchy in countryside Hierarchy in towns Court – Noblemen who advised 1. Nobility 1. Merchants the queen 2. Gentry 2. Professionals Parliament – Houses of Lords 3. Yeomen 3. Business owners and Commons. Advised 4. Tenant farmers 4. Skilled craftsmen Elizabeth’s government 5. Landless and working poor 5. Unskilled workers Privy Council – Nobles who 6. Homeless and beggars 6. Unemployed helped govern the country Elizabeth’s problems when she became queen in 1558: She was young and inexperienced. She was Protestant so not supported by English Catholics. Many people (especially Catholics) thought she was illegitimate and had no right to the throne. She was unmarried. Financial weaknesses – The Crown (government) was £300,000 in debt. Mary I had sold off Crown lands (making it hard for Elizabeth to raise money) and borrowed from foreign countries (who charged high interest rates). Challenges from abroad – France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries and believed Mary, Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the throne of England than Elizabeth. France and Scotland were old allies. Elizabeth’s character – She was very well educated, confident and charismatic. She believed in her divine right to rule. She had an excellent understanding of politics. She was strong willed and stubborn. Religious Divisions in 1558 Catholic Protestant Puritan Pope is head of the church No pope Very strict Protestants Priests can forgive sins Only God can forgive sins (shared many beliefs but Bread and wine become the body and Bread and wine represent the body and more extreme, e.g. -
William Herle and the English Secret Service
William Herle and the English Secret Service Michael Patrick Gill A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Victoria University of Wellington 2010 ii Table of Contents Abstract iii Abbreviations iv Transcription Policy and Note on Dates v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Chapter I: Herle‘s Early Life 12 Chapter II: The Ridolfi Plot 40 Chapter III: Contrasts in Patronage 65 Chapter IV: Herle in the Netherlands 97 Chapter V: the End of Herle‘s Career 112 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 145 iii Abstract This thesis examines William Herle‘s life through his surviving letters to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and other Elizabethan Privy Councillors. It emphasises the centrality of the Elizabethan patronage system to Herle‘s life, describing how his ties to Cecil helped Herle escape prison, avoid his creditors, and gain recompense for his service to Elizabeth. In exchange for Cecil‘s protection, Herle became deeply involved in Elizabethan intelligence networks, both domestic and foreign, throughout the 1570s and 1580s. Herle helped uncover plots against Elizabeth, passed vital information about events in the Spanish Netherlands back to England, and provided analyses of English foreign policy for his superiors. Despite his vital role, Herle never experienced true success, and died deeply in debt and abandoned by his patrons. Herle‘s life allows us wider insights into Elizabethan government and society. His experiences emphasises the inefficient nature of the Tudor foreign service, which utilised untrained diplomats who gained their position through political connections and were left to pay their own way through taking out loans they had little hope of repaying. -
Missions in Chonological Order
MISSIONS TO AND FROM SCOTLAND IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER Hiram Morgan 1 FROM DENMARK (1473/4) An esquire of the king of Denmark Envoy Lodged at Snowdon herald's house; K of SC entrusted him with buying munitions in DK when departing. HiramTA 1 pp. lv, 68, 69. Morgan 2 FROM ENGLAND (1474) Bishop of Durham; Lord Scrope; & two others +or inc. herald October 1474 Ambassadors Betrothal (Oct 18), Marriage treaty (21 Oct) & renewal of 1465 truce til 1519. HiramTA 1 pp lvii-ix, 27, 52 Morgan 3 . TO GERMANY/EMPIRE (1474) Snowdon herald 11 May 1474 - date of payment before departure £30 in expenses & £15 for gown Parliament had suggested an embassy to make a confederation with HiramEmperor. TA 1 pp.lvi, 50 Morgan 4 TO ENGLAND (1474)-1 Bp of Aberdeen, Sir John Colquhoun of Luss, James Schaw of Sauchy; Lyon herald. Commission 15 June 1474. July in London. Ambassadors Hiram£20 prepayment to Lyon. Embassy suggested by parliament for treaty confirmation, redress & possible marriage alliance between infant prince of Scotland and Cecilia, daughter of Ed IV. TA 1 lv-vi. Morgan 5 TO ENGLAND (1474)-2 Lyon herald Leaves after 3 Nov, signs document in London on 3 Dec 3 Nov 1474 J3 signs articles of peace & Lyon proceeds to London 'for the interchanging of the truces'. 3 Dec LH signs indenture re remission of Cecilia's dowry HiramTA 1 p.lix. Morgan 6 TO ITALY (ROME) (1474) Lombard bankers 1474 The king's appeal against the abp of St Andrews at Rome - the K's interests represented by Lombard bankers. -
Early Elizabethan England Revision Booklet NAME:______
Early Elizabethan England Revision Booklet NAME:____________ Contents Tick when complete Topic 1 • How did Elizabeth’s Early Life affect her later decisions? p 2-3 What were the • What were the threats to Elizabeth’s succession? P 3-5 early threats to • How did Elizabeth govern? P6 Elizabeth’s reign? • What was the Religious Settlement? 7-10 • How serious was the Puritan Challenge? P 11-12 • Why was Mary Queen of Scots a Threat 1858-1868? p 12-13 • Knowledge and Exam Question Checklist p 14 Topic 2 • What were the causes of the Revolt of the Northern Earls p15-16 What were the Catholic • Which Plot was the greatest threat to Elizabeth? P 17-19 Plots that threatened • Why was Mary Queen of Scots executed in 1587? P20-21 Elizabeth? Why did England go to War with • Why did England go to war with Spain in 1585? p22-24 Spain in 1585? Why was • Why was the Spanish Armada defeated in 1588? p24-26 the Armada defeated in • Knowledge and Exam Question Checklist p 27 1588? Topic 3 • Why did poverty increase in Elizabethan England? p28-29 Elizabethan Society in • Why were Elizabethans so scared of Vagabonds? p30-33 the Age of exploration • Why did Drake and Raleigh go on voyages around the world and what did they discover? p33-36 • Why did the Virginia colonies fail? p37-40 • Was there a Golden Age for all Elizabethans? P41-43 • Knowledge and Exam Question Checklist p 44 Quizzes • Topic 1 p 45-46 • Topic 2 p 47-48 • Topic 3 p 49-50 Learning Ladder • 16 mark p 51 • 12 mark p 52 • 4 mark p 53 1 Topic 1 pages 2-14 How did Elizabeth’s Early Life affect her later decisions? 1. -
From Treason Trial to Liberal Legend in Early Modern England
"For Words Only": From Treason Trial to Liberal Legend in Early Modern England Annabel Patterson This article is part of my reassessment of the theoretical importance of "Holinshed's" Chronicles, the huge Elizabethan chronicle that appeared in two editions a decade apart (1577 and 1587). The Chronicles are unusually pertinent to negotiations now taking place between disciplines that earlier proceeded in partial ignorance or disdain of each other-law, political history and theory, economics, anthropology, and literary stud- ies. The Chronicles convey significant information in all of these areas and on their convergences, which may have been greater in early modem England than they later were perceived to be in modem academic thought. I would argue that the Chronicles, which were collaborative projects, were compiled according to several protocols that run counter to certain modem historiographical ideals. These protocols may be summarized as follows. First, one of the functions of a national history was to discover, salvage, and preserve in print ephemeral, manuscript, or otherwise endangered records. In other words, the Chronicles were conceived from the start as "documentary history," as much a part of the national archive as were the enrolled statutes stored in the Tower of London. Among ephemeral records, apparently, were previously published pam- phlets, such as Sir John Cheke's Hurt of Sedicion (1549) or Thomas Churchyard's account of the 1578 festivities for Elizabeth on her pro- gress to Suffolk and Norfolk, which, the chronicler tells us, "it were bet- ter to record ... than ... to let it perish in three halfepenie pamphlets, and so die in oblivion."' 1. -
What Was the Threat to Elizabeth I? Elizabeth I’S Life Was Constantly in Danger
What Was the Threat to Elizabeth I? Elizabeth I’s life was constantly in danger. Without an heir, the throne could easily be snatched by an assassin’s knife and taken by Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin Mary Queen of Scots. There were hundreds of attempts and plots on Elizabeth’s life, below are just some of them. Can you determine the key characteristics of these threats and if there are any common themes? Somerville John Somerville was a Catholic from Warwickshire. He had been stirred up Barge Incident by anti-Elizabeth propaganda created and distributed by a growing Jesuit Elizabeth was nearly assassinated whilst travelling on a barge on the river (Catholic) presence in the country. Thames in London in 1571. Somerville wanted to “see her head on a pole, for she was a serpent and a One of her guards was shot with the arrow and she promised him he would viper” and boasted of his intent publicly. want for nothing as he had saved her life. Somerville was tracked down, arrested and sentenced to death in 1583. Northern Uprising Ridolfi Plot This was an unsuccessful uprising in 1569 of many Catholic Lords from the Roberto Ridolfi was a Florentine banker and an agent of the Pope’s. He acted as North of England to rise up against Queen Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots. a go-between for Spain and the Duke of Norfolk. The Duke of Norfolk aimed to marry Mary Queen of Scots, assassinate Queen Elizabeth and put Mary on the The uprising was quashed by Elizabeth’s many troops, but some leaders escaped throne as Catholic Queen. -
Feuding, Factionalism, and Religion in the Chaseabout Raid
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Honors Program in History (Senior Honors Theses) Department of History March 2008 Their Nation Dishonored, the Queen Shamed, and Country Undone: Feuding, Factionalism, and Religion in the Chaseabout Raid Rachel Omansky [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors Omansky, Rachel, "Their Nation Dishonored, the Queen Shamed, and Country Undone: Feuding, Factionalism, and Religion in the Chaseabout Raid" (2008). Honors Program in History (Senior Honors Theses). 10. https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/10 A Senior Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in History. Faculty Advisor: Margo Todd This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/10 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Their Nation Dishonored, the Queen Shamed, and Country Undone: Feuding, Factionalism, and Religion in the Chaseabout Raid Abstract The mid-sixteenth century witnessed religious and political upheaval across much of Western Europe, particularly in the British Isles. In 1565, a good portion of the Scottish nobility rebelled against their sovereign, Mary, Queen of Scots. The roles played and decisions made by the nobles during this revolt, known as the Chaseabout Raid, provide important insights concerning the converging issues of feuding, factionalism, and religion in Scotland. My reconstructed narrative of the Chaseabout Raid indicates that there were, in fact, no firm factions determined yb ideology, but rather shifting allegiances in the midst of conflict, determined yb complex and interrelated factors, personalities, and motivations. The primary motivation for the coalitions formed during the Chaseabout Raid was selfish personal ambition—base desire for individual gain still superseded any proto-nationalistic ideas or purely ideological commitments. -
Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Robert G
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2003 Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Robert G. Lilly Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Lilly, Robert G., "Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate" (2003). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 707. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History by Robert G. Lilly Committee Members Dr. William G. Palmer, Committee Chairperson Dr. Montserrat Miller Dr. David L. Kenley Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia April, 2003 Abstract Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Robert G. Lilly Henry Norris served as English ambassador in France from 1567 to 1571, during the second and third French wars of religion, fought between Protestant Huguenots and the ruling Catholics. As ambassador Norris was able to help convince his reluctant Queen, Elizabeth I, to provide aid to her fellow Protestants in France. Elizabeth also entrusted Norris with the task of persuading the French authorities to refrain from sending forces to aid the deposed Scottish Queen Mary and Catholic rebels in the North of England. Despite contemporary criticism that he was inexperienced, and criticism from modern historians that he was ineffective, this thesis shows that Norris played an important role in England’s diplomatic relationship with France during his ambassadorship, and his vocal support for the Huguenots helped pioneer the idea of religious pluralism accepted in modern democracies.