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The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii THE EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN AND HAWAII The Geology of North America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 c Frontispiece 1: Sea floor photos illustrating types of hydrothermal vents; photos taken during the 1979 RISE expedition to the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (Spiess and others, 1980). See Haymon, this volume (A) "Galapagos-style" vent, characterized by warm fluids (up to ~20°C) oozing out of crevices in basalt, surrounded by clams and tube worms. Vestimentiferan worms in the foreground are approximately 1.5 m in length (photo taken by F. N. Spiess). (B) "White smoker" vent, emitting milky fluids with temperatures less than 300°C from sulfate-sulfide-silicate edifices encrusted with the white tubes of polychaete worms. The smaller edifice at center is approximately 1 m in height (photo taken by I. Juteau). (C) "Black smoker" vent, discharging 380 + 30°C fluids at a high flow rate through a sulfide- sulfate chimney, and precipitating black, fine-grained sulfide mineral particles within the rising plume; a white smoker is shown to the left of the black smoker, and an inactive edifice is on the right. The original height of the black smoker was several meters, but the chimney was knocked over during sampling; the base of the chimney shown in this photo is approximately 1 m in height (photo taken by D. Foster). Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Frontispiece 2: Color shaded-relief map of digital SeaBeam data from Galapagos 95.5°W propagating rift system, illuminated from the northeast from an elevation of 15°. The oblique structures in the zone of transferred lithosphere are clearly evident. From Hey and others (1986), see Hey and others (this volume). Front cover: Excerpt from unpublished map Relief of the surface of the Earth, prepared by P. W. Sloss, National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 The Geology of North America Volume N The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii Edited by E. L. Winterer Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 Donald M. Hussong University of Hawaii Department of Geology and Geophysics Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Robert W. Decker 4087 Silver Bar Road Mariposa, California 95338 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Acknowledgment Publication of this volume, one of the synthesis volumes of The Decade of North American Geology Project series, has been made possible by members and friends of The Geological Society of America, corporations, and government agencies through contributions to the Decade of North American Geology fund of the Geological Society of America Foundation. Following is a list of individuals, corporations, and government agencies giving and/or pledging more than $50,000 in support of the DNAG Project: Amoco Production Company Pennzoil Exploration and ARCO Exploration Company Production Company Chevron Corporation Phillips Petroleum Company Cities Service Oil and Gas Company Shell Oil Company Diamond Shamrock Exploration Caswell Silver Corporation Standard Oil Production Company Exxon Production Research Company Sun Exploration and Production Company Getty Oil Company Superior Oil Company Gulf Oil Exploration and Production Tenneco Oil Company Company Texaco, Inc. Paul V. Hoovler Union Oil Company of California Kennecott Minerals Company Union Pacific Corporation and Kerr McGee Corporation its operating companies: Marathon Oil Company Union Pacific Resources Company Maxus Energy Corporation Union Pacific Railroad Company Upland Industries Corporation McMoRan Oil and Gas Company U.S. Department of Energy Mobil Oil Corporation Occidental Petroleum Corporation © 1989 The Geological Society of America, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data All rights reserved. The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii / edited by E. L. Winterer, Donald M. Hussong, Robert W. Decker. All materials subject to this copyright and included p. cm.—(The Geology of North America ; v. N) in this volume may be photocopied for the noncommercial Bibliography: p. purpose of scientific or educational advancement. Includes index. ISBN 0-8137-5208-6 Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared 1. Submarine geology—Pacific Ocean. 2. Geology—Hawaii. by government employees within the scope of their 3. Geological Society of America. I. Winterer, Edward L. employment. II. Hussong, Donald M. III. Decker, Robert W. (Robert Wayne), 1927- IV. Series. Published by The Geological Society of America, Inc. QE71.G48 1986, vol. N 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301 [QE350.4] 557 s—dc20 Printed in U.S.A. [551,46'084421 ] 89-35702 CIP 10 98765432 vi Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Contents Preface xi Foreword xiii 1. Introduction 1 E. L. Winterer 2. Large-scale undersea features of the northeast Pacific 5 Jacqueline Mammerickx 3. Tectonic maps of the northeast Pacific 15 Tanya Atwater and Jeff Severinghaus 4. Plate tectonic history of the northeast Pacific and western North America 21 Tanya Atwater 5. Evolution in plate tectonics; The Juan de Fuca Ridge 73 H. Paul Johnson and Mark L. Holmes 6. Tectonic and magmatic processes on the East Pacific rise 93 Ken C. Macdonald 7. Transforms of the eastern central Pacific Ill Paul J. Fox and David G. Gallo 8. Hydrothermal processes and products on the Galapagos Rift and East Pacific Rise 125 Rachel M. Haymon 9. Petrology and geochemistry of eastern Pacific spreading centers 145 Rodey Batiza 10. Propagating rifts and spreading centers 161 R. N. Hey, J. M. Sinton, and F. K. Duennebier vii Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 viii Contents 11. Failed rifts 177 Rodey Batiza 12. The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain 187 D. A. Clague, G. B. Dalrymple, T. L. Wright, F. W. Klein, R. Y. Koyanagi, R. W. Decker, and D. M. Thomas 13. Seamounts and seamount chains of the eastern Pacific 289 Rodey Batiza 14. Sediment thickness map of the Northeast Pacific 307 E. L. Winterer 15. The late Cenozoic stratigraphie record and hiatuses of the northeast Pacific; Results from the Deep Sea Drilling Project 311 John A. Barron 16. The pelagic clay province of the North Pacific Ocean 323 Margaret Leinen 17. Hydrogenous sediment 337 D. Z. Piper and G. R. Heath 18. Sedimentation and paleoceanography of the central equatorial Pacific 347 F. Theyer, E. Vincent, and L. A. Mayer 19. Major submarine fans of the California continental rise 373 William R. Normark and Christina E. Gutmacher 20. Continental margins around the Gulf of Alaska 383 Roland von Huene 21. Queen Charlotte Islands margin 403 Robin Riddihough and Roy D. Hyndman 22. Plate tectonic evolution of the Cascades arc-subduction complex 413 Robert A. Duncan and La Verne D. Kulm 23. Evolution of the off shore central California margin 439 David S. McCulloch 24. The California Continental Borderland 471 D. S. Gorsline and L. S.-Y. Teng 25. Neogene plate-tectonic evolution of the Baja California Sur continental margin and the southern Gulf of California, Mexico 489 Jon E. Spencer and William R. Normark 26. Geology and tectonic history of the Gulf of Calif ornia 499 Peter Lonsdale Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Contents ix 27. The Middle America Trench off southern Mexico 523 Joel S. Watkins 28. The middle America convergent plate boundary, Guatemala 535 Roland von Huene Index 551 Plates (in accompanying slipcase) Plate 1A-C. Bathymetry of the Northeast Pacific Ocean J. Mammerickx Plate 2A-C. Surface-sediment composition of the Northeast Pacific C. J. Moore Plate 3A-C. Tectonic map of the Northeast Pacific Ocean T. Atwater and J. Severinghaus Plate 4. Bathymetry of the East Pacific Rise K. C. Macdonald Plate 5. Geologic map of the State of Hawaii R. W. Decker Plate 6. Section across the Middle America convergent margin off Guatemala R. Von Huene Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3733735/9780813754659_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Preface The Geology of North America series has been prepared to mark the Centennial of The Geological Society of America. It represents the cooperative efforts of more than 1,000 individuals from academia, state and federal agencies of many countries, and industry to prepare syntheses that are as current and authoritative as possible about the geology of the North American continent and adjacent
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