Index
Page numbers in italic, e.g. 221, signify references to figures. Page numbers in bold, e.g. 60, denote references to tables.
Adventure Subglacial Trench 220-221,221 structure 156 Alaska surface strain-rates 154-155, 154, 155, 156 Bering Glacier 60, 68, 75 tephra layer 149, 150, 151,152, 156 Black Rapids Glacier 172, 172, 173 thrust faults 153 Burroughs Glacier 60 Lambert Glacier 61, 72 Columbia Glacier 172, 173 Meserve Glacier 60, 181, 184, 184, 187, 189 Gulkana Glacier 60, 73 North Masson Range 116 Hubbard Glacier 75 South Masson Range 116 Kaskawulsh Glacier 60 South Shetland Islands 148 Malaspina Glacier 60, 68, 75 Suess Glacier, Taylor Valley 182, 187, 189 Phantom Lake 69 Taylor Glacier 11 Spencer Glacier 205 Taylor Valley 182 Twin Glacier 60 Transantarctic Mountain range 221 Variegated Glacier 61, 65, 67, 68, 76, 76, 86 Wordie Ice Shelf 61 deformation history 90, 92, 94 Ards Peninsula, Northern Ireland 307 shear zones 72, 75, 75 argillans, definition 256 strain 88, 89, 92, 94 Arrhenius relation 34 subglacial till deformation 172 Asgard Range, Antarctica 182 surging 86, 87 Astro Glacier, Canada 69 velocity 88, 89 Austerdalsbreen, Norway 60 Worthington Glacier 61, 65 Austre Broggerbreen, Svalbard 70 Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica 61 Austre Lov+nbreen, Svalbard 70, 77 ammonium concentration, Greenland Ice Sheet Austre Okstindbreen, Norway 205 15, 16, 20 Austria anisotropy of ice Hintereisferner 60 annealing 101, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112 Langtaufererjochferner 60 c-axis orientation 100-104, 101, 103, 104, 105-107, Pasterze Glacier, Austria 159-160 106, 111 ablation rate 160 experimental procedure 100 ductile shear zones 162 orientation 100-104, 105-107 extensional allochthon 159-160, 165, 166-167 shear-compression behaviour 102, 108-111, 108, folding 162, 163 109, 110, 111 foliation 162, 163 strain-compression behaviour 101, 102, 105, 111 glaciology 160-161,161 Antarctica shear-extensional fractures 165 Amery Ice Shelf 61 structures 165-166 Asgard Range 182 tension gashes 165 Belgica Subglacial Highlands 221-223, 225 thrust faults 162-165, 164 Central Masson Range 116, 117 Pasterzenkees Glacier 60 David Range 116 Axel Heiberg Island, Canada 243 East Antarctic Ice Sheet 61, 217-218 Astro Glacier 69 radar study 218-220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227-228 Thompson Glacier 68, 69, 77, 169 underlying sediments 220-221,227 White Glacier 60, 65, 69 Fearn Hill grid 116, 117, 119 Wreck Glacier 69 Ferguson Peak 116, 117 Ferrar Glacier 60 Bakaninbreen, Svalbard 61, 68 Framnes Mountains 65, 115, 116 Barnes Ice Cap, Canada 60, 61, 65 George VI Ice Shelf 61 Bas Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland 73 Ice Stream B 61, 172, 173, 272-275 bedding, definition 261 Ice Stream C 172, 174, 175 Belgica Subglacial Highlands, Antarctica 221-223, 225 Ice Stream D 172, 173 Berendon Glacier, Canada 60 Johnsons Glacier, Livingstone Island 147, 156-157 Bering Glacier, Alaska 60, 68, 75 crevasses 153-154 Bjerrum defects 44 deformation 150-154, 156 Bjornbo Gletscher, Greenland 60 foliation 152 Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska motion 156 subglacial till deformation 172, 172, 173 sedimentary stratification 149, 150-151, 150, blind thrusts 67 151, 152 Blue Glacier, USA 60, 73 setting 147-149, 148, 149 subglacial till deformation 172
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boudinage 71-72, 71, 115-116, 133-134 crevasses 66-68, 74 deformation processes 131-133 development 61 development 117-119, 118 en dchelon 74, 75 finite difference model 122-125 formation 60, 61 gas-filled cavities 184 Cwm Idwal, Wales 321-322, 322 geometric constraints 119-120, 121, 127-128, 127 glacio-tectonic map 326 high grade metamorphic rocks 133 grain-size data 327 ice flow model 119-122 moraine-mound formation 321,323, 323, 331, investigations 60 332, 333 pressure distribution 131,132 depositional model 330-331 rheological control 129-131 facies 327-328 stress distribution 128-129, 129, 130 morphology 324-326, 325 studies 116 previous interpretation 328-330 Boulton-Hindmarsh rheology 318 thrust moraines 331-333 Breiam6rkurj6kull, Iceland 174 topographic survey 322-324 subglacial till deformation thickness 172, 173 Cwm Cneifion, Wales 322, 322, 323, 329 brittle deformation of sediments 246, 247, 261 Burroughs Glacier, Alaska 60 Danish North Sea deformation history 303-304 geological setting 293-295, 294 Canada glaciotectonic deformation 293 Astro Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island 69 seismic database 295, 295 Axel Heiberg Island 243 seismic profiles 296, 297, 299 Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island 60, 61, 65 thrust mechanism 303 Beredon Glacier, British Columbia 60 thrust structures Elliot Lake 253, 255 architecture 295-299, 298 Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island 60 geographical extent 298, 299-302, 300, 301 Kaskawulsh Glacier 60 subglacial valleys 302 Mohawk Bay 251, 252, 253 substrate lithology 302 Nova Scotia 249-253, 250 thrust timing 302-303 Phillips Inlet glaciers, Ellesmere Island 61 David Range, Antarctica 116 Saskatchewan 308 De Lutte, Netherlands 275 Saskatchewan Glacier, Alberta 60, 65 deformable bed hypothesis 1 Thompson Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island 68, 69, deformation history 77, 169 analysis methodology 86-87 White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island 60, 65, 69, modelling assumptions 87-89 76, 77 strain rate fields 89 Wreck Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island 69 structural assemblages carbon dioxide concentration, Greenland Ice Sheet distal ice 93-95, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 intermediate ice 91-93 Carpathian Mountains 160, 165, 166 proximal ice 90-91 cavity formation relationship 188 surge cycle 89-90 c-axis fabrics 97-98, 112 Variegated Glacier, Alaska 88, 90, 92, 94 c-axis orientation of ice 100-104, 101, 103, 104, velocity fields 89 105-107, 106, 111 deformation, subglacial 4-5, 259-260, 275 Central Masson Range, Antarctica 116, 117 brittle shear-zone structures 266, 266, 267 Charles Rabots Bre, Norway 60 definition of terms 261 Chile ductile shear-zone structures 266-267, 266, 267 Glaciar Universidad 60 macrostructure development 263-267 Ventisquero Soler Glacier, Patagonia 61 microstructure development 263-267 Chimney Bluffs, New York State, USA progressive simple shear 262-263,262, 263, 264, 265 glacial sediments 251, 253 pure and simple shear strains 262, 267-269, 268, 271 chlorine concentration, Greenland Ice Sheet 19, 19 Reidel shears 265, 266 cleavage, definition 261 relative intensity 269-271 cleavage zones 72 sheared clay in till 271,273 coaxial deformation, definition 261 structural style 265-267 Coire a' Cheud-chnoic, Scotland 327, 331,331 tension veins 271-272, 273 Columbia Glacier, Alaska theoretical model 260-263 subglacial till deformation thickness 172, 173 thickness of layer 272-275 compressive flow regimes transposed foliation 269, 272, 273 beneath an ice-fall 73 ice cores 24-37, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 terminal lobes 73-75 ice crystals 24, 27-32, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Coulomb-plastic flow 171, 174-175, 177 stratigraphy 25-27, 26 crevasse traces 74, 75 temperature 34, 36
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deuterium data, Greenland Ice Sheet 16, 20 glaciers diapirs 192, 193 as analogues of rock deformation 62-63 di-electric profile (DEP) conductivity, Greenland Ice blue ice 116-117, 123 Sheet 15, 16 bubbly ice 116-117, 123 diffusion creep 50 characteristic structures 73-76 domain, definition 256 compressive flow 262 dropstones 270, 270 confluence investigations 60 drumlins 307, 308 crevass trace 66 formation 307-308, 316-317 cumulative strain 62-63, 63, 87 basal sliding 311-312 velocity-gradient method 65 bedform stability 308-309 debris transport and deposition 77-78, 79 effective pressure 310 deformation 63-68 growth rate 315-316, 315, 316 histories 76 Hindmarsh model 309, 316 measurement 65 instability condition 314, 314, 317 numerical methods 65 linear stability analysis 312-314 effect of subglacial sediment 187-189 subglacial bedforms 309-312, 310 flow 3-4 till rheology 310-311, 317-318 flow modelling 135, 144-145 ductile deformation, definition 261 crevasses 137-142, 141 ductile deformation of sediments 246, 247 deposition-transport-exposure 142-144, 143, 144 dynamic hydraulic conductivity of subglacial field site 136-137 sediments 235-236, 237, 238, 239 methodology 136-137 dynamics, definition 261 strain rate 137, 139, 142 velocity 137, 139 East Antarctic Ice Sheet 61, 217-218 Piedmont-type 68, 73 radar study 218-220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227-228 polythermal 67, 68 underlying sediments 220-221,227 strain-related structures 66-73 East Carpathian orogen 165, 166 structure 3-4 Elliot Lake, Canada surge-type 66, 68-69, 86 glacial sediments 253, 255 tectonic processes, investigation 61 en dchelon crevasses 74, 75 thrust faults 66-67 extensional flow regimes 73 glaciology history 1, 59-62 structural investigations 60-61 fabric, definition 261 glaciotectonic deformation 294 Fearn Hill grid, Antarctica 116, 117, 119 Danish North Sea 293-295, 294 Ferguson Peak, Antarctica 116, 117 deformation history 303-304 Ferrar Glacier, Antarctica 60 seismic database 295, 295 finite strain, definition 261 seismic profiles 296, 297, 299 flow-induced mixing, Greenland Ice Sheet 18-20 substrate lithology 302 folding deformation 68-69, 68 thrust timing 302-303 chevron 68 thrust mechanism 303 Greenland Ice Sheet 18-20 thrust structures intrafolial 68 architecture 295-299, 298 isoclinal 68 geographical extent 298, 299-302, 300, 301 parallel 68 subglacial valleys 302 similar 68 glaciotectonics foliation 68, 69-71, 70 definition 5-6 definition 261 structures 5-8 investigations 60, 61 Glen's Flow Law 63, 98, 111, 120, 122 transposed 269, 272, 273 Glen's model 44 Forbes bands 72, 73 Gliedenberg, Germany 272, 273, 274 Fox Glacier, New Zealand 60 grain growth law 34 Framnes Mountains, Antarctica 65, 115, 116 Greenland France Bj~rnbo Gletscher 60 Mer de Glace 60 Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) 14, 21 Franz Joseph Glacier, New Zealand 60 Greenland Ice Sheet 13 anisotropy 97 gas content, total, Greenland Ice Sheet 17, 19 c-axis fabrics 97 gas-filled cavities in basal ice 183 Central George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica 61 ammonium concentration 15, 16, 20 Glaciar Universidad, Chile 60 basal ice 13-14 Glacier d'Otemma, Switzerland 72 carbon dioxide concentration 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Glacier de Tsanflueron, Switzerland 24, 24 chlorine concentration 19, 19
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Greenland Ice Sheet (continued) experimental procedure 100 Central orientation 100-104, 105-107 deuterium data 16, 20 shear-compression 102, 108-111,108, 109, di-electric profile (DEP) conductivity 15, 16 110, 111 flow-induced mixing 18-20 strain-compression 101, 102, 105, 111 folding deformation 18-20 blue ice 116-117, 123 gas content, total 17, 19 brittle fracture 66 lead isotope composition 18 bubbly ice 116-117, 123 melting and refreezing 20 compaction 52 methane concentration 16, 19 compared to deformed rocks 62 neodymium isotope composition 18 contaminants 39 nitrate concentration 19, 19 creep 52 non-glacial ice 14-18 activation energy 39, 40 oxygen-18 data 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 diffusion 50, 53 oxygen/nitrogen ratio 17, 18 dislocation geometry 49 physical conditions 20 power law 49-50, 53 stratigraphy 14 steady-state rate 39 strontium (Sr) isotope composition 18 transient 50, 53 temperature 13, 16, 18 critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) 41, 43, 44 folding deformation 18-20 crystals investigations 60 activation energy 34 multi-parametric data 15 equilibrium diameter 35, 35 shear zones 60 formation in glaciers 117, 119, 125 Griesgletscher Glacier, Switzerland 60, 64, 65, 73, 74, grain growth law 34 75, 76 mean minimum size 34, 36 Grossglockner (mountain), Austria 160 size 23, 27, 35 ground-penetrating radar (GPR) 78 structure 23-24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Gulkana Glacier, Alaska 60, 73 deformation 2-3, 52-54, 79 deformation curves 53 flow behaviour 115 Hagafellsj6kull Eystri, Iceland 204 mechanical testing 47-48 Hagafellsj6kull Vestari, Iceland 204-205, 204, 205, basal shear stress 52, 52 213-215 beam centrifuge 48, 49, 50-52 bedform morphometry 205-207, 206, 207 behaviour of models 52-53 drumlin micromorphology 209-212, 210, environmental controls 51 drumlin sedimentology 207-209, 208 instrumentation 51-52 flute sedimentology 212-213 model construction 50-51 grain size 209 scaling 48-50 Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland 136-137, 136, 138, strain rate 52, 52 139, 140, 141, 144-145 stress configurations 48 subglacial sediments 232-233, 232, 233, 238-241 polycrystalline 97 dynamic hydraulic conductivity 235-236, 237, polyphase deformation 62 238, 239 rheology 125-127 laboratory study 233-241 shear localization 98 static hydraulic conductivity 235, 235, shear strain rate 41 236, 236 Glen's model 44 strength 236-238, 240 shear stress-strain curves 41, 41, 42, 43 Heiligenhafen, Germany 271-272, 272, 273 stress exponent 39, 40, 44 Hessbreen, Svalbard 61, 76 vertical stress modelling 48-49, 49 Hindmarsh model for drumlin development Ice Cap, Canada 60 309, 316 ice core studies Hintereisferner, Austria 60 Glacier de Tsanflueron, Switzerland 24-37, 24, 25, Holmstr6mbreen, Svalbard 61 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Hubbard Glacier, Alaska 75 ice facies, characteristics 182 Hvide Klint, Denmark 274, 275 ice sheet flow 98 hydrochloric acid 39 ice sheet flow modelling 119-125 hydrofluoric acid 39, 44 parameters 120, 123-124 Ice Stream B, Antarctica 61 subglacial layer thickness 272-275 ice subglacial till deformation thickness 172, 173 anisotropy Ice Stream C, Antarctica annealing 101, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112 subglacial till deformation 172 c-axis orientation 100-104, 101, 103, 104, Ice Stream D, Antarctica 105-107, 106, 111 subglacial till deformation 172, 173
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Iceland Glen's model 44 Breiam6rkurj6kull 174 ice rheology 47-54 subglacial till deformation 172, 173 low-stress ice flow 53-54 Hagafellsj6kull Eystri, Iceland 204 moraine deposition model 330-331 Hagafellsj6kull Vestari, Iceland 204-205, 204, 205, Nabarro-Herring model 50 213-215 subglacial tills 194-199 bedform morphometry 205-207, 206, 207 three-dimensional structures 79 drumlin micromorphology 209-212, 210, vertical stress modelling 48-49, 49 drumlin sedimentology 207-209, 208 Mohawk Bay, Canada flute sedimentology 212-213 glacial sediments 251, 252, 253 grain size 209 Mohr-Coulomb failure relation 241 outlet glaciers 60 Mohr's circles 236, 240, 241 Vatnaj6kull 611 moraine-mound formation 321 incremental (infinitesimal) strain, definition 261 Cwm Idwal, Wales 321-322, 322, 323, 323, 332, 333 inseptic plasma fabric, definition 256 depositional model 330-331 Isfallsglaci/iren, Sweden 60, 205 facies 327-328 grain-size data 327 Johnsons Glacier, Livingstone Island, Antarctica 147, morphology 324-326, 325 156-157 previous interpretation 328-330 crevasses 153-154 thrust moraines 331-333 deformation 150-154, 156 topographic survey 322-324 foliation 152 moraines 60 motion 156 formation 61, 72 sedimentary stratification 149, 150-151,150, 151,152 multi-parametric study 13 setting 147-149, 148, 149 structure 156 Nabarro-Herring model 50 surface strain-rates 154-155, 154, 155, 156 necking 251, 253 tephra layer 149, 150, 151,152, 156 neodymium (Nd) isotope composition, Greenland Ice thrust faults 153 Sheet 18 New Zealand Kaskawulsh Glacier, Canada 60 Fox Glacier 60 Killough, Northern Ireland 309 Franz Joseph Glacier 60 kinematics, definition 261 nitrate concentration, Greenland Ice Sheet 19, 19 Kongsvegen, Svalbard 61, 76 non-coaxial deformation, definition 261 normal stress, definition 261 Lake Vostok 227 North Masson Range, Antarctica 116 radar study 219, 220 North Sea, Danish seismic data 220, 228 deformation history 303-304 Lambert Glacier, Antarctica 61, 72 geological setting 293-295, 294 lattiseptic plasma fabric, definition 256 glaciotectonic deformation 293 Laurentide Ice Sheet, USA 217 seismic database 295, 295 lead isotope composition, Greenland Ice Sheet 18 seismic profiles 296, 297, 299 linear stability analysis 312-314 thrust mechanism 303 Little Ice Age 160 thrust structures Llyn Idwal, Wales 323, 324, 326 architecture 295-299, 298 loadcasts 192, 193, 194 geographical extent 298, 299-302, 300, 301 subglacial valleys 302 Malaspina Glacier, Alaska 60, 68, 75 substrate lithology 302 maseptic plasma fabric, definition 256 thrust timing 302-303 mega-boudins 72 Northern Ireland Meikleour, Scotland Ards Peninsula 307 glacial sediments 253, 254 Killough 309 Mer de Glace, France 60 Norway Meserve Glacier, Antarctica 60, 181, 184, 184, 187, 189 Austerdalsbreen 60 methane concentration, Greenland Ice Sheet 16, 19 Austre Broggerbreen, Svalbard 70 modelling techniques Austre Lovbnbreen, Svalbard 70, 77 deformation 87-89 Bakaninbreen, Svalbard 61, 68 finite difference 122-125 Charles Rabots Bre 60 flow modelling 119-122, 135, 144-145 Hessbreen, Svalbard 61 crevasses 137-142, 141 Holmstrfmbreen, Svalbard 61 deposition-transport-exposure 142-144, 143, 144 Kongsvegen, Svalbard 61 methodology 136-137 Slettmarkbreen 205 strain rate 137, 139, 142 Southern Lyngen 205 velocity 137, 139 Svalbard 330, 331
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Norway (continued) rheology of ice Svartisen ice cap 205 creep 52 Vesl-Skautbreen 60 activation energy 39, 40 Nova Scotia, Canada diffusion 50, 53 glacial sediments 249-253, 250 dislocation geometry 49 power law 49-50, 53 steady-state rate 39 octahedral shear stress 35-36, 35 transient 50, 53 octahedral strain 102, 108, 108 critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) 41, 43, 44 ogives 72-73, 73 deformation curves 53 Forbes bands 72, 73 effect of grain size 54 investigations 60 mechanical testing 47-48 Oldenhorn, Switzerland 24, 34 basal shear stress 52, 52 omniseptic plasma fabric, definition 256 beam centrifuge 48, 49, 50-52 outlet glaciers, Iceland 60 behaviour of models 52-53 oxygen-18 data, Greenland Ice Sheet 15, 16, 17, 18, environmental controls 51 19, 20 instrumentation 51-52 oxygen/nitrogen ratio, Greenland Ice Sheet 17, 18 model construction 50-51 scaling 48-50 P shear fractures 75 strain rate 52, 52 Pannonian Basin 160, 165 stress configurations 48 partial derivatives, calculating 318 shear strain rate 41 Pasterze Glacier, Austria 159-160 Glen's model 44 ablation rate 160 shear stress-strain curves 41, 41, 42, 43 ductile shear zones 162 stress exponent 39, 40, 44 extensional allochthon 159-160, 165, 166-167 vertical stress modelling 48-49, 49 folding 162, 163 rhomboseptic fabrics 253 foliation 162, 163 rhomboseptic plasma fabric, definition 256 glaciology 160-161,161 Riedel shear fractures 75 shear-extensional fractures 165 Rumdoodle grid, Antarctica 116 structures 165-166 tension gashes 165 thrust faults 162-165, 164 Saskatchewan, Canada 308 Pasterzenkees Glacier, Austria 60 Saskatchewan Glacier, Canada 60, 65 Phantom Lake, Alaska 69 satellite imagery investigations 61 Phillips Inlet glaciers, Canada 61 satellite interferometry 79 plasma, definition 256 Schmid Factor 122 polygonization 34 Scotland polyphase deformation of sediments 246 Coire a' Cheud-chnoic 327, 331,331 power law creep 49-50 Meikleour 253, 254 Raitts Burn, Speyside 279-281,280, 281, 291-292 radar study of subglacial lakes 218-220 deformation history 288-290, 289, 290-291 Adventure Subglacial Trench 221, 222 deformation structures 288-290 Belgica Subglacial Highlands 225 micromorphology 282-288, 283, 284, East Antarctic Ice Sheet 221, 222, 223, 224 285, 286 Lake Vostok 219 rhythmic lamination 288 underlying sediments 220-221,227 stratigraphy 281-282 Wilkes Subglacial Basin 224, 226 Strathspey 279, 280, 291-292 Raitts Burn, Speyside, Scotland 279-281,280, 281, deformation model 290-291 291-292 Quaternary geology 279-281,280, 281 deformation history 288-290, 289, 290-291 subglacial sediments 236-238, 240 deformation structures 288-290 Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) 217 micromorphology 282-288, 283, 284, 285, 286 sediments rhythmic lamination 288 see also subglacial sediments stratigraphy 281-282 deformation structures 246-247, 247, 249 Rayleigh-Taylor (RT)instabilities 191, 192, 193 glacial 1, 2, 249-253 Reidel shears 265, 266 microfabric development 245-246, 253-256 rheology microstructure development 245-246, 253-256 definition 261 microstructure taxonomy 247-248, 253-256 deformation rate equation 192 necking 251, 253 static balances 193 omniseptic fabrics 248 subglacial tills 191-194, 199-200, 310-311, plasmic microfabrics 247-248 317-318 polyphase deformation microstructures 249
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porewater-produced microstructures 249 Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland 232-233, rhomboseptic fabrics 253 232, 233 S-matrix 247 static hydraulic conductivity 235, 235, 236, 236 S-matrix microstructures 248-253 strain concentration 187-188 s+racs 57 strength 236-238, 240 shear regime strength and hydraulic conductivity non-surge temperate glacier 75 laboratory equipment 233, 234 surge-type temperate glacier 75-76 results 235-238 shear stress, definition 261 sample preparation 233-234 shear zones 72 testing procedure 233-234, 234 skelseptic plasma fabric, definition 256 Traeth y Mwnt, Wales 232-233, 232, 233 Slettmarkbreen, Norway 205 subglacial tills 309 S-matrix in sediments 247, 248-253 continuity 175-176 South Masson Range, Antarctica 116 Coulomb-plastic flow 171, 174-175, 177 South Shetland Islands, Antarctica 148 deformation 171-172, 172 Southern Lyngen Glaciers, Norway 205 feedback mechanism hindering replacement 176 Spencer Glacier, Alaska 205 flux 311,311 static hydraulic conductivity of subglacial sediments generation 176-177 235, 235, 236, 236 low stress 174-175 Stokes' equations 194 physical model 194-196 Storglaci/iren 172, 173 solutions 196-199 strain, definition 261 replacement-hindering feedback 176 strain softening 23 rheology 191-194, 199-200, 310-311,317-318 Strathspey, Scotland 279, 280, 291-292 sediment fluxes 172-174 deformation history 288-290, 289 shear rate 310 deformation model 290-291 Suess Glacier, Antarctica 182, 187, 189 deformation structures 288-290 sulphuric acid, effect on ice flow 39, 43-44 micromorphology 282-288, 283, 284, 285, 286 experimental details 39-41 Quaternary geology 279-281,280, 281 surge study 203-204, 213-215 rhythmic lamination 288 bedform morphometry 205-207, 206, 207 stratigraphy 281-282 drumlin micromorphology 209-212, 210 subglacial sediments 236-238, 240 drumlin sedimentology 207-209, 208 strontium (Sr) isotope composition, Greenland Ice flute sedimentology 212-213 Sheet 18 grain size 209 subglacial deformation 4-5, 259-260, 275 methodology 205 brittle shear-zone structures 266, 266, 267 site 204, 204 definition of terms 261 Svalbard 330, 331 ductile shear-zone structures 266-267, Austre Broggerbreen 70 266, 267 Austre Lov~nbreen 70, 77 macrostructure development 263-267 Bakaninbreen 61, 68 microstructure development 263-267 Hessbreen 61 progressive simple shear 262-263, 262, 263, Holmstr6mbreen 61 264, 265 Kongsvegen 61, 76 pure and simple shear strains 262, 267-269, Svartisen ice cap, Norway 205 268, 271 Sweden Reidel shears 265, 266 Isfallsglaci/iren 60 relative intensity 269-271 Switzerland sheared clay in till 271,273 Bas Glacier d'Arolla 73 structural style 265-267 de Tsanflueron Glacier 24, 24 tension veins 271-272, 273 ice cores 24-37, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, theoretical model 260-263 32, 33 thickness of layer 272-275 ice crystals 24, 27-32, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 transposed foliation 269, 272, 273 stratigraphy 25-27, 26 subglacial lakes temperature 34, 36 radar study 218-220 Glacier d'Otemma 72 regional variation 221-227 Griesgletscher 60, 64, 65, 73, 74, 75, 76 underlying sediments 220-221,227 Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland 136-137, 136, subglacial sediments 231-233, 238-241 138, 139, 140, 141, 144-145 basal ice uncoupling 188-189 subglacial sediments 232-241,232, 233, 235, 236, behaviour 181-182 236, 237, 238, 239, 240 cavity formation relationship 188 Oldenhorn 24, 34 dynamic hydraulic conductivity 235-236, 237, Turtmanngletscher 205 238, 239 Unteraargletscher 65 effect of glacier temperature 189 Vadret del Forno 68
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Tauern window 160, 165 Variegated Glacier, Alaska 61, 65, 67, 68, 76, Taylor Glacier, Antarctica 11 76, 86 Taylor Valley, Antarctica 182 deformation history 90, 92, 94 temperature, Greenland Ice Sheet 13, 16, 18 shear zones 72, 75, 75 Terzaghi's effect 310 strain 88, 89, 92, 94 Thompson Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, Canada 68, subglacial till deformation 172 69, 77, 169 surging 86, 87 till rheology 310-311,317-318 velocity 88, 89 Traeth y Mwnt, Wales Worthington Glacier, Alaska 61, 65 subglacial sediments 232-233, 232, 233, Vadret del Forno, Switzerland 68 238-241 Variegated Glacier, Alaska 61, 65, 67, 68, 76, 76, 86 dynamic hydraulic conductivity 235-236, 237, deformation history 88, 90, 92, 94 238, 239 shear zones 72, 75, 75 laboratory study 233-241 strain 88, 89, 92, 94 static hydraulic conductivity 235, 235, subglacial till deformation 172 236, 236 surging 86, 87 strength 236-238, 240 velocity 88, 89 Transantarctic Motmtain range 221 Vatnajrkull Iceland 60 transient creep 50 Ventisquero Soler, Chile 61 Trapridge Glacier, Canada Vesl-Skautbreen, Norway 60 subglacial till deformation thickness 172, 173 Vostok, Lake 227 Turtmanngletscher, Switzerland 205 radar study 219, 220 Twin Glacier, Alaska 60 seismic data 220, 228
Walder and Fowler subglacial drainage theory 310 unistrial p!asma fabric, definition 256 Wales Unteraargletscher, Switzerland 65 Cwm Cneifion 322, 322, 323, 329 Urumqi No. 1 Glacier, China 189 Cwm Idwal 321-322, 322 USA glacio-tectonic map 326 Bering Glacier, Alaska 60, 68, 75 grain-size data 327 Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska 172, 172, 173 moraine-mound formation 321-333, 323, 323, Blue Glacier, Washington 60, 73, 172 331, 332 Burroughs Glacier, Alaska 60 Llyn Idwal (lake) 323, 324, 326 Chimney Bluffs, New York State 251, 253 Traeth y Mwnt 232-241,232, 233, 235, 236, 236, Gulkana Glacier, Alaska 60, 73 237, 238, 239 Hubbard Glacier, Alaska 75 White Glacier, Canada 60, 65, 69, 76, 77 Laurentide Ice Sheet 217 Wilkes Subglacial Basin, Antarctica 221-227, 224, 226, Malaspina Glacier, Alaska 60, 68, 75 227 Phantom Lake, Alaska 69 Wordie Ice Shelf, Antarctica 61 Spencer Glacier, Alaska 205 Worthington Glacier, Alaska 61, 65 Twin Glacier, Alaska 60 Wreck Glacier, Canada 69
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4525266/9781862394247_backmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Deformation of Glacial Materials
edited by A. J. Maltman, B. Hubbard and M. J. Hambrey University of Wales, Aberystwyth
The flow of glacier ice can produce structures that are striking and beautiful. Associated sediments, too, can develop spectacular deformation structures, and examples are remarkably well preserved in Quaternary deposits. Although such features have long been recognized, they are now the subject of new attention from glaciologists and glacial geologists.
This collection of papers addresses-how the methods for unravelling deformation structures evolved in recent years by structural geologists can be used for glacial materials, and the opportunities offered to structural geologists by glacial materials for studying deformation in rocks.
9 360pages
9 24chapters 9181 illustrations
Visit our on-line bookshop: http:/bookshop.geolsoc.org.uk Geological Society Internet Site: www.geolsoc.org.uk
Cover illustration: Aerial view of the world's largest piedmont glacier, the Malaspina Glacier in SE Alaska. Medial moraines have been folded on a large scale as a result of longitudinal compression as the ice emerges from its confined channel. Photo: M. J. Hambrey. II!HLlU!!IPUUUU!!IdISBN 1-86239-072-X
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