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Annexure D: Thar Coal Analysis

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Annexure D: Thar Coal Analysis American Journal of Scientific Research 160 ISSN 1450-223X Issue 11(2010), pp.92-102 Annexure-'D' © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www.eurojournals.com/ajsr.htm Composition, Trace Element Contents and Major Ash Constituents of Thar Coal, Pakistan M. Afzal Farooq Choudry Department of Environmental Science, FUUAST, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Yasmin Nurgis Environmental Research Center, Bahria University, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Mughal Sharif Environmental Research Center, Bahria University, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Amjad Ali Mahmood Geological Survey of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan Haq Nawaz Abbasi Department of Environmental Science, FUUAST, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Thar coalfield is a part of the Thar Desert of Pakistan. Pakistan has coal reserves of 185 billion tons, of this Thar coal reserves account for 175 billion tons spread over a single geographically contained area of 9100 sq km in the south eastern part of the Sindh. It is bounded in the north, east and south by India, in the west by the irrigated Indus river flood plain. The terrain is sandy and rough with sand dunes forming the topography. Various physio-chemical parameters including chemical composition of coal ashes, distribution of trace elements in them, were analyzed to understand the coal prospects and its share in the domestic energy production. In addition a preliminary study have also undertaken on the factors that effect the chemical composition of coal ashes. The apparent rank is high volatile Lignite “B” coal. Arithmetic mean values for proximate analysis of coals (as received basis; n=54) show these coals to be 6.83% Ash, 29.55% volatile matter, 19.2% fixed carbon and 44.3% moisture and have a heat of combustion of 6094 BTU/lb. Average values for ultimate analysis of the coal show these coals to be 4.96% hydrogen, 51.18% carbon, 0.31% nitrogen, 2.45% sulphur and 14.88% oxygen. The geometric mean values of these, as viewed from the analysis of coal ash samples collected from the Thar coal field region, it can be seen that coal ashes from region studied are composed of organic matter and the major chemicals are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and CaO as well as minor amounts of SO3,P2O5, Na2O, K2O and TiO2. During the combustions of coal, its trace elements will be redistributed and most of them are enriched in coal ashes.The mineralogy of Sindh coal samples suggests that these coals have quartz and Kaolinite as the dominant phase and minor amount of calcite, Illite and Muuscovite. The dominant minerals of Thar coals are Composition, Trace Element Contents and Major Ash Constituents of Thar Coal, Pakistan 93161 quartz. Quartz also tends to occur in the form of comparatively large particles of free mineral matter, whereas much of the pyrite is dispersed in the coal substances and clay sediments. Keywords: Coal, Thar, Bara, Trace Elements, Ash 1. Introduction Energy has become an important prerequisite for the economic development of a country. On one hand it is used for the industrial and agricultural purposes and on other hand it is required for domestic use of the citizens. Pakistan is presently facing an acute power shortage, with a rapidly growing population and economy, and relying heavily on thermal power generation. About half of the thermal power generation is based on imported oil or on natural gas. Oil is very expensive and rising unpredictable to unprecedented height. Where as reserves of natural gas are limited. Pakistan is presently facing a demand and supply gap of electricity approximately 5000MW and may increase in the coming years. Out of total generation capacity of 17664MW, coal fired power generation is presently only 50MW. Whereas Pakistan has total coal reserves of 185 billion tons of these Thar coal reserves account for 175 billion tons spread over a single geographical contained area of 9100 sq km in Thar desert in South-Eastern corner of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Coal is projected as a primary source for power generation through its combustion and could even surpass oil and natural gas in use, especially when the real costs of energy are compared to the costs of using indigenous coal resources of Pakistan. In this scenario coal presents itself as the foremost solution to country energy crises. In the process of combustion organic and inorganic materials in it will undergo a complex variation part of them will become volatiles, together with coal smoke, enter into atmosphere in the form of solid particles and the rest will be retained in ash and slag. Coal ashes are the residues of organic and inorganic substances in coal left after coal combustion ( Abernethy et al; 1969).The concentration of trace elements are much higher than those of bottom ash ( Swaine, 1975) coal combustion not only produce heat and energy but significantly harm the environment and human health ( Hepplaston et al; 1984; Borm, 1994; Vanhee et al, 1995; Borm and Driscoll, 1996; Driscoll et al; 1996, 1997; Paul, 1997; Frinkelman et al; 1999). Under leaching action the ashes will find their way into underground water, causing underground water pollution (Mareal Pires et al; 2000; Liuguijian, 2000 a). Therefore, coal combustion and ash slag formation will lead to obvious redistribution of elements on the earth surface. Coal quality is now generally recognized as being an impact, often significant, on coal combustion especially in many areas of power plant operation. The parameters of rank, mineral matter content (ash content) sulfur and moisture contents are regarded as determining factors in combustibility as it relates to both heating value and ease of reaction. Therefore this study is undertaken the geochemical characteristics, chemical composition and element composition of Thar coal .In addition this study is a brief effort to stimulate the already growing interest in the possibilities of raising the coal prospects and its share in the domestic energy production. Coal ashes analysis will provide the scientific basis for their comprehensive utilization and for reducing environmental pollution. 2. Location and Topography of the Area Pakistan lies along the contact between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. It is situated in the north- western corner of the Indian Plate, to its south-east is Indian Plate and to the north the Asian/Karakorum continental Plate. The province of Sindh is situated in the Lower Indus Basin.Lower Indus Basin has a number of coal basins. These basins extend westward from Thar coalfield, through Badin to Lakhra-Sonda-Thatta area. The western part of Sindh falls in the folded belt zone where as most of the eastern part covers the 94 M. Afzal Farooq Choudry, Yasmin Nurgis, Mughal Sharif, 162 Amjad Ali Mahmood and Haq Nawaz Abbasi platform slope. Shelf platform and carbonate deposits ranging in age from Triassic to recent overlie the basement slope (Kazmi and Jan, 1995). The Thar coalfield is located between latitudes 24o15'N and 25o 45'N and longitudes 69o45'E and in the south-eastern part of Sindh. The Thar desert lies in the south-eastern part of Pakistan on the stable western margin of the Indian plate (Kazmi and Jan, 1995). 3. Geology of Thar The Thar coalfield is covered by dunes with an average depth varying from 14-93 meters and is located on the Indus platform in the eastern part of the desert. This structural platform is underlain by relatively shallow granitic basement. This granite complex dips down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is highly faulted (Fasset and Durrani, 1994). An unconformity at the base of underlying sedimentary sequence east ward to the point where the Paleocene/Eocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite is present. The maceral components indicate less maturity of coal formed herbaceous plants in warm climate with rapid rise and fall in water level and environment of raised bogs (Fasset and Durrani, 1994). The quality of coal is liginite ‘B’, Clay stone forms the roof as well as floor of coal benches (Jaleel et. al., 2002). Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and may be deposited in raised bog environment (Jaleel et. al., 2002). The geological studies shows that coal bearing strata of palocene-Eocene sediments unconformabaly overlie the pre-cambrian basement igneous rocks exposed al-Nagar Parkar ( Fasset and Durrani, 1994) and this is only out crop bed rock in the region. At the depth of 110 to 277 meters the basement rock is generally granite and granodiorite. The granite is of white, pinkish grey to very light grey in colour and coarse grained having feldspar to highly altered Kaolinite (Jaffery, 1994). The Paleocene-Ecocene coal bearing horizons of clay stone, carbonaceous clay stone, sand stone and silt stone with inter-laminated coal beds. Sand stone is very fine to coarse grained and consists of ferro –magnesium mineral grains. The metabasalts are medium to coarse grained volcanic and plutonic rocks that have metamorphosed to epidote amphibolites and contain acidic dykes of rhyolite to quartz trachyte composition (Jan et al., 1997). The coal bearing horizon of the Paleocene-Eocene sediments above the basement complex is designated as Bara formation is highly altered Kaolinite (Jaffery, 1994). The granite is white, pinkish grey. The stratigraphic sequence in the Thar coal test holes is generally the same (Table 1) 4. Sample Collection and Analytical Methods The coal reserves spread over a large area and the potential area is divided into four blocks. Coal seam is persistent over most of the area in all the blocks. The seam attains a maximum thickness of 36 meters. The commutative thickness of the coal beds range from 0.2 to 3.6 meters.
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