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DOCUMENT, RESUME BD 126 850 IR 003 727 AUTHOR Heller, Melvin S.; Polsky, Samuel TITLE - Studies in 'Violence and Television. INSTITUTION American Broadcasting Co., New York, N.Y. REPORT NO LC-76-13572 PUB DATE 76 -*/ NOTE 529p.; fbir related documents, see IR 003 725 -727 EDRS PRICE MF-V.00 Plus Pogtage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Adolescentsp Aggression; Anti Social Behavior; Broadcast Industry; *Children; Delinquents; Emotionally Disturbed-Children; Exceptional Children; Males; Media Research; Programing (Broadcast); Pro'social Behavior; *Research Reviews (Publications); Television Research; *Television Viewing; *Violence ABSTRACT The cd1plete reports of the research efforts on the effects of televised violence on children sponsored by the American Broadcasting Company in the past five years are presented. Ten research projects on aggression and violence are described which examined primarily the effect of television on children who were P emotionally disturbed, cane from broken homes,' or were juvenile offenders. In addition to complete documentation on each of the studies,'guAdelines for viewing and programing of televised violence are given. General implications for the broadcastingindustry in light of the findings of The studies are also included. Data collection instruments are appended. (HAB) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublish d *' * materials ndt available from other sources. ERIC makes everyof rt *. * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of margi 1 * *-reproducibility are often encountered and,this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERICImakes.avAilable *. * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * A * responsible for the quality of the original document.Reproductiops * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from theoriginal. *********************************************************************** p I I 4 4 I S'I'UDIFS. IN VIOLENCE AND TELEVISI6N If 1 I Melvin S. Heller, M.S., M.D. Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Director, Unj_t in Law and Psychiatry Temple University and RI SamuelPo14, J.D., Ph.D. Professor of Law and Legal Medicine Director, Institute of Law and the Health Sciences' Temple, University US MINT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION L W NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT NAS SEEN REPRO. OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON 01 ORGANIZATION ORIGIN AT 'NG ti POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLitty American Broadcasting Company New York, N.Y.' 1976 1' c"). H b 0 S 9 NA, PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE TH15 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL SY MICRO. FICHE ONLY HAS SEEN GRANTED no _riv nrttQr:66n-Bro atim6 TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPPRAT INC. UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE NA T ORAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE A THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERM'S SION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER Companies Inc. ( Copyright 1976- American Broadcasting- Al1TRight's..Iteserved Library of?ongress Catalog Card Number: 7 6 -.11 5 7 2 "PROJECT SUPERVISORS Louis Bernstein, Ph.D. J. Alexis Burland, M.D. Francis Duffy, S.J., Ph.D. Edward B. Guy, M.D. III, IV, V, and VI (with Douglas Bry) Janet Hoopes; Ph.D. VIII ti w e e e Editorial Coordinator: Mary Linnebur 4 TIM() OFcoNTENrs page ACKNMEDGENTENTS a INTRODUCT I ON PROJECT I: RESPONSES OFEMOTIONALLYNUINERPELE CHMOREN 1970-n TO TELEVISION 1 Introduction 1 Vulnerability: Knowing- the Child 13 Methodol 16 Subjects,.- 16 Group A (Emotionally Impaired) 16 Group B (Children of Broken Homes) 17 Viewing Con ditions 18, The Nature of the Stimuli 20 . Measures . 21 21, Pre-Post,MeaJures / Bailyn 21 Situation Test 22 Sears Aggression Scales 23 Aggression, Anxiety 24 Projected Aggression 24 Self Aggression 25 Prosocial Aggression 25 AntiSocial Aggression 26 Buss-Durkee Inventory 27 Assault 28 !, Indiredt Aggression. 28 Irritability . 28 Negativism 28 , . 28 Resentment .., Suspicion 28 Verbal Aggression 28 Item Writing Techniques 29 Individual Program Measures 30 Jo- page Behavior Rating Scale 30 Reaction Test 32 . 32 Preference Rating, 3 Elicited Feelings 33 33 Recall , , 33 Drawings .t Story Writing 34 Group Discssion 34 Findings 36 Pe-PostMe ores 36 TableI:/ Buss- Durkee Aggression InVentory 36 37 TableI / Sears Aggression Scales TableICI: Bailyn Questionnaire IF38 Table Situation Test 38 /1" Individu Program Measures 1109 Table .Beha Rating Scale (Peers) 39 Table vior Rating Scale(Authority) 40 TableVII: actions Test 40 TablVIII: Preference Rating 41 Tabl IX: Elicited Feelings 42 TableX: 'Recall 42 Tah XI: Drawings (Anxiety Expressed) Tab eXII: Drawings (Expressed Aggression) 44 Tab eXIII: Story Writing (Group A Only) 45 T.ieXIV: Story Writing (Group A Only) 46 Summary of Significant Findipq 46 Buss-kee Aggression Inventory 46 Beha lor Rating Scale 46 yrogr: Reports.. 47 Draw igs 47 sition (Story) 47 Clin cal Findings 48 Con.clus ons 49 .PROJECT II: RESPONSES TO CARTOON AND HUMAN PORTRAYEDTELEVISION VIO.LENCE IN EMTIONALLY VULNERABLE GUILDREN 53 Subjects 54 Methodology 56 6 'At page Experimental Procedures (Group B Onfi 57 Pre-Post Measures 58. Sears Aggression Scales 58 Situations Test 59 Mild Aggression 59 Verbal Aggression. 59 Covert Aggression 59 Direct Aggression 59 Severe Aggression 59 Individual,PTogram Measures.... , 60 Preference Rating 60 Elicited Feelings 60 Recall 60 Behavior Rating Scale 61 Clinical Procedures 63 Experimental Findings '(Group B Only) 64 Table I: Sears Aggression Scales 64 '.Table II: Situations Test .,, 65 Program Report Measures (Group B Only) 65 Table III: Preference Rating 65 Table IV: Elicited Feelings 66 Table V: Recall '66 Table VI: Behavior Rating Scale/ ' 67 Table VII: Behavior Rating Scale Content Analysis Peer Behavior Ratings ' 0 vs... Non-Cartoons 'Cartoon L Mild vs. Strong Aggression After Viewing Non-Cartoon Programs 68 Mild vs. Strong Aggression Ater Viewing Cartoons 69 Authority Behavior Ratings 69 Cartoon vs. Non-Cartoon 69 Mild vs. Strong Aggression After Viewing Cartoons.. e. 69 Milervs. Strong Aggression After Viewing Non-Cartoon Programs . 70 ,,- ... Clinical Findings 71 Clinical Conclusions and Discussion f 73' page 1,,ROIJECT III: TELEVISJON STUDIES WITH YOUTHFUL AND VIOLENT 1971-72 OFFENDERS (PILOT) 80 Standardization of Interviewing and Data Collection Guide 85 Exposure to Television in the Pilot Group' 91 PROJECT IV: TELEVISION VIEWING, ANTI-SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1971-72 AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR - AN EXAMINATION OF ONE HUNDRED YOUNG MALE OFFENDERS 96 Method 96 Subject Selection 96 0 Behavioral and Developmental Data . 97 Present Legal Status 97 Arrest, Conviction, and Incarceration Records 97 Table I: Arrest and Conviction Records 98 Table II: Breakdown of Arrests and Convictions 99 Table III: Incarceration Recard 100 Driving Records 101 Family Background 101 Neighborhood Gang Membership 191 Education 101 Employment History 102. Marital and Parenting History 'e 102 Sexual History 102 Religious Background 103 History of Injuries i 103 Table IV: History of injuries Received and Inflicted 'i, 104 Drug Use 105 Cough Medicine .1. 105 VOlatile Liquids , ,, 105 Marijuana 105 LSD. .0, 105 Oral Depressants and Tranquilizers 105 Oral Stimulants' 105 Intravenous Methedrine d_n, Heroin *05 Alcohol % ])05 Table V: Cough Medicine_ 107 Table VI: Volatile Liquids (Glue) 108 Table VII: Marijdana 109 Table VIII:. LSD ,. 110 Table 1X: OW D6pressants and Tranquil ers 111 Table X: Oral Stimulants 112 Table XI: I.V. Methedrinc' 113 Table XII: I.V. Heroin 114 Table XII: Alcohol ,,,....:).. 115 8 page *evision Viewing Data ' - 116 ) Exposure 116 Television Preferences 116 Television Favorites 116 Table XIV: Hours Per Day ofTelevision Exposure 117 Table XV: Inventory of Television Preference 118 Table XVI: Favorite Types of Shows 120 Table XVII: Favorite Types of Movies 121 Table XVIII: Favorite Television Shows 122 TV Effects and Attitudes 123 Imitation'of Characters 123 Impressions faun Television % 124 TableXIX: A Comparison of Impressions from Television 125 Crimps fraM Television a 129 Other Media Influences 129 Table XX: Inventory of Influences 130 Learn8d from Television 131. ... Major Criminal InflUenceS 131 .. I CommeAtary 132 4.- Criminality and Violence , 132 '%. 139 Conclusions r Hostility and Violence 'Y4t r , '139 Patterns of Television Viewing in Violent Cr nals 143' 4 PROJECT V: MEASUREMENTS OF AGGRESSION IN RE. SES OF 1971-72 ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT OFFEMERRSTO TELEVISION VIOLENCE 153 4 Introduction 153 Methodology -154 Measurements, 154 Findings 156 Table I: Sears Aggression Scales 156. Table II: Reactions Test. 157 Table III:' Recall Test 158 Table IV: Activities. Test 159 Table V: Preference Rating ti 159 Table VI: Elicited Feelings 160, Conclusials 161 Cs tI o page PROJECT/VI: PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR, VIOLENCE AND TELEVISION 1972-73 VIEWING HABITS: A PILOT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NON-OFFENDER ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS 164 Initial Findings and Data 169 '. History. of Injuries and Violent Behavior 171 Drug Use , u 1731 Volatile Liquids (Sniffing) 173 Marijuana 173 174 LSD . , Oral Depressants and Tranquilizers 174 Oral. Stimulants 174 Methedrine and Heroin 175 Alcohol v. 175 Comparative Television Viewing Experience of Youthful Offenders and College Students 176 Table I: Hours Per Day of Television Exposure 176 Table II:., Favorite Types of Shows 178 Table.fIII: FaVorite Television Shows 179 crimr fruit Television 180 Learning from Television Ng- 180 Table IV: Learning from Television