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5) European Light-House Systems; Being a Report of a Tour of Inspection

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1055 /#JOHNM.f^ I OtlN I) sacA^ CORNELL UNIVEBSnV LIBfAJY 3 1924 074 297 361 All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074297361 LANDING ON THE WOLF OFF LANDS END. : EUROPEAN LIGHT-HOUSE SYSTEMS; EEPOET OF A TOUE OF INSPECTION MADE IN 1873, Major GEORGE H. ELLIOT, Corpg of Engineers, U.S.A., Memlar and Ungineer-Socretarij of thu Light-House Board, Jtnbtr l^c giulbqritii of Hon. WILLIAM A. RICHARDSON, Seci'etary of the Treasury. Illurteated bt 51 Engeavings and 31 Wood-Cuts in the Text. LONDON LOCKWOOD & CO., 7 STATIONERS'-HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL. 1875. ill ', I- T J. ii. V.,' ^CORNEi UNIVEFJSITY LIBHARY^ In compliance with current copyright law, LBS Archival Products produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS, rago. Extra,ctfrom Light-Honse Board Report for 1873 'J Outward voyage, and deficiency in fog-signals on transatlantic steamers 1"' The Trinity House, London IH I'og-signal experiments near Dover, under direction of Professor Tyndall i^J Extracts from Professor Tyudall's report 2'i Sir Frederick Arrow's remarks on Professor Tyudall's report C'J South Foreland electric ligbts fil Roman pliaros in Dover Castle 7" Examination of the Doty lamp 74 Experiments with lights in Westminster clock- towcr 75 Trinity-House depot atBlackwall 7i) Improvements iu lamps for light-houses ^0 Inspection-tour of the North Sea lights of England in the Trinity House steam- yacht Vestal tU Iron light-houses off the mouth of tlio Thames t'3 Orfordness lights 101 Depot at Yarmouth ICl Haisborough lights 104 Experiments at night with Haisborough lights 10.1 Newarp ligbt-&hip 11:; Cockle light-ship 11.') Spurn Point lights 11.) Flamborough Head light 11/" Whitby lights ,, Hi Souter Point light K;i Coquet light 1-27 Inner Fame Island lights lol' Longstone light V.i) Return to London IS.! Second tour of inspection.—the southwest coast of England I'-W Light-house depot at IsleofWight IS- Saint Catherine light 13! The Needles light l;-;4 Lights of the Bill of Portland lo.'i The Start light l;!.'> The Eddystone light 1S''> Saint Anthony light 1S.7 Plymouth Breakwater light l:.7 The Lizard lights l;l.> The Wolf light i;.: Rundlestone bell-buoy l-'.4 Seven Stones light-ship ]4.'i Longships light 1-il Godrevy light lJ-< "The Stones" buoy, off Godrevy 14n 4 CONTENTS. age. Holyhead light 149 North Stack fog-signal station 155 South Stack light 156 Visit to Commissioners of Irish Lights, Dublin 158 Howth Bally light 159 Wicklow Head light 160 Gas-apparatus for fixed lights 161 Gas-apparatus for intermittent lights 162 Gas-apparatus for revolving lights 165 Gas-apparatus for group flashing' lights 165 Gjs-apparatus for triform fixed lights 166 Gas-apparatus for triform intermittent lights 167 Gas-apparatus for triform revolving lights 167 Gas-apparatus for triform group flashing lights 167 Experiments -svith the triform gas-light 167 Illuminating powers of gas-lights 169 Cost of gas-light apparatus ; 170 Cost of gas-light apparatus, (triform) 171 Cost of maintenance of gas-lights 171 Illumination of beacons by gas 172 Wigham's gas-gun 174 Visit to Commissioners of Northern Lights, Edinburgh 175 Stevenson's holophone 179 Visit to lens manufactory of Chance, Brothers &Co 183 Visit to Commission des Phares, Paris 184 Dep6t des Phares of Franco. 185 JI. Eeynaud's observations concerning mineral oil 19^ Lens-makers of Paris 20;? Lepaute's observations concerning light-house burners 20'S Light-houses at the mouth of tbo Seine 215 Phare do l'H6pital 217 Feu de port at Honflcur 218 Phare do Fatouvillo 219 Phares de la Hfeve 220 Description of the electric lights at La H6ve 226 III ternational exhibition at Vienna 249 Submarine foundations for harbor light-houses 250 Models of light-houses 250 Light-house apparatus 251 Iron tower for fourth-order light 254 Swedish light-houses 257 Austrian fog-horn 261 Osnaghi's reflectors 262 llclurn voyage 260 J LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, PLATES. r:::c. 1 Froutispiooe : The "Wolf Hook light-house I. South Foreland, general plan of light-houses Gj II. South Foreland, ground-plan of engine-house f'3 '^^ III. South Foreland, lanteru and lens at IV. Six-wlck Trinity House burner 'f' V. Mapliu^and light-house '. ICO VI. Haisborougb, general plan 10' VII. Upper part of English light-house tOTver 103 VIII. Ventilating window for light-house tower 110 IX. Souter Point, chart of vicinity of 120 X. Souter Point, plan and details of low light-room .at 122 XI. Souter Point, pl.ia of machine-room 122 XII. Souter Point, general plan 124 XIII. Souter point, ground-plan 124 XIV. Souter Point, section of lantern, lens, and low light-room 12,T XV. Souter Point, east elevation 12.) XVI. Coquet Island, chart of vicinity of 123 XVII. The Longstoue light-house l^iO XVIII. The Eddystone light-house l:^ XIX. The Irish ffas-lifiht for light-houRes—lOi,jets 1-".? XX. L.and's End, chart of vicinity of 14 XXI. Comparative sections of rock light-honses 144 XXII. Holmes's fog-horn apparatus 140 XXIII. South Stack fog or "occasional" light 15G XXIV. Howth Daily g.as light-house 158 XXV. Howth Baily gas light-house IGO XXVI. Wicklow Head gas light-house 162 XXVII. One-hundred-and-eight-jet burner 164 XXVIII. Twenty-eight-jet burner 163 XXIX. Triform burners 172 XXX. Triform lenses 174 XXXI. Swedish light-ship 204 XXXII. Kevolving catadioptric.apparatus for light-ships 20.T XXXIII. Burners of French light-house lamps 209 XXXIV. Interior .adjustments of level in mineral-oil light-house lamps 21 i XXXV. Exterior adjustments of level in mineral-oil light house lamps 212 XXXVI. Mineral-oil lamp of 1845, Lepauto's gas-burner. Doty lamp. ., 214 XXXVII. La Hfeve, elevation aud general plan 220 XXXVIII. La Hfeve, ground plan of machine-room 220 XXXIX. La Hfeve, section of machino-room 230 XL. La Hfeve, front elevation of magueto-electric machine 232 XLI. La Hfeve, side elevation of magneto-electric machine 2:!4 XLII. La Hfeve, plan of magneto-elt!Ct-ic machine 2:33 XLIII. La Hfeve, details of magneto-yljcrriu macbino 240 6 ILLUSTEATIONS. Page. XLIV. La Hfeve, switches 242 XLV. Lii Hfeve, regulators 246 XLV(. Lanterns and lenses for electric and oil lights at Cape Grisaez 24S XLVII. Submarine foundation for harbor light-houses 250 Xi.^lll. Lens for electric light 254 XLIX. Iron tower for fourth-order light 25G L. Austrian fog-trumpet 260 FIGURES. 1 . Uoman pharos in Dover Castle 73 ii. Douglass gas-burner 79 J. Five-gallon oil-can 91 4. Cbinmey-gauge 91! 5. Bnoy-finder at Yarmoutli Ui (i. Bilge-keels of light-ships 104 7. Red cut, Spurn Point .-. i- 110 8. Fastening for red panes, Whitby 119 !'. Lanip-gnard 119 10. G.:ncral view of establishment at Souter Point 120 11. Lens and lanterns, Souter Poiut 124 ]J. Low light-room, Coquet Island 123 1 :!. Filling oil-butts at Saint Catherine's 134 14. lied light, Plymouth Breakwater 133 lo. linndlestone bell-buoy, off Land's End 145 1 i. Ttiree-wick lamp at Holyhead ICO ir. English and American lanterns 154 1 i'. Faraday's wind-guard, North Stack 155 1.1. Diagram illustrating revolving intermittent gas-lights 163 ~0. Stevenson's holophone, vertical section igo ~1. Stevenson's holophone, front elevation leO 1)2. Mineral-oil test, (areometer) 133 23. Mineral-oil test, (flashing point) Igy 24. Sautter's lantern for electric light 207 2o. La Hove, plan of electric light-room 222 26. La Heve, vertical section of electric light -room 223 ;.7. La Heve, lens for electric light 224 28. Swedish light-house, details 257 20. Swedish light-house, details 257 r.O. Osnaghi's reflector for flashing light 262 31. )snaghi's reflector for fixed light 265 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. The very important and interesting information in regard to the present condition of European seacoast illumination, and its cognate aids to com- merce, which is found in the following pages, was collected by Major Elliot, of the United States Engineers, in 1873. and appearing soon afterwards in the form of a report to the Light- house Board, it attracted much attention and commendation. It will be observed that Major Elliot had extra- ordinary and excellent facilities, and that he made the most of them in obtaining a knowledge of the immense improvements which, in later years, have been made in one of the most important of Govermental services. His report, which may be considered to be a complete exhibit of the state of the lighthouse service at the present time, has not been accessible to the public, and in order to satisfy the demand both in this country and in Europe, from en- gineers, scientists, persons interested in commerce, and general readers, the Publisher issues the pre- sent edition. Kew Yoek, June, 1875. EXTRACT FROM THE REPORT OF THE LIGHT-HOUSE BOARD TO THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING 30in JUNE, 1H73. The Ligbt-House Board, during the past year, desirous of acquainting itself minutely with any improvements which of late years may have been introduced into the light-house service in Europe, obtained the sanction of the honorable the Secretary of the Treasury to commission Major Elliot, of the Corps of Engineers of the Army, and engineer- secretary of the Board, to visit Europe and report upon everything which he might observe relative to light-house a^jparatus and the man- agement of light-house systems.
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