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Women's Body Image Throughout the Adult Life Span: Latent Growth Modeling and Qualitative Approaches Min Sun Lee Iowa State University

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Women's Body Image Throughout the Adult Life Span: Latent Growth Modeling and Qualitative Approaches Min Sun Lee Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 Women's body image throughout the adult life span: Latent growth modeling and qualitative approaches Min Sun Lee Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Developmental Psychology Commons, and the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Min Sun, "Women's body image throughout the adult life span: Latent growth modeling and qualitative approaches" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13212. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13212 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Women’s body image throughout the adult life span: Latent growth modeling and qualitative approaches by Min Sun Lee A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Apparel, Merchandising, and Design Program of Study Committee: Mary Lynn Damhorst, Major Professor Elena Karpova Young-A Lee Mack C. Shelley Peter Martin Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © Min Sun Lee, 2013. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................. 2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 4 Definitions.......................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...................................................................... 7 Older Population ................................................................................................................ 7 Life Course Perspective ..................................................................................................... 8 The principle of life-span development ...................................................................... 9 The principle of agency .............................................................................................. 9 The principle of time and place .................................................................................. 9 The principle of timing ............................................................................................... 9 The principle of linked lives ....................................................................................... 9 Theory of Self-Discrepancy ............................................................................................. 13 Actual/own vs. ideal/own ......................................................................................... 14 Actual/own vs. ideal/other ........................................................................................ 14 Actual/own vs. ought/own ........................................................................................ 14 Actual/own vs. ought/other ...................................................................................... 14 Body Image ...................................................................................................................... 16 Women‘s Body Image Throughout the Adult Life Course .............................................. 19 Actual/Ideal Body Image Discrepancy ............................................................................ 21 Body Satisfaction ............................................................................................................. 24 Research Questions and Hypothesis Development.......................................................... 25 Actual body shape throughout the adult life course ................................................. 26 Ideal body shape throughout the adult life course .................................................... 27 Actual/ideal body image discrepancy throughout the adult life course ................... 28 Body satisfaction throughout the adult life course ................................................... 29 Actual/ideal body image discrepancy and body satisfaction .................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. METHODS ................................................................................................ 32 Sample.............................................................................................................................. 33 Questionnaire Development............................................................................................. 34 Perceived actual body shape ..................................................................................... 34 Perceived ideal body shape ...................................................................................... 34 Actual/ideal body image discrepancy ....................................................................... 34 Body satisfaction ...................................................................................................... 35 Demographic information ........................................................................................ 35 Open-ended questions .............................................................................................. 35 A Pilot Test ....................................................................................................................... 36 Data Collection Procedure ............................................................................................... 36 iii Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 37 Preliminary analysis ................................................................................................. 38 Latent growth model analysis ................................................................................... 38 Latent growth model specification.............................................................. 39 Qualitative data analysis ........................................................................................... 40 Coding guide ............................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4. PRELIMINARY RESULTS ...................................................................... 43 Demographic Description of the Sample ......................................................................... 43 Participant profile ..................................................................................................... 43 Perceived ease in recall of past body image ........................................................... 45 Factor Analysis................................................................................................................. 46 Exploratory factor analysis ....................................................................................... 46 Longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis ............................................................... 46 Summary of Research Variables ...................................................................................... 50 Descriptive statistics and correlations among repeated measures ............................ 50 Correlations among research variables ..................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 5. ANALYSIS OF LATENT GROWTH MODELS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING .................................................................................................. 55 Perceived Actual Body Shape .......................................................................................... 56 Perceived Ideal Body Shape ............................................................................................ 59 Perceived Actual/ideal Body Image Discrepancy ............................................................ 62 Perceived Level of Body Satisfaction .............................................................................. 65 Satisfaction with physical appearance ...................................................................... 65 Satisfaction with body size and shape ...................................................................... 68 Satisfaction with body weight .................................................................................. 71 Satisfaction with physical attractiveness .................................................................. 74 Satisfaction with physical functioning ..................................................................... 77
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