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Keeping It Real": Young Working Class Femininities and Celebrity Culture

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Keeping It Real “Keeping it Real": Young Working Class Femininities and Celebrity Culture By Kelly Buckley Cardiff University School of Social Sciences This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of PhD Submitted for Examination September 2010 UMI Number: U567059 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U567059 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Declarations This thesis has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ............................................... (candidate) Date Statement 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed... ........k : . (candidate) D ate. «s Statement 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes or explicit references. Signed ............................................... (candidate) Date ...... Statement 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed... ........j/H :. ..............................................(candidate) Date Abstract This thesis seeks to explore young working class women’s engagement with celebrity culture, and its connection with their everyday lives and subjectivities. Given the ubiquitous nature of contemporary celebrity culture, and the repeated debates regarding the potential ‘harm* celebrity images of perfection have on young women’s self -esteem, this study seeks to move away from traditional ‘audience’ research, and adopt a more ethnographic approach to understanding the significance of the discourses of celebrity culture for the everyday lives of young women. Through a discourse analysis of several celebrity gossip texts, this thesis argues that the discourses within celebrity culture are highly ‘classed’ and highlights that the little empirical research on female audiences of celebrity gossip magazines does not pay significant attention to the category of social class. Therefore, this research seeks to explore how young working class women not only negotiate and interact with the ‘classed’ discourses of celebrity culture, but also the role these discourses play in young working class women’s everyday lives and lived experiences. The empirical data demonstrates h o w young working class women negotiate the complex discourses that are at work in celebrity culture, particularly with regards to the construction of the self, the female body, fashion, and beautification. Furthermore, through a feminist ethnographic framework, this thesis explores the place of celebrity discourses within the context of young female working class experience, and provides a valuable and much needed insight into the ways in which these discourses are at play in the subjectivities of young working class women. Acknowledgements Firstly, and most importantly, I would like to thank all the young women that contributed their time, opinions, and shared their lived experiences with me as, without them and their openness, this thesis would not have taken the form it currently has. However, I would also particularly like to thank my supervisors Bella Dicks and Emma Renold for helping me to formulate my ideas, reading my work and providing valuable feedback, and encouraging me in times of low confidence and motivation- your contribution to this work has been invaluable. Considerable thanks also go to Debbie Epstein for her support in the early stages of the thesis. I would also like to thank my colleagues at Shelter Cymru for being so supportive of my writing up commitments and providing a stimulating and enjoyable work environment. I am also indebted to the members of staff at Bute library for their help in sourcing a particular data source. I should also acknowledge that this study was kindly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. On a personal level, I would like to thank my family for their support, encouragement and understanding over the last four years, but particularly over the last year which has made it difficult for us to see one another as often as we would like. I would like to thank Paul for his loving support and belief in me which has unquestioningly helped produce this thesis, and for (although not uncomplainingly) doing a bit more of the housework! Thanks also go to my close friends who have been so patient and supportive of me, and have lifted my spirits through laughter and fond memories. Keeping it ‘Real’: Table of Contents Declarations ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v List of figures and tables viii Chapter One: Introduction: Celebrity, Femininity and Authenticity 1 • Background and Rationale of the Research 1 • The Celebrity Weekly Magazine 6 • The Aims of the Study 11 Chapter Two: Young Classed Femininities, The Body and Celebrity Culture 18 • ‘Here Come the Girls’: Young Women, Popular Culture and Visibility 19 • Theorising Class and Subjectivity 27 • The Construction of the Female Body: Shape, Size and Class 35 • Beautification and Adornment 50 • Celebrity Culture, Ordinariness and ‘Star-Gazing’ 64 Chapter Three: The ‘Real’ Audience: Text, Discourse and Everyday Life 71 • Introducing the Girls 72 • The Research Design 79 • Reading Groups: The Celebrity ‘Text in Action’ 87 • The Narrative Interview: Eliciting Personal Accounts 93 • Let’s Do Lunch: Participant Observation and Ethnography 103 v • Reading the Text: Magazines and Discourse Analysis 107 • Data Analysis: Interpretation and Integration 116 • Ethical Considerations 121 • Limitations of the study 127 Chapter Four: ‘Real9 Celebrities: Gender and Class in Celebrity Culture 133 • Understanding the Moral Construction of Class through Celebrity 134 Identifications • Pathologising Working Class Young Women: Celebrity Culture and 153 Distinction Chapter Five: ‘Real9 Bodies: Theorising the Body through Authenticity and Class 165 • The Lollypop Brigade: The ‘Skinny’ Female Body 165 • Saggy Bums and Buddha Bellies: The undisciplined female body 177 • ‘It’s Cool to be Curvy’: The ‘Natural’ female body 193 Chapter Six: ‘Real9 Beauty: The Cultural and Social Construction of ‘Natural Beauty9 219 • ‘Fake Faces’: Makeup, Artifice and Sexuality 220 • Women without Makeup: Femininity and Health 241 • The Myth of Natural Beauty: Authenticity and Pleasure 255 • The Social World of ‘Making up’ 272 Chapter Seven: ‘Real9 Style: Fashion, Femininity and Class 287 • Star Style: Celebrity, Class and Individuality 288 • Lived Contradictions: Fashion and Classed Anxieties 299 • Consuming Style: Peer Cultures and Identity 312 vi Chapter Eight: Reflections and Conclusions 325 • A Brief Review of the Study 326 • Authenticity: Ordinariness, Value and the Body 327 • Working Class Girls’ Routes to Success 336 • Resisting Success: Celebrity, Class and Motherhood 346 • The Discourse of Health: Healthy bodies, healthy minds 351 • Future Research 356 • Personal Reflections 359 Bibliography 363 Appendices: 394 Appendix A: School Information Sheet 394 Appendix B: Participant Information Sheet/Flier 395 Appendix C: Parental Consent Form 396 Appendix D: Participant Consent Form 397 vii List of Figures and Tables • Table One- Table of participants 78 • Table Two- Fieldwork stages table 86 • Figure One- The changing style of Nicola Roberts in Heat magazine 258 Chapter One Introduction: Celebrity, Femininity and Authenticity This thesis explores the discursive field of celebrity gossip magazines and the operation of these discourses in the worlds and subjectivities of young working class women. Taking a qualitative, interpretative, broadly ethnographic approach to audience research, this thesis seeks to understand the ways in which classed discourses and subject positions within the field of celebrity culture and magazines are taken up and invested in, or denied and defended, by young working class women in everyday life. The focus of this study is primarily on the corporeal and the way in which celebrity discourses of the body, beauty and fashion are constructed along classed lines. The empirical chapters of this thesis will demonstrate its central argument; that talking about celebrities has become a way of communicating to others who we are through positioning ourselves in particular ways, and that the body is used as the primary site of accomplishing this in everyday life. Background and Rationale of the Research Firstly, I have a confession to make: I am such a fan of Britney Spears that I named my car after her. I’m not even a fan of Lily Allen, yet she was the inspiration behind my cat’s name. I love celebrity culture, and I make no apologies for stating from the outset that my weekly addiction to Heat magazine is partly responsible for the production of this thesis. In fact, every Tuesday I rush to get my weekly fix of celebrity
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