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Sanitation Safety Planning: Manual for Safe Use and Disposal of Wastewater, Greywater and Excreta

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Sanitation Safety Planning: Manual for Safe Use and Disposal of Wastewater, Greywater and Excreta SANITATION SAFETY PLANNING MANUAL FOR SAFE USE AND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER, GREYWATER AND EXCRETA SANITATION SAFETY PLANNING MANUAL FOR SAFE USE AND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER, GREYWATER AND EXCRETA WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Sanitation safety planning: manual for safe use and disposal of wastewater, greywater and excreta. 1.Water Supply. 2.Agriculture. 3.Aquaculture. 4.Sewage. 5.Wastewater. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 154924 0 (NLM classification: WA 675) Reprinted in 2016 with changes © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/ index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Design and layout by L’IV Com Sàrl, Villars-sous-Yens, Switzerland. Printed in France. “Poverty can never be eradicated, or even greatly reduced, as long as so many millions of people cannot access safe water and so many billions are living in environments contaminated by faeces. Sanitation, together with hygiene, must be given a much higher place in any agenda for future FOREWORD development and must be urgently and frankly addressed.” Margaret Chan, WHO Director General At any given time, nearly half the population of the developing world will However, health concerns are a major challenge for such approaches. be affected by an illness or disease directly linked to unsafe or too little Proponents operate in fragmented and unsupportive policy water, poor or no sanitation, or poor management of water resources. environments that are often weakly linked to health. They also need to overcome negative public perceptions about the risks associated Increasing access to basic sanitation at the household level remains with use and disposal of human waste. a critical public health intervention for preventing sanitation related disease especially for diarrhoea, intestinal worms, schistosomiasis Sanitation Safety Planning is a tool to help sanitation system operators and trachoma which affect millions of people. maximise health benefits and minimise health risk of their system. It guides operators to prioritize and target risk management efforts Yet, providing safe affordable sanitation is becoming more complex. to where it will have the most impact and to improve over time. The Preventing exposure to human waste, especially in dense urban outputs can be used to provide assurance to the public and authorities settings, requires safe management of the entire sanitation chain of the system performance based on sound risk based management. involving multiple actors and exposed groups in the collection, transport, treatment, disposal and use of sanitation waste. Although Perhaps most importantly, Sanitation Safety Planning can be used to evidence is limited, global burden of disease estimates for diarrhoea coordinate efforts of the many stakeholder along the sanitation chain show that this higher level of service is effective and can achieve – including departments of health, utilities, private sector, environment large health gains over and above what can be achieved with basic and agriculture authorities – to maximise the health benefits of sanitation alone. sanitation and stimulate policy dialogue and change. As pressures of urbanization, demand for food and water scarcity WHO will continue to promote the principles of risk assessment and increase, reuse of sanitation waste is becoming more attractive and management for sanitation systems and the scaling of Sanitation viable. Many authorities and enterprises are working on sanitation Safety Planning. service chain models that make beneficial use of nutrients, water and energy and offset the cost of service provision. These models Maria Neira can offer health benefits by removing excreta from the environment Director and increasing food production. Department of Public Heath, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health World Health Organization SANITATION SAFETY PLANNING iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The document was authored by Mr Darryl Jackson, Dr Mirko Winkler, Mr Robert Bos Professor Thor-Axel Stenström and coordinated and co-authored by WHO, Switzerland (retired) Ms Kate Medlicott under the strategic direction of Mr Bruce Gordon Prof Gueladio Cissé and Mr Robert Bos for WHO, and Prof Guéladio Cissé for Swiss Tropical Swiss TPH, Switzerland and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH). Dr Lorna Fewtrell edited the Mr Anders Dalsgaard University of Copenhagen, Denmark document and administrative support was provided by Mrs Penny Ward and Miss Lesley Robinson. Mr Luca Di Mario University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Ms Jennifer De France The manual was developed in conjunction with business models for safe WHO, Switzerland resource recovery and reuse in partnership with the International Water Dr Pay Drechsel Management Institute (IWMI), Swiss TPH, the Swiss Federal Institute IWMI, Sri Lanka of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) and the International Centre Dr Jonathan Drewry for Water Management Services (Cewas). PAHO, Peru Mr Phuc Pam Duc The Sanitation Safety Planning approach was tested with national Hanoi School of Public Health, Viet Nam authorities in Hanoi, Viet Nam; Karnataka, India; Lima, Peru; Kampala, Mr Samuel Fuhrimann Uganda; Benavente, Portugal; and Manila, Philippines under the Swiss TPH, Switzerland guidance of a strategic advisory group and with review by experts Mr Bruce Gordon and practitioners. Contributors are listed below: WHO, Switzerland Dr Ramakrishna Goud Mr Mallik Aradhya, Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board, St John’s Medical College, Karnataka, India India. Dr Johannes Heeb Dr Akiça Bahri cewas, Switzerland African Water Facility, Tunisia Mr Abdullah Ali Halage Ms Eva Barrenberg School of Public Health, Makerere University, Uganda WHO, Germany iv SANITATION SAFETY PLANNING Mr Darryl Jackson Dr Teofilo Montiero Independent consultant, Nepal PAHO/ETRAS, Peru Dr Ghada Kassab Mr Oliver Schmoll University of Jordan, Jordan WHO, EURO, Germany Mr Avinash Krishnamurthy Dr Charles Niwagaba Biome Environmental Trust, Karnataka, India Makerere University, Uganda Dr M. Shashi Kumar Mr Ton Tuan Nghia St.John’s Medical College Karnataka, India WHO, Viet Nam Mr Bonifacio Magtibay Dr Miriam Otoo WHO, Philippines IWMI, Sri Lanka Ms Leonellha Barreto-Dillon Dr Jonathan Parkinson cewas formerly IWA Prof Duncan Mara Ms Ma. Victoria E. Signo Leeds University (retired), United Kingdom Baliwag Water District, Philippines Dr Bernard Keraita Mr Lars Schoebitz University of Copenhagen, Denmark Eawag, Switzerland Ms Cristina Martinho Mr Steve Smith Acquawise, Portugal Acquawise, Portugal Ms Kate Medlicott Prof Thor-Axel Stenström WHO, Switzerland Durban University of Technology, South Africa Ms Raquel Mendes Dr Linda Strande Acquawise, Portugal Eawag, Switzerland Mr Babu Mohammed Mr Marinus van Veenhuizen National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda ETC Foundation, The Netherlands Mr Chris Morger Mr S Vishwanath Helvetas, Switzerland Biome Environmental Trust, Karnataka, India Ms Ashley Murray Mr Tuan Anh Vuong formerly Waste Enterprisers, Ghana Consultant epidemiologist, Viet Nam Mr Julio Moscoso Dr Mirko Winkler Independent Consultant, Peru Swiss TPH, Switzerland Mr Collins Mwesigye Dr Christian Zurbrügg WHO, Uganda Eawag, Switzerland SANITATION SAFETY PLANNING v CONTENT Foreword ........................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................ iv Glossary ............................................................................................ ix Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xii Introducing Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) .........................................................1 Module 1 Prepare for SSP ............................................................................7 1.1 Establish priority areas or activities
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