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Macrophyte Waste Stabilization Ponds: an Option for Municipal Wastewater Treatment

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Macrophyte Waste Stabilization Ponds: an Option for Municipal Wastewater Treatment International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 7(30), pp. 5162 - 5166, 9 August, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS DOI: 10.5897/IJPS12.309 ISSN 1992 -1950 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Macrophyte waste stabilization ponds: An option for municipal wastewater treatment Mumtaz Shah1* and Hashim Nisar Hashmi2 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan. 2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan. Accepted 3 August, 2012 The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of macrophyte waste stabilization pond system for municipal wastewater collected from Taxila (Pakistan). A model of macrophyte waste stabilization pond system was operated for six trials with each trials comprising different detention times that is 3, 5, 7 and 10 days, respectively. For the treatment, locally available macrophyte (water hyacinth) was used. To evaluate the performance of macrophyte waste stabilization pond, BOD5, TDS, TSS, COD, faecal coliform and Nitrogen for the effluent from pond model were measured at each detention time of every trial after ensuring steady state conditions. The influent values of same parameters have been measured at the start of each trial as the wastewater sample was collected from the municipal sewer. The average reduction of effluent value of each parameter varies from 30 to 48%, that is BOD5 (48%), TDS (31%), TSS (30%), COD (42%), faecal coliform (45%), and Nitrogen (40%). The mechanisms of pollutant removal in this system include both aerobic and anaerobic microbiological conversions, sorption, sedimentation, volatilization and chemical transformations. There is currently no macrophyte wastewater waste stabilization pond system under study/practice in many of the developing countries; therefore, for the promotion of macrophyte based waste stabilization system detailed pilot scale studies should be conducted for municipal sewage under local environmental conditions to explore the treatment efficiency of the system. Also, it is necessary that macrophyte system be used as treatment facility for wastewater because their performance is comparable to conventional wastewater treatment plants and since the system has very low operation and maintenance costs. Key words: BOD5, Eicchornia crassipes, macrophytes, municipal sewage, water hyacinth, wastewater treatment. INTRODUCTION Pakistan is located in a severe water-scarce zone, which are electricity shortages and lack of skilled operators. increases the scope of the wastewater treatment and its Oxidation ponds have been found to be an effective means reuse. Treatment plant has been constructed and being of low cost treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater, operated in different cities of Pakistan; however, due to especially for those countries lying in tropical and subtropical financial constraints, non availability of skilled operators and regions of the world (Kharkar et al., 1972). The oxidation electricity shortages most of them are in a non-functional pond treatment technology has been recommended by a condition (Aziz, 2005). Treatment plants have been installed number of workers (McGarry and Pescod, 1970; Mara, 1975; in almost every large city of Pakistan, like Karachi (Two 20 Oswald, 1975; Middlebrooks et al., 1981). The technology MGD wastewater treatment plants employing trickling filters) has an edge over the mechanical systems as being and Islamabad (a 5 MGD capacity activated sludge plant), technologically very simple, economically very cost effective although most of them are non functional as far as and a higher degree of pathogens removal is achieved. The performance is concerned. The main reasons of their failure conventional wastewater treatment trickling filter plants are very efficient in removing suspended solids and organic matter (more than 85%) and usually very poor in removing nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals, non-biodegradable *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: organics, bacteria and viruses. Oxidation ponds have been +923414400046. employed for the treatment of wastewater for over 3000 Shah and Hashmi 5163 Table 1. Summary of wastewater treatment plant in Pakistan. Characteristics Treatment plants Treatment technology Trickling filter - Karachi Trickling filter - Karachi Aerated lagoon - Karachi Activated sludge -Islamabad Year of construction 1963 1965 1985 1962 Location TPI Sher Shah TPII Mahmoodabad North Karachi Islamabad Capacity 20 MGD 20 MGD 5 MGD 5 MGD Type Two stage high rate Two stage high rate — — Design and Make Dorr Oliver, Holland Dorr Oliver, Holland Karachi Development Authority — Primary clarifier 4 (138 ft dia, 12 ft) deep 4 (138 ft dia, 12 ft) deep 2 (35 ft × 20 ft) 2 (18 ft dia, 9 ft deep) Trickling filter 8 (136 ft dia, 7 ft deep) 8 (136ft dia, 12 ft deep) — — Secondary clarifier 4 (128 ft dia, 12 ft deep) 4 (138 ft dia, 12 ft deep) 2 (63 ft × 30 ft) 2 (120 ft dia, 12 ft deep) Aerator — — 16 (Oxygen requirement = 980 kg/day) — Aeration unit/ Aeration tank — — 4 (Semi corrusel 6.5 ft deep, 1.25 MGD) 2 (111 x 30 × 18 ft) Capital cost million Rs. 30.5 30.2 15.85 8.0 Operation and maintenance 0.084 0.084 0.168 0.275 cost per year (Million Rs.) Present status Non operative Non operative Non operative Non operative WASA & NESPAK (2002). years. Similarly, by employing the macrophyte in waste MATERIALS AND METHODS stabilization ponds their efficiency can be further enhanced. Macrophytes are common features of an aquatic ecosystem. All the primary treated effluent is sent to the inlet zone of the model whereby passing through the wastewater reaches the main tank where Various types of macrophytes are generally observed in an it gets treatment with macrophyte (water hyacinth) under different aquatic ecosystem such as Floating plants (Eichhornia detention times (3, 5, 7 and 10 days). After adding water hyacinth to crassipes (Water Hyacinth), Spirodela (Duckweed), Salvinia the pond model different parameters of wastewater was monitored molesta (Salvinia) and Emergent plants (Schoenoplectus for both the raw sewage as well as for the wastewater treated by water hyacinth in the model. Both the raw sewage as well as the validus (Great Bulrush), Juncus ingens (Giant Rush), treated effluent has been tested for a set of parameters (BOD5, Phragmites (Common Reed), Typha spp. (Cumbungi or TDS, TSS, COD, faecal coliform and Nitrogen). All tests performed Cattail). For the developing countries that have limited on the wastewater were carried out according to the procedures resources for the construction and operation of conventional laid down in “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and treatment plants, waste stabilization pond with macrophyte is Wastewater” (20th edition, 1998). Monthly average air temperature the most economical solution. Additional benefits are that during the whole period of sampling varied between 25 and 29.4°C with they serve as wildlife habitat and recreation purposes. The an average of 26.9°C. The initial values of the selected parameters for raw sewage are given in Table 2. cost effective method of treatment makes it a potentially economical and suitable option for bio- and phyto- remediation. Description of the treatment system In Pakistan, the wastewater treatment plants installed in major cities are mostly non operative due to the non The work reported here was carried out during the dry season from availability of the skilled workforce as well as due to electricity April 2011 until June 2011. All effluent collected from the municipal crisis. The details of some of the plants are given in Table 1. sewer was first sent to a primary settling tank and then after passing through it is distributed in to a lagoon having the Currently in Pakistan, waste stabilization ponds with macrophyte (water hyacinth). The effluent has been retained for 3, macrophyte have not yet been recognized as a treatment 5, 7 and 10 days in lagoon during each trail, and total of six trials option for the wastewater treatment. Failure for the has been performed. After completion of each detention time acceptance is due to the lack of information, research work sample was collected from lagoon and tested for effluent quality. and government policy to prove the effectiveness of the The plants in lagoon were harvested two to three times per week. At each detention, the following parameters were measured during system for wastewater treatment. Pakistan has wide area daytime: BOD5, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved under natural wetlands in coastal areas of Sindh and solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen, faecal coliform Baluchistan province in form of mangrove forests that can be and pH. All analyses were done according to Standard Methods for successfully used for treatment and polishing. In the the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1995). Monthly average proposed study the municipal wastewater of Taxila (Punjab, air temperature during the whole period of sampling varied between Pakistan) is taken for treatment from a bench scale laboratory 25 and 29.4°C with an average of 26.9°C. The plants maintained a surface covering of 80 to 100%. The plants were quite fragile; they model of a macrophyte waste stabilization pond. Since water cannot resist too much handling during collection and hyacinth is the only locally available macrophyte therefore, transportation. The construction detail of the lagoon is given below the same has been chosen for the study. in the Table 3. The Schematic Diagram of the system is shown in 5164 Int. J. Phys. Sci. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the treatment system. Table 2. Raw sewage values. S/N Parameter Unit Value Standard deviation 1 BOD5 mg/L 132 23 2 COD mg/L 236.33 41.29 3 Nitrogen mg/L 2.65 1.0 4 TDS mg/L 723.33 70.62 5 TSS mg/L 98 7.18 6 Faecal coliform No./100 ml 1361.67 320.53 Figure 1. collected samples are used to compare the percentage degree of treatment by macrophytes under different RESULTS AND DISCUSSION detention times.
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