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Assessment of Water Mimosa (Neptunia Oleracea Lour.) Morphological, Physiological, and Removal Efficiency for Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Polluted Water

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Assessment of Water Mimosa (Neptunia Oleracea Lour.) Morphological, Physiological, and Removal Efficiency for Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Polluted Water plants Article Assessment of Water Mimosa (Neptunia oleracea Lour.) Morphological, Physiological, and Removal Efficiency for Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Polluted Water Narges Atabaki 1, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin 1,2,*, Siti Aqlima Ahmad 1 , Rosimah Nulit 3 and Rambod Abiri 4 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (S.A.A.) 2 Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-397696724 Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 16 October 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: Arsenic is considered to be a toxic and heavy metal that exists in drinking water and can lead to acute biotoxicity. Water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) has been widely identified as a feasible phytoremediator to clean up aquatic systems. In the current study, the phytoremediation potential of water mimosa exposed to different concentrations of sodium heptahydrate arsenate (Na HAsO 7H O) 2 4· 2 was tested. A number of plant physiological and growth responses such as height of frond, existence of green leaves, relative growth rate, relative water content, tolerance index, decrease in ratio of biomass and ratio of dry weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, intercellular CO2 concentrations, stomatal conductance, air pressure deficit, transpiration rate, proline and lipid peroxidation, as well as arsenic accumulation and removal efficacy were analyzed. The micromorphological analysis results confirmed water mimosa’s tolerance of up to 30 ppm of arsenic treatment. The results obtained from the chlorophyll and gas exchange content also showed severe damage by arsenic at doses higher than 30 ppm. In addition, the highest arsenic accumulation and arsenic removal efficacy were observed at the range of 30–60 ppm. An analysis of proline and lipid peroxidation content confirmed water mimosa’s tolerance of up to 30 ppm of arsenic. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and analysis also confirmed the accumulation of arsenic as shown by the deformation of water mimosa tissues. The results showed that water mimosa is a reliable bioremediator for removing arsenic from aquatic systems. Keywords: phytoremediation; arsenic; Neptunia oleracea; removal efficiency; arsenic accumulation 1. Introduction Environmental pollution is a phenomenon where air, water, and land become unsuitable or unsafe due to the existence of materials harmful towards living organisms [1,2]. Heavy metals including lead (Pb), thallium (Tl), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) have been categorized as significant contaminants in the environment [3,4]. A toxic environment happens as a consequence of the release of heavy metal ions (even in small amounts) from mining, metallurgy, chemical manufacturing, and nuclear energy activities, thus, bringing extreme threats to the Earth’s crust [5]. Plants 2020, 9, 1500; doi:10.3390/plants9111500 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2020, 9, 1500 2 of 24 Arsenic is an extremely toxic metalloid that is carcinogenic predominantly to humans’ liver, lungs, kidney, and bladder. It can also cause nerve damage and skin diseases [6]. This heavy metal is ubiquitous in the Earth’s crust with the potential effect of dietetic intake on human health in developed countries. It is also present through atypical groundwater exposure in developing countries and can contaminate the entire water source. These exposures are associated with human diseases, and toxicological concerning doses are comparable to typical dietary intake assessments [7]. The groundwater in the arsenic’s presence has affected the water supply to rural areas in over 70 countries. The estimations indicate that the number of people that have been exposed to arsenic is more than 150 million [8]. Inorganic arsenic accumulation in plants, livestock, and contaminated water can be transferred into the food chains [9]. The damage caused by this heavy metal on humans and the environment confirms that the elimination of arsenic from contaminated water is urgently essential. Removing arsenic from the environment through water and its downstream pathways is reportedly a complicated procedure [10]. Novel sustainable and innovative techniques can provide stable and efficient removal procedures of the metal from a water environment [11]. The rapid increase in human population, urbanization, industrial activities, deforestation, exploration, and exploitation of ecosystems has caused heavy metal and metalloid pollutions in Malaysia’s environment [12]. It has been detailed that the arsenic concentration is between 2.00 to 54.00 µg/L in rivers across Malaysia [13–17]. This is a concern as it exceeds the international environment guideline which is below 10 µg/L for drinking water samples [18]. To date, several treatment technologies have been announced for the arsenic removal from water bodies [19]. However, it is worth mentioning that the use of the most effective technology depends on plenty of factors such as environmental impact, operational cost and capital investment, the initial metal concentration, and plant reliability and flexibility [20]. Environmental contaminate removal from polluted water, sludge, soil, and sediments using plants is known as phytoremediation [21]. For the past two decades, phytoremediation has been developed as a green, non-invasive, and economic alternative to different conventional civil engineering-based strategies for the remediation of water, soil, and even residences contaminated with heavy metals [22,23]. Strategies employed under phytoremediation have included phytodegradation (employing plants or microorganisms to degrade contaminants) [24–26], phytoaccumulation (employing algae or plants to accumulate contaminants in their areal parts) [27], phytostabilization (employing plants to reduce the heavy metal mobility in soil) [28], phytofiltration (employing plants’ biomass and their associated rhizospheric microorganisms to refine contaminants) [27], phytovolatilization (employing plants to absorb contaminants and transpire them into the atmosphere in the volatile shape) [29], and rhizodegradation (employing plants to degrade contaminants using rhizosphere microbes’ mediation [30–32] (Figure1). Plants 2020, 9, 1500 3 of 24 Plants 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 25 FigureFigure 1. 1.PhytoremediationPhytoremediation strategies. strategies. TheThe keystonekeystone in phytoremediationin phytoremediation technologies technologies is contaminants’ is contaminants’interactions interactions with plants’ with rhizosphere. plants’ rhizosphere. Plants absorb Plants metals absorb from m theetals rhizosphere. from the Rootsrhizosphere. take up heavy Rootsmetals take through up heavy mobilization. metals through Subsequently, mobiliz theation. accumulated Subsequently, metals the are accumulated translocated metals to the plants’are aerial translocatedtissues followed to the plants by sequestration’ aerial tissues in the followed tissues by according sequestration to the plants’in the tissues tolerance, according adapted to from the [31,33]. plants’ tolerance, adapted from [31,33]. Aquatic plants are natural candidates for treating contaminated soil and water by accumulating heavyAquatic metals plants in are their natural tissues candidates [34]. In thefor lasttreating five contaminated decades, the soil pantropical and water mimosoid by accumulat legumeing genus heavyNeptunia metals has in their awaken tissues considerable [34]. In the interest last five mainly decades, due the to thepantropical aquatichabitat mimosoid of some legume ofits genus species [35]. NeptuniaThe water has mimosaawaken considerable (Neptunia oleracea interestLour.) mainly is due an invasiveto the aquatic and aggressivehabitat of some aquatic of its plant species specific to [35]. The water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea Lour.) is an invasive and aggressive aquatic plant specific Southeastern Asia, tropical Africa, and India [36]. Reportedly, N. oleracea has been broadly applied to Southeastern Asia, tropical Africa, and India [36]. Reportedly, N. oleracea has been broadly applied for the decontamination or reduction in contaminants in waters surrounding some Asian countries for the decontamination or reduction in contaminants in waters surrounding some Asian countries including Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam [37]. N. oleracea is suitable for including Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam [37]. N. oleracea is suitable for phytoremediation based on its short life cycle and growth ease, making it appropriate for planting in phytoremediation based on its short life cycle and growth ease, making it appropriate for planting in contamincontaminatedated water water areas areas [38 [38]. ].A Acompar comparisonison with with aboveground aboveground tissues tissues has has shown shown that that heavy heavy metals metalscan accumulatecan accumulate in the in rootthe root of N. of oleracea N. oleracea[39]. [3 The9]. The higher higher accumulation accumulation of heavyof heavy metals metals indicated
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