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The Expulsion of Christians from Nineveh
Nasara The Expulsion of Christians from Nineveh Paul Kingery Introduction: Mosul is Iraq’s second largest city, the site of Biblical Nineveh where Jonah and Nahum preached, and where later, according to local tradition, Jesus’ Apostles Thomas and Judas (Thaddeus) brought the Aramaic language of Jesus and His teachings. They had many converts in the area. The church there preserved the language of Jesus into modern times. The ancient Assyrian villages near water sources in the surrounding arid lands also had many Christian converts by the second century despite the continued strong presence of Assyrian, Greek, and Zoroastrian religions. Most of the Assyrian temples were converted to Christian worship places. Early Christians there faced great persecution and many were killed for their faith, including Barbara, the daughter of the pagan governor of Karamles. One of the hills beside the city is named after her. Through the centuries priests came from various religious orders and divided Christians into several sects, some loyal to the Catholic tradition, others adhering to Eastern leadership. Mohammad began preaching Islam around 610 A.D., facing violent opposition to his teachings for twenty years from tribes in the area of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Even so, his movement grew in numbers and strength. In December 629, he gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and invaded Mecca. The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city (Sahih-Bukhari, Book 43, #658). His followers, increasingly radicalized, went on to invade other cities throughout Iraq and all the way to Europe, Africa, and Asia, giving the option of conversion or death. -
Christians and Yazidis in Iraq: Current Situation and Prospects
OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS Published by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation Cover photo: © Ibrahim Shaba Lallo, Qaraqosh (currently Ashti Camp, Ankawa, Autonomous Region of Kurdistan) Caption of cover photo: Vertically: We work together Horizontally: We are proud Diagonally: We love, we forgive .(nun), stand for Nazara (Christ) ن The three Arabic characters, starting with The black IS flag bears the words: There is no God but Allah Allah Prophet Mohammed Islamic State in Iraq and As-Sham (i.e. Syria) Published by: Konrad Adenauer Foundation 2017, Sankt Augustin and Berlin, Germany This publication has been licensed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), website: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en Design: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Cologne, Germany Typesetting: Janine Höhle, Communications Department, Konrad Adenauer Foundation Printed by: Bonifatius GmbH, Paderborn, Germany Printed in Germany Printed with financial support from the German Federal Government ISBN 978-3-95721-328-0 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Legal Framework 2.1 International law 2.2 National law 3. Reduced scope for non-Muslim minorities after 2003 3.1 Drastic decline in the non-Muslim minorities’ share of the population 3.2 Changes in Baghdad’s religious power structure 4. Crucial for the future of Iraq: the recapture of Mosul 4.1 Capture of Mosul by the IS in June 2014 4.2 Capture of Yazidi settlements in Sinjar District by the IS in August 2014 4.3 Capture of Christian settlements in the Nineveh Plains by the IS in August 2014 4.4 Classification of the IS attacks on religious minorities as genocide 4.5 Campaign to retake Mosul 5. -
SENNACHERIB's AQUEDUCT at JERWAN Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS JAMES HENRY BREASTED Editor THOMAS GEORGE ALLEN Associate Editor oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu SENNACHERIB'S AQUEDUCT AT JERWAN oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED SHANGHAI oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu 4~ -d~ Royal Air Force Official Crown Copyrighl Reored THE JERWAN AQUEDUCT. AnB VIEW oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME XXIV SENNACHERIB'S AQUEDUCT AT JERWAN By THORKILD JACOBSEN and SETON LLOYD WITH A PREFACE BY HENRI FRANKFORT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu COPYRIGHT 1035 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PUBLISHIED MAY 1935 COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITr OF CHICAGO PRE8S CHICAGO,ILLINOIS, U.S.A. oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE It so happens that the first final publication of work undertaken by the Iraq Expedition refers neither to one of the sites for which the Oriental Institute holds a somewhat permanent concession nor to a task carried out by the expedition as a whole. The aqueduct at Jerwan- identified by Dr. Jacobsen at the end of the 1931/32 season-was explored by the two authors of this volume in March and April, 1933, on the strength of a sounding permit of four weeks' validity. Mrs. Rigmor Jacobsen was responsible for the photography. It was only by dint of a sustained and strenuous effort that the excavation was completed within the stipulated period. -
ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1
ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1 NEA-PSHSS-14-001 Weekly Report 117–118 — November 1-15, 2016 Michael D. Danti, Allison Cuneo, Susan Penacho, Marina Gabriel, Kyra Kaercher, Jamie O’Connell, Richard Zettler, Ali Jabuuri Executive Summary During the reporting period, heavy weaponry and bombardment resulted in significant damage to cultural sites in Syria. In Aleppo Governorate, mortar fire from Opposition Forces damaged a mosque in Aleppo and a mortar shell damaged the Maronite Diocese Office in Damascus. Aerial bombardment resulted in damage to places of worship in Rif Dimashq, Aleppo, Hama, and Idlib Governorates. Despite significant losses of territory as Iraqi forces have marched toward Mosul, ISIL continues to engage in the intentional destruction of heritage places, resulting in significant losses. The Latin Church in Mosul, also known colloquially as the Clock Tower Church, was demolished by militants during the reporting period. Additionally, the Ziggurat at the archaeological site of Nimrud, the ancient Assyrian capital of Kalhu, was completely leveled, with destruction beginning at some point between September 31 and October 2, 2016 and continuing until October 16. The liberation of areas east and south of the city by the Mosul Operation has revealed new evidence of damage to cultural sites that occurred earlier during the ISIL occupation of Ninawa Governorate. These regions are home to predominantly Christian populations, and much of the related news media and open source coverage has focused on damaged places of worship and civilian property. Reports so far have covered damage to multiple sites in the towns of Batnaya, Bakhdida (Qaraqosh), Karamlish, and Bartella. -
The Development of the Assyrian Reliefs
The development of the Assyrian Reliefs Paul Collins (*) Abstract: * British Museum Lead Curator Between the ninth and seventh centuries BC, the kingdom of Assyria in northern Iraq came to dominate the Middle Department Ancient Near East East, its empire at one point extending from Iran to Egypt. The power and wealth of the Assyrian kings is reflected [email protected] in the magnificent carved stone reliefs that once lined the mud brick walls of their royal palaces. The content and style of the carved imagery was transformed as the empire expanded and resulted in some of the finest sculptures from antiquity Resumen: Entre los siglos IX y VIII a.C. el reino de Asiria, situado en la zona septentrional del actual Iraq, llegó a dominar todo el Próximo Oriente y a extender su imperio, en su momento de mayor apogeo, desde Iran hasta Egipto. El poder y la 81 riqueza de los reyes asirios se refleja en los magníficos relieves que en su día cubrieron las paredes de ladrillo de sus MARQ. palacios. Los motivos y el estilo de las representaciones fue variando a medida que el imperio asirio fue expandién- dose, dando así lugar a algunas de las obras escultóricas más destacadas de la antigüedad. ARQUEOLOGÍA The magnificent sculptures displayed in Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum were carved on huge panels of gypsum and limestone between about 875 and 620 BC. During this period the kingdom of Assyria, located in the fertile valley of the River Tigris in what is now northern Iraq, came to dominate a geographical area that stretched from the eastern Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. -
Christen Und Jesiden Im Irak: Aktuelle Lage Und Perspektiven Otmar Oehring
OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTEN UND JESIDEN IM IRAK: AKTUELLE LAGE UND PERSPEKTIVEN OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTEN UND JESIDEN IM IRAK: AKTUELLE LAGE UND PERSPEKTIVEN Eine Veröffentlichung der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Umschlagfoto: © Ibrahim Shaba Lallo, Karakosch (z.Zt. Camp Ashti, Ankawa, Autonome Region Kurdistan) Bildlegende Umschlagfoto Vertikal: wir arbeiten zusammen Horizontal: wir sind stolz Diagonal: wir lieben, wir vergeben .(Nun) stehen für Nasara (Christ) ن Die drei arabischen Buchstaben Auf der schwarzen IS-Flagge ist zu lesen Es gibt keinen Gott außer Allah Allah Prophet Mohammed Der Islamische Staat im Irak und in as-Sham (= Syrien) Herausgeberin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. 2017, Sankt Augustin/Berlin Diese Publikation ist lizenziert unter den Bedingungen von „Creative Commons Namensnennung-Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 Deutschland”, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE (abrufbar unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/) Gestaltung: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Köln. Satz: Janine Höhle, KOM / Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Druck: Bonifatius GmbH, Paderborn. Printed in Germany. Gedruckt mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. ISBN 978-3-95721-328-0 INHALT 7 | 1. Einleitung 9 | 2. Der rechtliche Rahmen 2.1 Völkerrechtliche Bedingungen ............................................................................. 9 2.2 Nationalrechtliche Bedingungen .........................................................................10 13 | 3. Spielräume für nicht-muslimische Minderheiten werden nach 2003 stetig kleiner -
THE ASSUR-NINEVEH-ARBELA TRIANGLE Central Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian Period
HEIDELBERGER STUDIEN ZUM ALTEN ORIENT – BAND 14 BETWEEN THE CULTURES THE CENTRAL TIGRIS REGION FROM THE 3RD TO THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC Conference at Heidelberg January 22nd – 24th, 2009 edited by PETER A. MIGLUS & SIMONE MÜHL 2011 HEIDELBERGER ORIENTVERLAG THE ASSUR-NINEVEH-ARBELA TRIANGLE Central Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian Period Karen Radner (London)* A recent study by Mark Altaweel on settlement and land use of the area between the Lesser Zab in the south, Eski Mossul in the north, Wadi Tharthar and Jebel Sheikh Ibrahim in the west, and Jebel Qara Chauq and the Khazir River in the east defi ned this region as the Assyrian heartland (Altaweel 2008a, 6). But to any Assyrian of the Middle or Neo-Assyrian period, the traditional homelands of Assyria certainly stretched much further to the east and included the city of Arbela (modern Erbil). In this contribution, I will focus on the roughly triangular area east of the Tigris and north of the Lesser Zab and southwest of the mountain barrier where Taurus and Zagros meet. The area constitutes the core of the lands that were under the continuous rule of the Assyrian kings from the 14th to the 7th century BC (Radner 2006-08, 45-48). Unlike the regions west of the Tigris, this area was unaffected by the loss of territory to the newly forming Aramaean states in the 11th century BC and there was consequently no need for Adad-nerari II (911–891 BC) and his successors to re-establish control, once they undertook to restore Assyria’s old borders. -
12ICAANE Program Web.Pdf
12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANciENT NEAR EAST BOLOGNA APRIL 6-9, 2021 PROGRAM 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST BOLOGNA APRIL 6-9, 2021 http://www.12icaane.unibo.it/ PARTNERS TECHNICAL PARTNERS SPONSORS ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS 3 12TH ICAANE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 12TH ICAANE UNIBO EXECUTIVE TEAM Pierfrancesco CALLIERI Michael CAMPEGGI Maurizio CATTANI Vittoria CARDINI Enrico CIRELLI Francesca CAVALIERE Antonio CURCI Claudia D’ORAZIO (Scientific Secretary) Anna Chiara FARISELLI Valentina GALLERANI Henning FRANZMEIER Gabriele GIACOSA Elisabetta GOVI Elena MAINI Mattia GUIDETTI Eleonora MARIANI Francesco IACONO Chiara MATTIOLI Simone MANTELLINI Jacopo MONASTERO Gianni MARCHESI Valentina ORRÙ Nicolò MARCHETTI (Chair) Giulia ROBERTO Palmiro NOTIZIA Marco VALERI Adriano V. ROSSI Federico ZAINA Marco ZECCHI ICAANE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE Pascal BUTTERLIN – University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne 12TH ICAANE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD Bleda DÜRING – University of Leiden Marian FELDMAN – Johns Hopkins University Pascal BUTTERLIN – University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Karin KOPETZKY – OREA, Austrian Academy of Sciences Peter FISCHER – University of Gothenburg Wendy MATTHEWS – University of Reading Tim HARRISON – University of Toronto Adelheid OTTO – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Nicolò MARCHETTI – Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Frances PINNOCK – Sapienza University of Rome (Secretary General) Wendy MATTHEWS – University of Reading Ingolf THUESEN – University of Copenhagen -
Download PDF Version of Article
HEIDELBERGER STUDIEN ZUM ALTEN ORIENT – BAND 14 BETWEEN THE CULTURES THE CENTRAL TIGRIS REGION FROM THE 3RD TO THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC Conference at Heidelberg January 22nd – 24th, 2009 edited by PETER A. MIGLUS & SIMONE MÜHL 2011 HEIDELBERGER ORIENTVERLAG THE ASSUR-NINEVEH-ARBELA TRIANGLE Central Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian Period Karen Radner (London)* A recent study by Mark Altaweel on settlement and land use of the area between the Lesser Zab in the south, Eski Mossul in the north, Wadi Tharthar and Jebel Sheikh Ibrahim in the west, and Jebel Qara Chauq and the Khazir River in the east de ned this region as the Assyrian heartland (Altaweel 2008a, 6). But to any Assyrian of the Middle or Neo-Assyrian period, the traditional homelands of Assyria certainly stretched much further to the east and included the city of Arbela (modern Erbil). In this contribution, I will focus on the roughly triangular area east of the Tigris and north of the Lesser Zab and southwest of the mountain barrier where Taurus and Zagros meet. The area constitutes the core of the lands that were under the continuous rule of the Assyrian kings from the 14th to the 7th century BC (Radner 2006-08, 45-48). Unlike the regions west of the Tigris, this area was unaffected by the loss of territory to the newly forming Aramaean states in the 11th century BC and there was consequently no need for Adad-nerari II (911–891 BC) and his successors to re-establish control, once they undertook to restore Assyria’s old borders. -
The Depictions of the “Other” on the Balawat Gates by Mattias Karlsson
The Depictions of the “Other” on the Balawat Gates by Mattias Karlsson 1. Introductory remarks This study discusses the depictions of the “Other” (i.e. the non-Assyrian side) from the palaces and temples of the Assyrian core city Imgur-Enlil, present-day Balawat.1 These depictions are preserved in the shape of embossings on the bronze bands that were arranged in 16 horizontal strips (with space between them) on monumental2, wooden doors of the palaces of Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 BCE) and Shalmaneser III (858-824 BCE) and of the temple (dedicated to the god Mamu) of Ashurnasirpal II (figs. 1-4). These depictions to a great extent focus on Assyria’s interactions with the outside world, notably through scenes of warfare and tribute delivering.3 The aims of this study are to collect and describe the depictions (1), to apply postcolonial theory on the material (2), and to connect to the debate on the ideological differences between Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III (3). As for the theoretical component of the study, it is only logical to apply postcolonial theory on this material, because of its emphasis on hierarchies, “Otherness”, and the enemy side.4 As for the comparative approach, Ashurnasirpal II is often regarded as a ferocious warrior, executing “calculated frightfulness”, while Shalmaneser III is often seen as more of a peaceful ruler who instead focused on state economy and the receiving of tribute (e.g. Cifola 1995 and Marcus 1995). This study serves as a fairly extensive (and possibly representative) case study of the overall topic Assyrian royal iconography.5 Regarding methodology, each depicted individual from the other side gets classified on three, different levels. -
Building Between the Two Rivers
Building between the Two Rivers An introduction to the building archaeology of ancient Mesopotamia Stefano Anastasio with an Appendix by Piero Gilento Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-603-5 ISBN 978-1-78969-604-2 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and Stefano Anastasio 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................................ iii Preface ........................................................................................................................................................... ix Building archaeology: goals and methods .................................................................................................1 Building archaeology...............................................................................................................................1 The building survey and stratigraphy ..................................................................................................2 Direct and indirect sources ....................................................................................................................3 -
IRAQ - Ninewa Governorate - Hamdaniya District Production Date : 24 July 2017 REFERENCE MAP As of 24 July 2017ÔÆÔÆ
ÔÆ For Humanitarian Purposes Only IRAQ - Ninewa Governorate - Hamdaniya District Production date : 24 July 2017 REFERENCE MAP As of 24 July 2017ÔÆÔÆ Musaka n Pirbob MusakaIslam Kha misKujak Kan da laSur Misqlat Nergizliya Botina wa OO ld ld Galshin Giri Zelka SouthVillage [1] [1] Raparin Giri Kalakc hiKalakc - hi Grga ji DolijanSalih Kha tun a wa Pircha wish JujarBig Abdulaziz TalUsquf ShekhMa lwa n Ô Collec tive Collec tive DolijanSalih MusqalaNorth Æ JujarLittle Garmik BaraziBig TalJuma r Kan i GrikSobashi (Kalakji) Grega Allahe Kan ySardek Aspaha n Dostak MusqalaSouth Baqufa Shwa inkBig Zelikan (new) Zina vaOld Dostak ShekhMa wlan TaqHarb FaqirGr Barazi Bawbaw Dolijan Little JujarLittle Zina vaNew Little Anjirok Asaa dKato KhrabaWa sh (Kalakji) KhrabaWa sh Kun a tatar Dostak Cha qalu Raka ba Khitna wa- DolijanBig KhrabaYa sin Qarya t Little Kalagc hi KhrabaYa sin KurIsha q Kalalchi Kan i KurIsha q Raka baBig Gamris Avda lye Gamris Avda lye 'Ulya'UlyaVillageVillage Khwa san KanSipan i Aspaha n Jan ga RaqabaLittle Rka bhHamda n TaqMika il Shikha n Big Zelka n Zelka n Cha maRash Abda liya Drisha n Qaran a z DrbesanLower Drisha n GermikBec hok MaOraha r Sama qiya Barima h Kafrok Complex Han jirok ² GarmkLittle IsmaIsma wa waMirzaMirza Shwirij Nazrawa Kfrok Shwirij TaqHama DayrMa r BaraziLittle Tubza wa Awraha m Qarya t Zelka n BaraziBig Baraze GarmkBig BaraziBig GarmkBig Amian uk Ma muzin KanMa i ran Amyan Batna y QaryaParima t Amyan AynNuran Amyan Amian uk Barima Barazi Piran Girdka l Nicha 'I Qaymawa GrbaduNew Uma rha wa wi Nicha 'I