NSF Science and Technology Center SAHRA Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas

Final Report

8/1/00-12/31/10 Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources The University of Arizona P.O. Box 210158-B Tucson, AZ 85721-0158

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Table of Contents

I. GENERAL INFORMATION...... 3 II: RESEARCH ...... 22 III: EDUCATION ...... 51 IV: KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER / STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ...... 62 V: EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS ...... 70 VI. DIVERSITY ...... 78 VII: MANAGEMENT ...... 84 VIII: CENTER-WIDE OUTPUTS AND ISSUES ...... 92 IX. INDIRECT/OTHER IMPACTS & INTERNATIONAL ...... 201 X: BUDGET (see following pages) ...... 206 Appendix A ...... A-1 Appendix B ...... B-1

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I. GENERAL INFORMATION

1a. Provide the following general information:

Date submitted 3/31/2011

Reporting period 8/1/00-12/31/10

Name of the Center Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA) Name of the Center Director Paul D. Brooks

Lead University University of Arizona

Participating institutions Institution 1 Arizona State University (ASU) Contact (no change) Juliet Stromberg Institution 2 Desert Research Institute (DRI) Contact (no change) Joseph R. McConnell Institution 3 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Contact (no change) Fred Phillips Institution 4 Northern Arizona University (NAU) Contact (no change) Mehrdad Khatibi Institution 5 Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Contact (no change) Chris Duffy Institution 6 University of California, Merced (UCM) Contact (no change) Roger Bales Institution 7 University of California, Riverside (UCR) Contact (no change) Jirka Simunek Institution 8 University of Colorado (UColo) Contact (no change) Eric Small Institution 9 University of New Mexico (UNM) Contact (no change) David S. Brookshire

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1b. New faculty members.

No new faculty members to report.

1c. Primary Contact for the Center:

Name of the Individual Paul D. Brooks

Center role Director

Address SAHRA University of Arizona P.O. Box 210158-B Tucson, AZ 85721-0158 Phone Number 520-621-8787 Fax Number 520-626-7770 Email Address [email protected]

2. Retrospective Summary

See following pages.

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SAHRA MISSION & HISTORY

he mission of the Science and Technology Center for Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and TRiparian Areas (SAHRA) was to promote sustainable management of water resources by conducting water resources-related science, education, and knowledge transfer in the context of critical water management issues of semiarid and arid regions. The Center was unequivocally successful in meeting this mission with a legacy of research, education, knowledge transfer, and international activities that continues both at the University of Arizona and at numerous partner organizations.

Sustainable refers to the development and use of water resources in a manner that can be maintained in the long-term without causing unacceptable environmental, economic, or social consequences. As a university- centered effort, SAHRA sponsored research activities were focused around the physical and behavioral sciences. However, the power to define unacceptable consequences and to improve sustainability of water resources properly rests with society through elected officials, resource managers, and stakeholders at local, state, and national levels. Beyond research, therefore, a major focus of SAHRA was the development of effective mechanisms for synthesis, integration, education, and outreach, in support of better-informed decision-making. Consequently, SAHRA’s mission required two actions:

• to conduct scientific investigation, in partnership with stakeholders and in a multidisciplinary context, of critical hydrologic knowledge gaps (as defined by the three integrating questions) and identify unresolved uncertainties that limit our ability to assess and achieve sustainable management practices; and • to continually engage in bi-directional exchange of advances in understanding with the decision makers and the public so that the sustainability tradeoffs involved in any decision can be better evaluated. Considerable effort was made to tightly couple these dual research and knowledge transfer activities. An evolving management structure, strategic partnerships, and direct scientist to stakeholder interactions were developed during four phases of the STC.

Phase 1 focused on building infrastructure and developing collaborative multi-institutional and multidisciplinary teams to deliver the integrated research central to SAHRA’s mission. It also included building multi-level relationships with stakeholders in water resource management, particularly those tied to specific river basins; this approach promoted practitioner application of research results.

During Phase 2, SAHRA built an academic legacy, resulting in comprehensive scientific investigations evidenced by an ever-increasing number of publications by multidisciplinary research teams. These teams were organized around SAHRA’s three integrating questions (presented below) to strengthen coordination and focus research on strategic goals.

During Phase 3, the final years of NSF support, SAHRA demonstrated its success by delivering a pre-defined set of signature achievements and products. At the same time, the Center was committed to continuing its mission in the post-award period, and was engaged in identifying continuing opportunities and partnerships.

The post-NSFPhase 4 builds on the foundations provided by the STC in research, education, and knowledge transfer. Major new research projects continue, performed in the highly productive and interactive center mode developed during STC funding, with former SAHRA investigators partnering with new faculty and researchers. Knowledge transfer and education continues with major efforts involving the development of transferable understanding that links SAHRA work to a broader geographical focus. Stakeholder networks built during the STC continue to serve as a vehicle for rapid dissemination to practitioners worldwide.

5 SAHRA SIGNATURE ACHIEVEMENTS

AHRA has been recognized widely for its successes in innovative research, education, and Sknowledge transfer. Together these efforts have promoted the sustainable assessment, development, and management of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas. As a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional organization engaged in stakeholder-relevant hydrology research, the Center integrated research, outreach, and education activities across departments, colleges, universities, and partner agencies. The following achievements reflect notable contributions made through these efforts, fulfilling the mission of the STC.

RESEARCH to Develop New Multidisciplinary Understanding of Semi-arid Hydrology AHRA research developed new and improved Colorado Basin Sunderstanding of the complexities in, and impacts of, the interactions between physical, biological, economic, Salt-Verde and human factors in semi-arid hydrology. Results of Upper Rio Grande this research were disseminated through stakeholder engagement and long-term partnerships with resource managers throughout the semi-arid western United States and beyond. The majority of research was focused in the Colorado and Rio Grande basins, with particular emphasis on the upper Rio Grande, Upper San Pedro, the Salt-Verde, and the Rio Conchos (Mexico). The Upper San Pedro Center’s multidisciplinary research teams worked in close partnership with stakeholders to define critical hydrologic knowledge gaps, identify unknowns and uncertainties Rio Conchos that limit our ability to assess and achieve sustainable Rio Grande Basin management practices, and develop new ideas to address these needs. Basin-focused Research.

Research during phase 1 was widely distributed throughout the semi-arid western U.S., with efforts in major river basins designed to identify major knowledge gaps in our understanding of semi-arid systems. During phases 2 and 3, research efforts were refocused to address these knowledge gaps. In particular, major efforts were organized around the following three integrating questions to maximize coordinated, multi-disciplinary understanding:

• What are the impacts of vegetation change on the basin-scale water balance? • What are the costs and benefits of riparian restoration and preservation? • Under what conditions are water markets or water banking feasible? The progress made under each of these integrating questions continues to inform research during phase 4 as SAHRA investigators partner with new collaborators and in new ways to advance understanding of water cycling and water resources in semi-arid regions.

A total of 523 individuals, including 222 graduate and 94 undergraduate students, participated in over 100 individual projects, integrated into research thrust areas and macrothemes developed during the course of SAHRA. Research activities have produced impressive and tangible results with over 1,000 publications attributed to SAHRA research, including over 450 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 96 book chapters, 27 books, over 120 trade journal articles, and theses and dissertations of over 130 students. Notable among these publications are nine books in the Benchmark Papers in Hydrology Series, produced in collaboration with

6 7 the International Association of Hydrological Science (IAHS) which synthesizes the scientific papers that have made the most significant advances in nine different branches of hydrology. Additionally, Terrestrial Hydrometeorology, written by W. James Shuttleworth, and published by Wiley-Blackwell in 2011, provides the first graduate-level textbook that bridges the disciplines of hydrology and meteorology to provide the basis of university majors in hydrometeorology. Through the end of 2010, the peer-reviewed publications produced under SAHRA have been cited nearly 5000 times by scholars and researchers. Signature Achievements in Research • Assessing the ecohydrologic impacts of vegetation change by integrating process understanding, observatory infrastructure, datasets, and modeling; notable progress was made in transferring knowledge of snow accumulation and melt gained from our ecohydrological observatory to public land management. • Providing new understanding of riparian system dynamics through coupling groundwater, surface water, vegetation, and water-quality processes. SAHRA developed methods to extend and extrapolate riparian ET estimates using readily available MODIS remotely sensed data and distinguishing riparian alluvial, plant and stream water sources using typical and rare earth isotopes. • Determining non-market values of riparian systems by examining the relationships among flow regimes, habitat quality, avian diversity, and the value of ecosystem services to society. In studies on the San Pedro, Rio Grande and Mimbres River SAHRA demonstrated the links between hydrologic processes and the value that people ascribe to the ecosystem services provided by riparian systems in the Southwest. • Investigating water leasing markets by evaluating the specifications and constraints of water leasing institutions through coupled physical, institutional, and behavioral models. SAHRA researchers developed a coupled model capable of evaluating economic and hydrologic impacts (including third-party effects) of water leasing on the middle Rio Grande and in the Mimbres river basin.

Ecohydologic Impacts of Vegetation Change n improved understanding of the fate Aof precipitation is critical for both long and short term water resource planning. The amount, type, and structure of vegetation is a major control on this process and the only one that changes on human time scales. Notably, vegetation is changing across much of the Southwest. Over the last several decades this has occurred in the form of shrub invasions of grasslands, expansion of pinyon-juniper and mesquite, the thickening of ponderosa pine forest, and changing land uses. More recently, drought, drought- related fires and bark beetle infestations have caused abrupt large-scale vegetation Widespread forest mortality in Northern New Mexico. changes. Although changes in vegetation cover are widely perceived to have reduced water resources available for human use, research documenting the actual effects of vegetation change on basin-scale water balance has been lacking. To address this knowledge gap, SAHRA investigated the role of vegetation type and structure in the partitioning of rain and snow into evaporation/sublimation, runoff, and infiltration, and how moisture stored in the soil is shared between transpiration, recharge, and streamflow. SAHRA’s approach involves: a) intensive field measurements at selected plot- to hillslope-scale sites to investigate vegetation controls on partitioning and to guide development of methods to model and scale these processes; b) exploring the use of remotely sensed data to determine key hydrologic variables across basins; and c) integrated modeling, to evaluate the effects of vegetation change

6 7 SAHRA’s Ecohydrological Environmental Observatory As various earth science communities were exploring the need for integrated, multi-disciplinary observatories, SAHRA established a prototype observatory as part of its basin-scale water balance research theme. Begun in 2005, these efforts focused on higher elevation areas which previous SAHRA research confirmed as the primary water source areas in the region. The design of SAHRA’s ecohydrological observatory consists of well-instrumented research study sites located within the region’s major vegetation types. The research approach involves an integrated program of observation, modeling, and experimentation at these locations, with targeted distributed data collection to assess the transferability of knowledge from individual sites to the region. These efforts have greatly improved our understanding of ecohydrological interactions and biophysical processes at plant to regional scales, on topics such as atmospheric drivers of vegetation change, snow accumulation and melt, and how vegetation affects soil moisture supply.

In 2008, SAHRA published a special issue in Ecohydrology based on the first three years of observatory results. Most of the research described was co-located in nested catchments along an elevation gradient in the Jemez Mountains within the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) of New Mexico. This first group of papers focused on identifying process-level knowledge of ecohydrological interactions at the plot or plant scale; the second group describes spatial and temporal patterns that can be used to scale process knowledge to catchment ecosystems; and the third group evaluates model representations of these interactions. A central theme of this issue was the mediating role vegetation plays at the boundary between vertical fluxes (such as transpiration) that are the focus of hydrometeorology and lateral fluxes (such as streamflow) of catchment hydrology. Water use by these communities reflects the longer-term climatic forcing that controls vegetation composition and stand structure, the redistribution of water within the ecosystem, and nutrient or soil limitations, at least in higher-elevation forests. Collected in a single volume, these papers demonstrate the strength of coordinated, multidisciplinary ecohydrological research performed at SAHRA’s observatory. Extension and Application of Observatory Results Distributed observations and research throughout the semi-arid western U.S. placed observatory results into a larger context and contributed to a network of environmental observatories. Specific cross-site projects include: comparison of controls on sap flow and transpiration in New Mexico, California, and Colorado montane forests; snow accumulation and soil moisture relationships in New Mexico and Colorado; controls on residence time distributions in New Mexico and Arizona; plant-soil-water interactions in the changing climate of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado; hydrologic residence time in the upper Rio Grande; remote sensing and modeling of snow cover and runoff throughout the West; and terrestrial water storage in the Colorado River Basin.

Research in the ecohydrological observatory in New Mexico and paired efforts in Arizona informed the recently funded Critical Zone Observatory funded by the National Science Foundation. This project draws upon results from the Valles Caldera site and paired observations developed in the Santa Catalina Mountains to investigate processes occurring at and near the Earth’s surface that are observable in the function, structure and co-evolution of biota, soils, and landforms. By building on both SAHRA research and infrastructure, the CZO is poised to make meaningful, far-reaching contributions to understanding climate and land cover change in much the same way SAHRA has to the field of arid and semi-arid hydrology.

An additional major outgrowth from these efforts is the design and construction of artificial hillslopes in the Landscape Evolution Observatory (http://leo.b2science.org/home) within the Biosphere 2 research complex. This 10-year experiment is focused on ecohydrology and soil-vegetation-climate interactions and how they control the fate of water in the environment. Both programmatic components will maximize and extend research results from SAHRA’s ecohydrological observatory.

8 9 Riparian System Dynamics n the semi-arid Southwest, human Isettlement, irrigated agriculture, and regional biodiversity are concentrated along riparian corridors. These corridors comprise dynamic, integrated river systems where feedbacks between water quantity (hydrology), water quality (biogeochemistry), and riparian vegetation (ecology) result in cascading impacts throughout the system when any one component is disturbed. Thus, water resource management decisions impact rivers not only in terms of streamflow, but also through changes in water quality, the structure and diversity of the ecosystem, and its socioeconomic values. SAHRA has focused on understanding Semi-arid riparian systems are hotspots of ecological diversity and biogeochemical cycling. these riparian system dynamics. This understanding is integrated into tools stakeholders can use to determine true costs, benefits, and impacts of management decisions related to preservation and restoration decisions.

Initial SAHRA studies focused on determining water sources, water transport, and transpiration rates from different riparian vegetation communities and developed methods to more accurately determine the overall rate of riparian evapotranspiration (ET). This information has been incorporated into modeling tools, including a new MODFLOW module (RIP-ET) for calculating riparian ET, and decision support tools for water managers in the San Pedro Basin. A major paradigm-changing finding was that riparian mesquite trees can move significant amounts of water both upward and downward. This represents a profound new finding in the ecohydrology sciences regarding plant water movement mechanisms which enables mesquites to outcompete shallow rooted competitors and may represent a key advantage contributing to the encroachment of woody species into semiarid grasslands occurring worldwide. Another major accomplishment was the extension and extrapolation of riparian ET estimates using readily available MODIS remotely sensed data. Riparian ET and groundwater use for the Upper San Pedro watershed were determined using an empirical model that exploits MODIS 16-day, 250–1000m remote sensing products for 2001 to 2005. When calibrated using in-situ ET measurements from three different riparian plant communities, the model skillfully captured the magnitude and variability of riparian ET.

Subsequent research moved from understanding vegetation demand to quantifying the sources of water contributing to streamflow and the processes that maintained water quality. Research in these areas was presented in a special issue of the Journal JGR—Biogeosciences 2007 and demonstrated the importance of summer floods as a recharge mechanism to the alluvial aquifer, baseflow maintenance, and water quality.

A signature SAHRA achievement in river systems was the publication of Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River by the University of Arizona Press in 2009. As stated in the publisher’s catalog, “This book provides an extensive knowledge base on all aspects of the San Pedro, from flora and fauna to hydrology and human use to preservation. It describes the ecological patterns and processes of this arid-land river and explores both the ongoing science-driven efforts by nonprofit groups and government agencies to sustain and restore its riparian ecosystems and the science that supports these management decisions. An

8 9 interdisciplinary team of 57 contributors (biologists, ecologists, geomorphologists, historians, hydrologists, lawyers, political scientists) [over half of whom are SAHRA researchers] weave together threads from their diverse perspectives to reveal the processes that shape the past, present, and future of the San Pedro’s riparian and aquatic ecosystems.” Transferability to Other Riparian Systems The legacy of SAHRA’s riparian research is seen in a number of largely leveraged research efforts that extend results from the San Pedro and Rio Grande to other river systems in Arizona and across the Southwest including the Verde, Santa Cruz River, Hassayampa, Bill Williams, Santa Maria, Sonora, Gila and Mimbres rivers. For example, in the Verde River, baseflow in gaining reaches was maintained by groundwater while along losing reaches monsoon floods recharged alluvial aquifer and sustained flow. In the Santa Cruz River riparian groundwater was dominated by effluent. During extended periods without a large flow, the nutrient- rich effluent waters can form a clogging layer that keeps effluent from recharging the riparian groundwater. Summer floods scour the streambed and reestablish hydrologic connectivity in the Santa Cruz.

Non-market Riparian Valuation iparian areas, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, have high ecological, recreational, and Rresidential value. Management decisions affecting riparian systems, especially those that consider alternative preservation or restoration scenarios, require an assessment of these values and their societal benefit. To address this need, multidisciplinary research teams assessed both the market and the nonmarket value, in monetized terms, of these systems, in addition linking this scientific understanding to the valuation process of potential management decisions. Ecological Valuation Ecological valuation research for the Upper San Pedro Basin and in the Middle Rio Grande focused on novel integration of scenarios based on stakeholder decisions with hydrologic, vegetation, and avian information. Current conditions were used as a basis for predicting changes to vegetation and bird populations in both river systems. This framework utilized the best available data to focus on relationships among flow regimes, habitat quality, birds, and human values. Subsequent valuation surveys incorporated choice models of bundled attributes (presence of surface water, riparian condition class, vegetation type and abundance, and bird assemblage and population information). Foundational SAHRA publications describe the methods and models used to estimate riparian condition and avian response to policy scenarios pertaining to water use in the San Pedro and for restoration of the Rio Grande.

All of this information was used to evolve the San Pedro decision-support system (DSS), which serves as a primary repository for SAHRA research findings. The DSS incorporates a conceptual market model for traditional ecosystem services in which non-market demand curves are used to derive marginal values for ecosystem services to feed back into the decision-support system. This enables decision-makers to compare “apples to apples” (e.g., dollars to dollars) when calculating the costs of riparian preservation projects versus the benefits of this preservation in terms of non-market ecosystem services which pertain to: a) the presence of surface water; b) the functional level of riparian habitat; and c) riparian avian populations and assemblages. Accordingly, the urban water demand pricing and riparian ecosystem valuation capabilities are also being incorporated into the DSS to further extend its functionality and scope.

10 11 Water Leasing Markets ater leasing, the short-term Wtransfer of water among agricultural, environmental, and urban water users, is a management and policy option that can help to efficiently redistribute limited water supplies in western states where new water uses necessarily require reduction of one or more existing uses. SAHRA resource economists and hydrologic modelers worked with water managers to explore the feasibility of leases and other market- based allocations of water in New Mexico.

A Middle Rio Grande Water Market SAHRA’s hydrological modeling efforts focused on valuing the efficiency of water-leasing markets with climatic uncertainty and third-party effects. One aspect of this activity involved development of a medium- resolution model to investigate the behavior of a 40-km reach of the Middle Rio Grande. Third-party effects, ranging from simple ditch trades to complex trades across multiple ditch conveyance systems were identified and investigated. Results indicated that a straightforward methodology for comparisons with trades is very difficult due to the complexity of the water delivery system. However, work on scenario analysis and modeling experiments helped in developing a variety of trading scenarios that increase understanding of what conditions limit the effectiveness of water leasing in the real system due to third-party effects. SAHRA investigators developed objective criteria for comparing results from no trades with trade runs. Mimbres Water Leasing Model Based on the results of the Middle Rio Grande Modeling investigation, SAHRA researchers worked with the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer (NMOSE) beginning in 2006 to develop a coupled hydrologic and institutional model for water leasing for the Active Water Resource Management (AWRM) area of the Mimbres Basin of New Mexico. The Mimbres Basin provides an ideal small-scale, proof-of-concept opportunity in a fully adjudicated and hydrologically closed system, where almost all water rights are agricultural. Results from a decision-support modeling tool indicated that while water leasing can reduce groundwater pumping and result in greater system outflow, the system is likely to also experience water calls for a greater length of time and increased system losses. Improvements to water delivery efficiency and modified delivery schedules may be necessary to offset these impacts.

A signature SAHRA achievement resulting from this work is the publication of Water Policy in New Mexico: Addressing the Challenge of an Uncertain Future by the Resources For the Future Press in 2011 (Brookshire, Gupta & Matthews, in press). This edited book engaged 23 contributors (economists, systems modelers, lawyers, hydrologists, geographers, biologists, ecologists, geomorphologists, historians, political scientists) in a discussion of the compelling water management problems facing the State of New Mexico, and provided a perspective on how these can be addressed through a synergistic combination of stakeholder engagement, goal setting, institutional reform, improved scientific understanding, scenario analysis, and adaptive management based in sophisticated computer-based modeling.

10 11 EDUCATION to Train Future Researchers and Inform the Public AHRA’s education program has consistently focused on improving the hydrologic literacy of a wide range Sof stakeholders, ranging from the general public to K-12 teachers and students, and finally to the next generation of interdisciplinary scientists and professors. The breadth and consistency of SAHRA’s effort is fairly unique among existing Science and Technology Centers and allowed us to complete a wide range of signature achievements. In the first years of the Center, we identified critical gaps and needs in hydrologic literacy or the capacity of the system to address these needs. Subsequently, we addressed these needs by providing professional development, developing new courses, and extended learning opportunities that incorporated the latest findings from SAHRA researchers. Signature Achievements in Education • Educating the public with innovative multimedia display, demonstration sites, and publications. • Advancing the hydrologic literacy of K-12 educators through novel education products including Watershed Visualization, Arizona Rivers, and a new distance-learning course. • Educating the next generation of diverse, multidisciplinary research hydrologists, educators, water managers, and professionals addressing water issues.

Educating the Public AHRA informs the public about hydrology and water issues facing the arid and semi-arid Southwest Sthrough a variety of media, including displays and exhibits, demonstration sites, and informative publications. Displays and Exhibits SAHRA has long collaborated with the National Center for Earth System Dynamics (NCED, our sister STC) and the Science Museum of Minnesota (SMM) in Minneapolis. Together, we distributed 3-D maps of the Four Corners region, helped develop the “Water Planet/H2O= Life” exhibit with the American Museum for Natural History, and supported each other at national meetings such as the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans (SACNAS). Our most recent Multi-media displays. partnership with SMM involves a major exhibit they developed on “Future Earth” that explores human impacts on the planet in the Anthropocene Epoch. For its part, SAHRA is sponsoring an SMM-built interactive display called “Earth Buzz” at Flandrau Science center, where 40,000 annual visitors continue to learn about a wide range of SAHRA-related research and related environmental issues and careers. Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater increasingly is seen as a viable water resource in much of the Southwest with local laws and regulations mandating rainwater harvesting. SAHRA has taken a lead role in providing practical guidance to those wishing to add rainwater harvesting to existing properties or build rainwater harvesting into new structures. Demonstration projects at The Nature Conservancy’s Tucson campus and at Biosphere 2 include three types of cisterns, basins and berms, and curb cuts, and offers self-guided and docent-led tours, as well as city-sponsored workshops. SAHRA also developed RainHarvestHelp.org, which presents literature, web tools, demonstration sites, and regional events focused on rainwater harvesting.

12 13 New Books SAHRA has developed a series of monographs and edited volumes about water management in the Southwest for the interested lay public and water professionals:

• Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River, edited by J. C. Stromberg and B. Tellman. This book was published in spring 2009 and describes the wide range of research conducted on the San Pedro, spanning the historical, physical, ecological, and social sciences. Most chapters are by SAHRA investigators. • Reining in the Rio Grande, by Phillips et al. was published in March 2011 by the University of New Mexico Press. This book explores whether semi-arid populations can coexist with some form of a natural water supply, such as the Rio Grande. • New Mexico Water Policy and Management Issues—This book discussing the future of water management research and policy in New Mexico Published in 2011 by RFF Press.

Hydrologic Literacy he goal was to raise hydrologic literacy at all grade and age levels and serve the information needs of Tdiverse stakeholders so that sound hydrologic principles can effectively be applied to issues such as regional water management, environmental protection, and public participation in water policy discussions. SAHRA’s education efforts are broadly aimed at K-12 students and their teachers, undergraduate non-science majors, and undergraduate and graduate students affiliated with the center. SAHRA provides curricula, opportunities for professional growth, research experiences, and extended learning opportunities. Water in Arizona, Teacher Resources (WATeR) Kits One of the shortcomings in classroom water literacy instruction we identified early on was the lack of supplies to allow classroom-wide hands-on exploration of these topics. Through leveraged funding from the Water Sustainability Program, we created beginner and advanced kits to supplement the best existing middle school water activities (largely drawn from the nationally acclaimed Project WET and GLOBE programs). Hundreds of teachers throughout Arizona used these kits or attended workshops to introduce Water Quality, Aquatic Life, Watersheds, and Urban Hydrology modules to Teacher training. their courses. Watershed Visualization To complement and extend the Watershed WATeR kit (above), SAHRA was awarded an NSF geosciences education grant to develop a 3-D watershed visualization DVD that demonstrates the hydrologic processes of a natural watershed, from mountaintop to basin floor. The narrated video and animated sequences are perfect for a wide range of grade and interest levels, making this a highly versatile product. Modules include a fly-through of the Verde River watershed in Arizona, an introduction to watersheds with a focus on the hydrology of a semi-arid basin. Over 700 DVD’s were distributed with a similar number of online users.

12 13 Arizona Rivers The Arizona Rivers www.azrivers.org( ) program facilitated collaborations between students, volunteer monitoring groups, and state and local agencies to re¬-energize the spirit of scientific discovery and inquiry in the classroom by focusing on student and volunteer monitoring of rivers and riparian areas. In just two years, over 250 teachers were trained in how to monitor water quality, count and identify bird species, identify aquatic macroinvertebrates and assess ecosystem health. The Riparian Research Experience, a transformative two week field program exclusively for high school students provided similar training to students who subsequently evaluated the Students participating in riparian monitoring. riparian health of over a dozen streams.

EDUCATING the Next Generation of Researchers and Water Professionals o date, 80 SAHRA students have received master’s Tdegrees and 52 have received PhDs. SAHRA prides itself on the level of involvement and leadership that its students have taken in the Center, as evidenced by the number of graduates who have gone on in the field to important research, faculty and management positions where they continue to foster the inter-disciplinary, collaborative and stakeholder-driven perspectives that the Center was based upon

Critical factors in SAHRA’s success were the quality of students attracted to the program and the efforts to integrate students among disciplines. Shared office facilities, research groups, and brown bag discussions facilitated interactions. Postdoctoral research associates helped organize and coordinate the different research thrust or theme areas from the early years of the Center providing an intermediary structure between faculty and students.

SAHRA PIs integrated coursework with Center research Tribal watershed workshop. through field work, modeling, and laboratory work. In addition to cutting edge research and training, conversations and interactions with introduced the broader impacts and applications of the science. Students were encouraged to explore other dimensions of their research topic by working with SAHRA’s award winning education and knowledge transfer teams to experience a wide range of education and public outreach opportunities, mentor REU students, volunteer to help interpret an informal science center display or to translate exhibit text into another language.

14 15 Knowledge Transfer to Disseminate New Understanding to Decision Makers ngaging water managers, policy makers and other stakeholders was a top priority for SAHRA. Stakeholder Eengagement and outreach goals have been to promote stakeholder/scientist dialogue, develop mechanisms to support stakeholders in their decision-making, and rapidly disseminate SAHRA-relevant knowledge to scientists, water professionals, elected officials, and the public. Stakeholder engagement activities help investigators better understand and respond to water managers’ needs for water-related research and information, and inform decision-makers about SAHRA’s research results, products and tools. SAHRA decision- support products are used by water managers, government agencies, and NGOs throughout the world. Signature Achievements in Knowledge Transfer • Developing unique capabilities for stakeholder engagement to identify needs, and communicating findings through a continuing dialog with stakeholders and multidisciplinary researchers. • Developing water resource-related scenario science, a methodology for linking models and datasets with stakeholders. • Building decision support tools to aid elected officials, water resource managers, decision makers, and the public. • Creating innovative web services and sources of hydrologic information. Stakeholders expressed their confidence in and commitment to SAHRA research through political, in-kind and other funding support for existing and new projects. These efforts are evidenced by active participation from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Salt River Project, The Nature Conservancy, Valles Caldera National Preserve, and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission on multiple projects. Partnering with the Arizona Water Institute proved an efficient mechanism for identifying and targeting stakeholders likely to benefit from SAHRA research and for bringing stakeholders and scientists together.

Products designed through collaboration, such as the San Pedro decision support system and citizens’ drought monitoring tools have been strongly endorsed by stakeholders. SAHRA investigators and the Upper San Pedro Partnership (USPP), for example, have held approximately 30 joint meetings—20 of them in person—to assist in achieving the congressional mandate of meeting sustainable yield of the regional aquifer by September 2011. Implementation of a formal process for introducing the decision support system to stakeholders yielded notable improvements and better understanding among participants.

In a unique experiment managing public lands through a public-private trust at the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP), SAHRA students quantified how snow and snow water equivalent (SWE) are distributed within forested catchments representative of much of the southwestern United States. These data informed the development of mathematical models to maximize SWE retention that can be used to develop forest- thinning prescriptions. VCNP managers have used these results in their strategic planning process since 2009. If model predictions are correct, they should be able to reduce snow sublimation by up to 50 percent, thereby potentially increasing stream discharge by 10 to 20 percent. This rapid transfer of results from research to management could result in an additional benefit of annual water rights worth $2.2 million to downstream users while reducing fire risk and increasing wildlife and livestock forage.

14 15 Southwest Hydrology outhwest Hydrology was a full-color, 44-page trade magazine published Sbimonthly and distributed free of charge to water professionals throughout the Southwest. The magazine promoted communication with a broad spectrum of water experts—ranging from university and federal researchers to regulators, consultants, policy-makers, and local water managers—to foster the sustainable management of water resources in the semi-arid Southwest. It served as a conduit for technology and information transfer between high-level researchers and those who need to understand how to apply new research developments and techniques to the wise management of water.

Southwest Hydrology received 11 awards over the years and was an extremely valuable resource to stakeholders and mechanism to broadly disseminate research. Although suspended in late 2009, we hope to resume publication as the economy improves.

Water-Related Scenario Science cenarios provide a range of feasible future conditions through which stakeholders and researchers can Sexplore alternative futures. While scenario development has long been used for strategic planning in the corporate world, SAHRA has led its application in the natural sciences. By actively promoting dialogue between researchers and stakeholders, the scenario effort played a critical role in broadening the applicability of SAHRA research and strengthening linkages both among SAHRA projects and to the needs of decision makers.

This activity resulted in the development of a theoretical framework for scenario science, reported via numerous well-received publications, including several more in various stages of development. Importantly, the Scenario Group publication “A formal framework for scenario development to support environmental decision making” in Environmental Modelling & Software (Mahmoud et al. 2009) received the “2009 Best Paper Award” of the Environmental Modeling and Software Society. A retrospective analysis study of historical Arizona water management scenarios examined projections for the Tucson Active Management Area along four dimensions of change: climate, socioeconomics, technology, and development.

One important aspect developed by the Scenario Science group, focused on water resources in the Colorado River Basin, was statistical downscaling of future global climate scenarios to be used as input for various hydrologic models. The statistically downscaled climate projections were used to generate water resource assessments for the Salt River Project / City of Phoenix. Continuing work has turned to an investigation of dynamic downscaling of IPCC future climate projections using Weather Research and Forecast (WRF).

16 17 Decision Support Tools AHRA has devoted significant effort Sto developing new tools to aid water resources managers, decision-makers, and the general public. These tools are typically integrated into decision-support systems (DSS) that incorporate the results of multiple SAHRA research efforts and translate them into information and causal relationships for the decision-making process. Rio Grande DSS Working with Sandia National Laboratory, a Rio Grande DSS was developed to educate the public on hydrologic impacts of climate variability and management options. The model integrates the surface water system, Decision support tools workshop. including reservoir operations and the groundwater system, with detailed accounting of water demands throughout the basin. Also included are a salinity module, silvery minnow mortality model, and an economic input-output model for Bernalillo County. In developing the model, partners included the Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission. San Pedro Basin Assessment Tool The San Pedro Assessment Tool, an interactive DSS developed in partnership with the Upper San Pedro Partnership (USPP) provides a notable example of how key components of SAHRA research, when developed and published, can be incorporated into a decision support tool that evaluates potential costs and benefits of various conservation, recharge, and water supply options. Both basic and advanced versions of the DSS were released and accepted by the USPP in early 2008. A DSS workbook was developed and several rollout meetings and demonstrations were conducted. The web-based DSS continues to be accessible atwww. usppartnership.com/plan_groundwtr.htm.

The San Pedro DSS continues to evolve and grow. In response to a request by the USPP regarding the impact of climate change on water in the Upper San Pedro, SAHRA has investigated intelligent downscaling of IPCC climate scenarios to the San Pedro, using statistical and dynamical methods. A subset of the DSS has been translated into Spanish for parallel outreach efforts with water managers in Sonora, Mexico. Ongoing work is focusing on improving the economic and human behavioral elements of the model. This DSS and its further development is also a key component of a recently awarded NSF Coupled Natural and Human System project to strengthen the resilience of arid region riparian corridors.

16 17 Innovative Web Services & Databases AHRA developed innovative websites, web services, and other database-driven resources to meet the Sinformation needs of water researchers, managers, the general public, and organizations and programs that have significant water interests.

The Arizona Hydrologic Information System (AHIS,www.AZh2o.org ) was an effort initiated by the Arizona Water Institute (AWI) and SAHRA that involved significant collaboration with other partners in Arizona. AHIS provides a comprehensive framework for knowledge management and information discovery using data related to physiographic and ecological surveys, hydrologic observations, and water resources monitoring and assessment. A flood hydroclimatology database was developed at the University of Arizona to include overviews of flood events at the level of individual watersheds across the state. In long-term database records, events are distinguished by hydroclimatic regime to aid forecasting efforts.

Arizona Wells is a web application that provides and visualizes well location and groundwater level (1914 to the present) for use by water managers and the public. It was developed by SAHRA as part of the Arizona Hydrologic Information System, the information infrastructure of the Arizona Water Institute. It makes large groundwater-related databases accessible and compatible via a single user interface and includes a variety of database search options, including delineating areas of interest on a map. After initial development the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) provided support to add water quality data to the system and increase the number of ways users can select wells of interest.

International Projects n important goal of SAHRA is to share research findings, data, models, and analytical tools Ainternationally with other arid and semi-arid lands water researchers and managers. SAHRA has focused in the past on furthering sound management of transboundary waters in the U.S.-Mexico border area, but in 2009 expanded its scope of interest to other continents as well. Managing Droughts in an International Framework The 1944 treaty between the United States and Mexico specifies the amount of water to be delivered from Mexican basins on a 5-year average. The treaty specifies that deficits may occur in the case of “an extraordinary drought”. This value however, is not defined in statistical terms. SAHRA researchers in collaboration with researchers of our partner institution, the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA), developed statistical criteria to characterize droughts and their areal extent in terms of their probability of occurrence. This approach was used in the development of a model for the Conchos River in Mexico, where more than 60% of the inflow to the Lower Rio Grande/Bravo originates. SAHRA also partnered with other institutions on both sides of the border in carrying out a physical assessment of the resources and reservoir management on the Rio Bravo/Grande. Modeling Sustainable Agriculture SAHRA worked with several representatives of Comisión Nacional del Agua, including the new director of the Mexico section of the International Boundary Water Commission, to develop a multiyear simulation- optimization model for sustainable irrigation in Yaqui River Irrigation District 041 of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Severe and sustained drought and intensive agricultural practices there have led to falling farm income and water deficits in the reservoir system. The long-term model includes sustainable criteria such as productivity, reliability, resilience, vulnerability, and equity. The model can be used for elaborating the annual irrigation plan for the irrigation district under different management scenarios; this will determine what practices or decisions put the sustainability of the system at risk and identify possible conflicts for water use in the future.

18 19 ICIWaRM Funds leveraged from the UA Water Sustainability Program helped SAHRA and the Army Corps of Engineers establish the International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (ICIWaRM). The Center transfers new understandings, methodologies, and science results related to integrated water management throughout the developing world. The Center received final approval as a Level II UNESCO center in October 2009, and is the first U.S.-based center to work in support of UNESCO’s International Hydrology Program.

Through ICIWaRM and in collaboration with the World Bank, SAHRA provided technical assistance to the government of Peru in implementing the Water Resources Management Modernization Project. This project is implementing a water management reform in 6 pilot basins to comply with Peru’s new water law, stating that water management needs to follow IWRM guidelines, including stakeholder participation and consensus-seeking mechanisms. ICIWaRM was present, leading, facilitating or providing oversight in 5 of 6 workshops and working groups addressing these issues. OMVS – Senegal The methodology developed in the San Pedro DSS was extended to Africa through a new partnership between the University of Arizona and the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Senegal (OMVS). OMVS is an organization that includes representation from Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, and Guinea that aims to manage the Senegal River Basin to promote self-sufficiency in food, improve the income of the local populations, and preserve natural ecosystems. A 10-person delegation from the OMVS visited SAHRA in January 2009 for a full week, while a research agenda and an action plan for the Senegal Basin was outlined in order to improve water resources management in the basin.

SAHRA formalized an MoU between the University of Arizona and the AGRHYMET Regional Center in Niamey (Niger) and began a research collaboration with the Center. AGRHYMET is a center of expertise in hydro-meteorology and food security monitoring in the Sahel and has the largest precipitation database in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as expertise in the use of remote sensing precipitation products. Through this collaboration, SAHRA will contribute hydrological modeling capabilities in addition to other expertise. Climate Change & Sustainable Urban Development SAHRA researchers established a formal relationship with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France) to collaborate with European partners in bridging the gaps between the natural and social sciences as applied to resources management. Building on work initiated for the Salt River Project water and power utility and the City of Phoenix, this collaboration has resulted in submission of a European Union €2M/- proposal to study the impact of climate change on sustainability of urban systems. Another formal relationship has been established with the Climate Change Center at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia to collaborate on climate change science and education.

18 19 PROPAGATING THE CENTER APPROACH

AHRA is committed to continuing its work beyond the 10 years of NSF base funding. Because SSAHRA’s mission is to serve the public good by improving water management, future funding for sustaining SAHRA’s activities is more likely to come from public rather than private sources. Over the last two years SAHRA’s management has increasingly partnered with other groups at UA to maintain the unique capabilities developed during the course of STC funding. Two critical partnerships have emerged during this time, a research-centered partnership with Biosphere 2 and a knowledge transfer-focused partnership with UA Science. Both units are under the UA College of Science and allow for close integration of research and stakeholder engagement strengths in future efforts.

Research and Graduate Training The mission of SAHRA research efforts following NSF-STC funding is to promote and facilitate the development of cutting-edge, water-related basic research projects, focused on integrating UA disciplinary strengths in hydrological, ecological, and physical sciences. The coordination between researchers and projects that facilitates scientific advancement is a key outcome and strength of the SAHRA center that must be retained. We accomplish this mission by:

• By integrating existing research, SAHRA will help researchers identify the critical intersections among recent findings and the questions that rapidly build new knowledge. • Building on the integration of research, SAHRA will continue to serve as an incubator of new ideas and projects that link the disciplinary strengths of UA to address the scientific challenges that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. • A legacy of the last decade of interdisciplinary research in SAHRA is a strength in synthesizing individual research findings into a broader understanding of earth system science. These activities include work beyond the university to solidify UA’s role as a leader in interdisciplinary environmental research focused on water. This mission builds directly on the success of SAHRA in serving as the springboard for approximately $12 million in currently funded, non-STC research efforts (representative projects are described in the full report). These projects coordinate to share facilities, promoting interaction and synergy among similar projects. Research projects within and arising from SAHRA typically: 1) Focus on basic research on the water cycle within the earth system; 2) Include researchers from multiple departments and colleges; 3) Obtain significant funding from extramural sources; and 3) Address high-profile, research questions of critical importance to the State of Arizona, the Southwest in general, and the nation as a whole.

Through partnerships with other groups on campus and base funding through the University of Arizona Water Sustainability Program we maintain the following critical programmatic capabilities:

• Program development capabilities including seed and leverage funding, meeting space, administrative support for scheduling and communications, technical writing, editing, and other program development support • Physical integration of students, postdocs, and investigators obtained by housing students from interdisciplinary, water-centered projects in one location (fifth floor of the Marshall building) • Co-location of SAHRA, the Institute of the Environment, and Biosphere 2 to facilitate interactions and capitalize on the unique strengths and capabilities of each group • Computer, database, and business infrastructure and support to meet the challenges and needs of large interdisciplinary research projects

20 21 Knowledge Transfer and Informal Education Similar to the confederation of related projects operating in center mode described for the research activities, knowledge transfer will rely on diverse funding sources that will allow the capabilities developed in SAHRA to continue to serve as a resource for water resource professionals in arid and semi-arid environments. The KT team will continue to operate under the same name, but as part of a different organizational unit at the University of Arizona, and will administer all programming related to stakeholder engagement, including international partnerships. Plans are currently underway to develop new products and tools that keep water resource professionals and policy-makers, as well as the general public, actively engaged in issues surrounding water management and scarcity in the arid and semi-arid regions. The relationships underlying stakeholder networks built in Phases 1 and 2 of SAHRA’s operations are still intact; they will serve as an instrument for the rapid dissemination of scientific information to the non-academic communities that also have a critical stake in sustainable water management. In this respect, SAHRA’s KT unit will continue to function as a bridge between cutting-edge research and practitioners in the field. It will also translate research into effective tools for building the hydrologic literacy of the general public, much as it has done for the last ten years. Biosphere 2 Biosphere 2 is a critical partner in ongoing activities, with numerous SAHRA researchers involved in Biosphere 2’s ongoing research efforts that have a complementary focus on soil-water-atmosphere-plant interactions and on the quantified impacts of global environmental change. SAHRA personnel work with Biosphere Science and Society Fellows on various projects, including public signage and development of a phenology garden. SAHRA rebuilt the B2 website, adding a content management system, participated in public “Science Saturday” talks, and jointly produced an annual ecohydrology issue of Southwest Hydrology, for which Biosphere 2 was a major sponsor until the magazine’s final issue. Biosphere 2 also served as home for a residential environmental camp for high school students organized by SAHRA. UA Water Sustainability Program Since 2002, the UA’s Water Sustainability Program (WSP) has provided funds for water research, outreach, and education to help ensure a sustainable, high-quality water supply for economic development and enhanced quality of life for Arizonans. SAHRA receives WSP funding for education and outreach efforts and center-directed initiatives. In addition, the Center received competitive WSP funds to support research activities and for faculty retention and recruitment initiatives.

Through these efforts and ongoing partnerships, the Center will continue to use the unique research, education, and outreach strengths arising from the investment NSF made in the Science and Technology Center at UA.

20 21 II: RESEARCH

1a. Overall Research Approach

Strategic Research Objective: To develop new and improved understandings of semi-arid hydrology

SAHRA research developed new and improved understandings of the complexities in, and impacts of, the interactions between physical, biological, economic, and human factors in semi-arid hydrology. The results of this Upper Rio research were disseminated through stakeholder Grande engagement and long-term partnerships with resource managers throughout the semi-arid western US and beyond. The majority of research was focused in the Colorado and Rio Grande basins, with particular emphasis on the upper Rio Grande, Upper San Pedro, the Salt- Verde, and the Rio Conchos (Mexico). Upper San Pedro As described above, changing the way water resources- related science is conducted and used in semi-arid and arid regions required phased, long-term planning of Center activity. The strategic development of SAHRA research Figure R.1 mirrored the four phases of Center development.

PHASE DATES ACTIVITIES

• Developing Research Teams and thrust areas 1 2000 - 2003 • Addressing Critical Knowledge Gaps Throughout the Southwest • Engaging Stakeholders and Management Partners

• Developing integrating questions to link research themes and thrust areas • Strengthening focus on select river basins 2 and 3 2004 - 2009 • Organizing thrust areas into macrothemes, loosely based on integrating questions • Establishing integrated, long-term observatory infrastructure • Strengthening relationships with stakeholders

• Developing new proposals and partnerships 2010 and • 4 Transitioning to new management structure beyond • Defining new funding model and partnerships • Maintaining partnerships and propagating center research

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Although the Center’s overall research objectives did not change through these four phases, an adaptive, evolving leadership sought to maintain consistent effort and vision among its multi-institutional and multidisciplinary participants. To this end, SAHRA adopted a river-basin focus in 2003 to align research with place-based management and stakeholder engagement. In 2004, we developed three stakeholder- relevant, integrating questions to further focus and integrate scientific research. These three questions are critical for the wise management of water resources in semi-arid regions and can best be addressed by researchers operating in center mode through the consistent deployment of integrated, multidisciplinary science. These three questions are:

QUESTION 1. What are the costs and benefits of riparian restoration and preservation? (the “riparian question”) In the semi-arid Southwest most human settlements, irrigated agriculture, and regional biodiversity are located in riparian corridors. These riparian systems integrate the hydrologic and biogeochemical processes that occur within a basin. Consequently, water resource management decisions may impact river systems not only through changes in streamflow, but also through unforeseen changes in water quality, the socioeconomic value of the river system, and the structure and diversity of the riparian ecosystem. A complete evaluation of the costs and benefits of important management decisions regarding riparian preservation and restoration therefore requires an integrated, multidisciplinary understanding. SAHRA research consequently focuses on developing fundamental, process-level understanding in three areas: 1) determining the water balance of riparian systems, 2) evaluating ecosystem dynamics and values, and 3) understanding nutrient and solute sources and cycling. The resulting understanding will further the development of integrated river system models that stakeholders can use to evaluate costs and benefits of potential restoration or preservation efforts.

QUESTION 2. Under what conditions are water markets or water banking feasible? (the “water markets/ economics” question) In the Southwest, water markets and water banking are increasingly viewed as potentially effective mechanisms for allocating water resources, providing maximum economic benefits and avoiding potential conflicts associated with water scarcity. For these mechanisms to be truly effective, detailed knowledge of the available water supply and the factors that affect water demand is critical. To this end, SAHRA has developed and continues to develop products to better estimate precipitation rates and snow-pack volumes at the basin scale. SAHRA is also improving understanding of the factors that determine residential, industrial, and agricultural demand for water, using approaches such as experimental economics and water use micrologging to disaggregate demand. These products and knowledge will then be integrated into a model that allows water resource managers to consider the trading of water rights and third party impacts in evaluating the potential of market-based mechanisms to allocate water resources effectively.

QUESTION 3. What are the impacts of vegetation change on the basin-scale water balance? (the “vegetation” question) An improved understanding of the fate of precipitation is critical for both long and short term water resource planning. The amount, type, and structure of vegetation is a major control on this process and the only one that changes on a human time scale. Notably, vegetation is changing across much of the Southwest. SAHRA seeks to understand the role of vegetation type and structure in the partitioning of rain and snow into evaporation/sublimation, runoff, and infiltration, and how moisture stored in the soil is shared between transpiration, recharge, and streamflow. SAHRA’s approach involves: a) intensive field measurements at selected plot- to hillslope-scale sites, in order to investigate vegetation controls on partitioning and guide development of methods to model and scale these processes; b) exploring the use of remotely sensed data to determine key hydrologic variables across basins; and c) integrated modeling, to evaluate the effects of vegetation change.

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Below we summarize significant outcomes of SAHRA research during the three stages of STC funding, followed by brief descriptions of ongoing research that builds on SAHRA strategic research products and represents the interdisciplinary legacy of the STC.

1b. Performance and Management Indicators

The indicators (shown below) were used to evaluate SAHRA’s performance in terms of achieving science and stakeholder goals. Data, results, and analysis for each indicator is available at www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/advisory/indicators/.

STRATEGIC ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUALS GOAL QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF INDICATOR Number and list of scientific papers for the Description of primary scientific findings, with reporting year in refereed and non-refereed emphasis on their contribution towards journals, including percent multi-institutional achieving SAHRA’s science and stakeholder For Basin: and percent multidisciplinary signature products, as well as their relevance to P. Brooks SAHRA’s mission, the three integrating F. Phillips List of impact factors for journals where SAHRA questions and their contribution to building has published for the reporting year multi-disciplinary knowledge For River Number of citations for previous SAHRA Organization of sessions and workshops at national Systems: Science publications, change from previous year and top- and international scientific meetings on SAHRA D. Goodrich cited articles signature products D. Brookshire

Number and list of presentations including percent Description of the potential and/or actual For Integrated invited, percent multi-institutional and percent application of each signature product with Modeling: multi-disciplinary emphasis on its adaptability, scalability and H. Gupta Number and description of novel scientific transferability E. Springer products (e.g. models, DSS, databases, patents, etc.)

Number and list of events that involved direct and Description of the quality and effectiveness of the Stakeholder significant interaction between SAHRA K. Jacobs interactions and their relevance to SAHRA’s Engagement scientists and stakeholders (e.g. meetings, H. Hartmann mission workshops, presentations, etc.)

2a. Research Macro-theme Areas As described above, SAHRA’s science activity evolved from an initial focus on Thrust Areas to three integrating questions, with contributing research projects managed by the following three macro-theme research areas: 1) Basin-Scale Water Balance; 2) River Systems; and 3) Integrated Modeling. In practice, all macro-themes were involved with research relevant to all three questions to some extent. The report below follows the macro-theme management structure.

2a.1 Basin Scale Water Balance

Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings

SAHRA research during phase 1 was widely distributed throughout the semi-arid southwestern United States with notable efforts in all three major river basins. Major projects were designed to obtain large- scale spatial and temporal information on hydrological processes and variables from high-elevation mountains to low elevation urban and agricultural areas. Working closely with the river systems and integrated modeling themes, these high-resolution spatial and temporal data were incorporated into

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regional hydrological models. Additional research efforts spanned similar elevation gradients and were focused on obtaining new process understanding of snow cover, plant water use, vadose zone hydrology, and runoff processes.

Efforts during these first few years quantified many of the ways in which semi-arid environments are both quantitatively and qualitatively different than their more mesic counterparts. The major hydrologic processes that contribute to the basin scale water balance in semi-arid catchments occur at discrete points in space or time. Water sources, runoff, and deep infiltration are restricted to higher elevations except for short periods of time following infrequent heavy precipitation events at lower elevations. Lower elevations tend to be areas where water is lost from evapotranspiration or consumptive use by growing human populations. Significant findings from research begun during phase 1, but perhaps not concluded until phase 2 or 3, include:

Remote sensing and modeling of catchment-scale snow accumulation and ablation – SAHRA research demonstrated the importance of including vegetation cover in both spatially distributing snowpack water storage, and modeling the timing of runoff. Efforts in the upper Rio Grande of New Mexico and the Salt River of Arizona demonstrated that including remotely-sensed data from MODIS and AVHRR improved model accuracy substantially.

Mountain-front recharge in the Rio Grande and San Pedro River Basins – Field and laboratory studies, along with detailed modeling in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico and the upper San Pedro basin of Arizona quantified the coupling between precipitation, soil water, evaporation, and transpiration, and vegetation distribution needed for quantifying recharge. In both locations, the dominance of winter recharge over monsoon recharge was evident and will be more precisely quantified when external data are considered.

Dynamic Model of Hydrologic Partitioning NM - A distributed, dynamical model was SEBAL MODIS developed for estimating recharge and June 16, 2002 June 16, 2002 partitioning water budgets across the dominant climatic, geologic, topographic, and vegetation features of the Rio Grande in southern Colorado and New Mexico. The model approach is based on a semi-discrete finite volume method, where the original partial differential equations are reduced to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that link the upward and downward flux of water below the root zone (recharge and evapotranspiration, respectively) to the volume-average water table position and the interaction of groundwater with ephemeral and perennial streamflow. Figure R.2 An ET map of the Albuquerque region, including riparian, irrigated, desert, and urban area from SEBAL studies and ecohydrological LandSat7 (at 30 m resolution) and MODIS (at 1000 m controls on vadose-zone dynamics –The resolution). Note the good agreement between the two Surface Energy Balance for Land (SEBAL) ET maps. Blue and brown represent, respectively, high was developed and validated for riparian and low evapotranspiration rates. areas in the southwestern United States by comparing SEBAL evapotranspiration (ET)

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values with those from ground measurements using eddy-covariance systems. Generally, there was good agreement between SEBAL ET values and ground measurements. Soil-moisture maps prepared by using SEBAL to examine root-zone soil moisture and evaporative fraction of Landsat Thematic Mapper images correctly indicated dry desert soils, moist soils close to the river, and moist soils in irrigated fields.

Desert vadose zone dynamics – SAHRA research quantified how different semi-arid ecosystems respond to multi-year anomalies in precipitation. A long-term effort to quantify the relation between vegetation communities and vadose-zone dynamics was completed. Vadose-zone boreholes were drilled beneath creosote, grassland, juniper, and ponderosa pine biomes in the Rio Grande Valley. Vadose-zone dynamics, quantified in terms of chloride inventory, water potential distribution, and recharge rate were found to correlate closely with vegetation community and less closely with climate regime. These results confirmed the hypothesis that hydrological partitioning at the land surface can only be explained by taking into account the specifics of the ecosystem.

Bio-available nitrogen storage in desert soils – Related to the vadose zone hydrology work, SAHRA research revealed that large reservoirs of bio-available nitrogen beneath desert soils have been accumulating throughout the Holocene. They represent a substantial portion of the global vadose-zone nitrogen reservoir that previously was overlooked.

Rainfall partitioning at lower-elevations – Research demonstrated that lowland recharge and runoff are relatively unimportant for groundwater recharge and runoff components of the basin-scale water balance in the Rio Grande. Water sources, runoff, and deep infiltration are restricted to higher elevations, except for short periods of time following infrequent heavy precipitation events at lower elevations. Lower elevations tend to be areas of water loss in the form of evapotranspiration or consumptive use by growing human populations. This earlier work suggests that much of our research should focus on the processes that control the transition from water-source to water-sink in space and time. These processes are associated with, and in many cases directly controlled by vegetation.

Salinity sources in the Rio Grande aquifer – Heretofore it had been thought that much of the salinity variation in the Rio Grande aquifer was due to agricultural activities and plant evapotranspiration. But new insights on salinity derived from hydrochemical and isotopic data indicated that cross-formational movement of saline or dilute water from the Hueco Bolson aquifer is responsible for considerable salinity, and that modification of agricultural activities for salinity control may have only modest effects on the salinity in certain parts of the Rio Grande aquifer.

Domestic water demand - Improved understanding of determinants of and trends in domestic water demand was achieved by disaggregating demand to the level of individual users and uses. Water meter loggers in southeastern Arizona have revealed per capita water demand by “ranchettes” is far more variable and two to three times that for other residents. Analysis of assessor and census data for three Southwest cities reveal that a significant fraction of home construction is driven by reduced household size rather than population growth, and this is reducing per capita indoor water demand while increasing outdoor demand. The disaggregated demand management has benchmarked field behavior with experimental laboratory behavior.

Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Research during the second and third phases of SAHRA funding demonstrated that lowland recharge and runoff are relatively unimportant in the basin-scale water balance for the Rio Grande. This work suggested that much of our research should focus on high-elevation areas that serve as water sources for streamflow generation and groundwater recharge. These findings also demonstrated that the most critical “missing links” in our understanding of semi-arid region hydrologic responses are: 1) the role of

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vegetation in water partitioning; and 2) the ability to scale up understandings obtained at the plant scale to the basin scale. We therefore reevaluated the critical knowledge gaps and reformulated our research questions. These questions are relevant to the full range of environments that exist in semi-arid regions, from basin floors to high elevation areas: • How do ecohydrological interactions control the water fluxes and storage that constitute the basin scale water balance? • How can ecohydrological interactions, which are the outcome of processes that occur at the meter to hillslope scale, be represented at the scale of landscapes to basins? • How can the important hydrometeorological, physiographic, and physiological interrelationships be accurately represented in a distributed hydrologic watershed model that includes snow and vegetation processes? Our approach to addressing these questions centered on an iterative combination of intensive process observations, distributed data collection across a range of scales, and integrated modeling. Research activities managed under the Basin Scale Water-Balance macro-theme were focused in three environments that represent “hotspots” of water cycling in semi-arid regions. In high-elevation source areas, we sought to understand the mechanisms by which precipitation (rain and snowfall) is partitioned into evaporation/sublimation, interception loss, runoff and infiltration, and how snow and soil-moisture storages are partitioned into transpiration, recharge, and streamflow. In the channel/riparian/alluvial aquifer system, we quantified surface water/groundwater exchange associated with both surface land use and subsurface geology. And in conjunction with the River Systems macro-theme we also are quantifying riparian water use associated with vegetation-change management practices. Our focus on ecohydrological interactions between vegetation and the hydrologic cycle was and remains particularly relevant to the goal of promoting sustainable water management. Ecosystems change dramatically on timescales from years to decades, due to natural (e.g., climate change or drought) and anthropogenic processes (e.g., land-use change), and such changes impact basin-wide water and solute budgets. To address the gaps in our understanding of how these processes affect basin scale water availability we focused on developing a physically based understanding of water- partitioning processes at the plot- to-hillslope scale, and performing distributed measurement and modeling to allow scaling of this physically based understanding to the landscape and basin scale. The major new activity during these phases was the establishment of an ecohydrological observatory at five intensive research sites Figure R.3 Prototype Ecohydrological Observatory was located in along an elevation gradient in the Valles Caldera National Preserve in the Jemez Mountains of the northern Rio Grande Basin. New Mexico. The site is now part of the Jemez-Catalina Critical Work at these sites also was Zone Observatory (JRB-SCM CZO) coordinated with less intensive

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measurements and modeling along an elevation transect in AZ. The five ecosystems/ vegetation types span an elevation range of 2000m and include cottonwood riparian forest, juniper savanna, pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine forest, and mixed conifer forest. The location in the upper Rio Grande basin has existing research sites located on federal land, with substantial infrastructure already in place and datasets being collected by our collaborators. Notably, our New Mexico sites are approximately 3 °C warmer than those in Colorado, which is the projected change in climate for mid-century. Consequently, our NM sites provide potential insights into the hydrology of the Colorado River basin in coming decades.

Measurements and monitoring in the ecohydrological observatory were designed both to obtain improved process representations of hydrologic fluxes and to provide spatially distributed information to test and improve hydrologic models for these systems. Observations spanned the range from boundary layer to groundwater, with a focus on the role of vegetation in both mediating water and energy fluxes, and as surrogates to scale hydrologic partitioning to larger regions. The highest elevation infrastructure developed during these phases was located in the Valles Caldera National Preserve which served as a major research partner for our efforts. More details on the observatory structure can be found at http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/valles/.

An abbreviated overview of significant findings, both from the observatory infrastructure and from distributed observations used to determine the transferability of place-based results, during phases 2 and 3 include: Research within the observatory Snow-vegetation interactions - Building on work performed during phase 1, research at the NM ecohydrological observatory documented feedbacks between seasonal snowpacks and vegetation that control both the timing and amount of water available at melt. Our resource managers/partners in the VCNP are using this information to manage vegetation while enhancing both habitat and water provision downstream.

Original SWE Snow Covered Vegetation Covered

Figure R.4 Field surveys combined with a new single-layer snow energy balance model layer for tRIBS demonstrates how vegetation can change a catchment energy balance. When forest vegetation is removed albedo increases, reflecting more energy to distant slopes, which increases sublimation and reduces net water input to the catchment.

Vegetation water use – SAHRA researchers developed and evaluated several different models of vegetation water use, focusing both on the linkages between transpiration and soil moisture supply as well as water demand due to climatic drivers. The work demonstrated that existing models commonly used to predict transpiration are not adequate to model the water balance in the mixed conifer forest. These studies highlighted how vegetation water use by these communities reflects the longer term climatic

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forcing that control composition and stand structure, the redistribution of water within the ecosystem, and possibly nutrient or edaphic limitations, at least in higher-elevation forests. Scaling tower fluxes of water and carbon - A consistent observation among ten eddy covariance towers operated by SAHRA and research partners is that exchanges of water, energy, and carbon are dominated by episodic events associated with precipitation input. Although in many ways this is not surprising, it greatly complicates scaling fluxes from point/tower measurements to regions. SAHRA investigators addressed this challenge using tower data from many sites, remote sensing information, and probabilistic modeling techniques. Considerable levels of research continue in this area beyond SAHRA.

Streamwater sources and hydrologic routing of runoff - Isotopic and geochemical analyses of stream water indicated that: 1) streamflow was generated primarily from lateral subsurface flow, a process usually not considered for semi-arid environments; 2) overland flow did not significantly occur; and 3) stream water during the snowmelt period was sourced primarily from old water, i.e., from water stored in the catchment prior to the snowmelt event. Subsequent work demonstrated that hydrologic residence time varies predictably with aspect, an observation explained by differences in soil development associated with energy input. This finding will facilitate hydrologic prediction in ungaged catchments, allowing researchers to scale beyond intensive instrument clusters.

Distributed observations of snow cover and groundwater discharge - Researchers used inexpensive temperature and light sensors to describe distributed patterns of snowmelt and streamflow at the scale of headwater catchments. This work accurately identified flow lengths of headwater streams in both spring and summer. Figure R.5 Top: Stomatal conductance (Gs ) These observations provided much finer resolution verses vapor pressure deficit (D) for juniper data on snowmelt than that available from remote (closed circles), pine (open circles) and spruce sensing data and thus provide a method to effectively (triangles). Bottom: The same data shown interpolate from plot to remote sensing pixels. above but with the general model as well as stand-specific models. These results Modeling snow – vegetation – topography demonstrate that a relatively simple model of interactions – A newly developed model of snow- plant hydraulics, combined with stand characteristics, sufficiently captured the driving- vegetation-topography interactions describes how and regulatory-forces for water transport across catchment-scale variability in albedo associated with three disparate ecosystems located along a forest vegetation modifies the energy balance and steep climatic gradient. snow distribution throughout a watershed. This work demonstrated that reflected radiation from adjacent, snow-covered slopes greatly reduces both the amount and duration of winter snow cover. In contrast, forest vegetation on adjacent hillslopes reduces the scattering of incoming solar radiation prolonging snow cover in the basin. Combining these results with topographic shading, the distributed model was used to classify portions of the landscape into various snow accumulation zones, providing an opportunity for subsequent measurement and model comparisons with the field data on snow persistence.

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Modeling soil moisture response to rainfall forcing in complex terrain – SAHRA researchers developed a distributed hydrologic model capable of capturing the spatial and temporal patterns of the summer season soil moisture observations. Simulations captured the high-resolution catchment descriptors and hydrometeorological forcing to reproduce observed surface soil moisture in wetland, grassland, and forest ecosystems following a series of convective storm events. Dampening of the soil moisture pulses with soil depth and the triggering of evapotranspiration with increased water availability also were captured in the simulations, providing comparisons with sapflow and tower measurements.

Using snow chemistry and isotopes to scale sublimation fluxes – SAHRA researchers demonstrated that water isotopes and inorganic chemistry could be used to quantify sublimation water losses from seasonal snow cover. This method provides a powerful tool for closing water balance in western catchments where 20 – 40% of snowfall may sublimate before melt.

Relating vegetation spatial patterns to soil moisture - Distributed field observations of precipitation and soil moisture related these to the vegetation communities found along the transition from grassland to forest. The study identifies how sharp gradients in vegetation type impact the observed surface soil moisture regime, as quantified by the probability distribution function. Results reveal how soil moisture is mediated by plant interception, which differs across ecosystems, and exhibits relatively long recession periods, suggesting that moisture persists in the surface layer despite losses to evapotranspiration and redistribution. Ecosystems along the grassland to forest transition were found to occupy distinct regions in the relationship between the spatial standard deviation and the mean soil moisture content, suggesting that soil moisture in different vegetation types can be distinguished using these statistical properties.

Distributed work outside the observatory Precipitation-Use Efficiency – An important, high-profile paper was published in Nature by Travis Huxman et al. (2004b), evaluating cross-biome precipitation-use efficiency and showing that during the driest years all biomes converge to a common precipitation-use efficiency that is typical of arid ecosystems. This result suggests that water limitation can impose a common constraint on plant productivity across diverse biomes despite differences in sensitivities to precipitation, physiognomy, climatic history, and hydrology.

Catchment and land-surface hydrologic partitioning - Work led by SAHRA students and investigators developed a diagnostic signal relating hydrologic partitioning with vegetation water use and surface- water discharge. These relationships provide a powerful tool for evaluating the interactions between climate and vegetation change on the basin-scale water balance.

Remote Sensing of Water Storage - Using the twin satellites of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), SAHRA researchers derived estimates for total water storage changes for the Upper Colorado (upstream from Lees Ferry) and the Colorado (upstream Imperial Dam). These results were compared with a model derived from more traditional, labor intensive methods. Both estimates yield comparable results (in terms of amplitude and periodicity) but also indicate a phase shift between them, possibly related to aliasing effects within the GRACE data.

Isotopic and geochemical tracers of streamflow in the upper Rio Grande Basin - Longitudinal sampling transects down the trunk drainage showed systematic increases in solute concentrations that typically are attributed to increased residence time of the runoff as a function of downstream distance. Isotopic data and geochemical modeling however demonstrated that streamwater sources range from modern to several thousand years old, even at high elevations in the headwaters. This finding indicates that the average

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residence time of runoff is probably at least decades, rather than the months to a few years that other studies have reported.

Distributed ecohydrological observations – Comparative studies at locations in Colorado demonstrated that the new understanding of snow – vegetation – soil – evapotranspiration obtained at our observatory in NM is transferrable to other areas. Furthermore, our NM sites are approximately 3 °C warmer than those in Colorado, which is the projected change in climate for mid-century. Consequently, our NM sites provide potential insights into the hydrology of the Colorado River basin in coming decades.

Dynamic modeling of water budgets in semi-arid regions – In research that spans basin scale water balance and integrated modeling macrotheme, researchers developed a conceptual modeling strategy to ingest data from intensive study sites (ETR evaporation-transpiration-recharge arrays) integrate models and evaluated the hypothesis that integrated models incorporating land surface, soil moisture, groundwater, and streamflow processes can acceptably forecast ungaged basin response.

Ecohydrologic consequences of invasive species - For years of similar precipitation patterns, the contribution of evaporation to ET for the growing season doubled with the invasion of E. lehmanniana. These results are a first step toward understanding the ecohydrological consequences of E. lehmanniana invasion in semi-arid grasslands.

Phase 4: Propagating Center Research

Coincident with finalizing signature research projects as SAHRA STC funding wound down, we made a concerted effort to capitalize on the investments NSF made in research infrastructure, interdisciplinary teams, and coordinated research on critical issues related to hydrology and water resources in semi-arid regions. These efforts consisted of SAHRA investigators forming new collaborations with investigators both with and outside the center to build upon the progress forged by the center.

In recognition of the importance of the SAHRA center in facilitating cutting-edge, multi-disciplinary research and education coupled with the translation of new knowledge to stakeholders, the University of Arizona has committed to the future of the center. The mission of SAHRA following NSF-STC funding is to promote and facilitate the development of cutting edge, water-related basic research projects, focused on integrating regional disciplinary strengths in hydrological, ecological, and physical sciences. SAHRA accomplishes this mission by: Serving as an incubator for new ideas; integrating disciplinary research; fostering synthesis among disciplines, and identifying funding opportunities and coordinating response. Research projects associated with SAHRA share office and meeting space, seminar series, business office and editing services, outreach and knowledge transfer skills. Currently funded projects include:

Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) - In late 2009, a collaboration involving SAHRA investigators and new collaborators received a Critical Zone Observatory award that will build on both the ecohydrological observatory work in the Jemez Mountains of NM and the comparative work in the Santa Catalina Mountains, AZ. More information on the new direction of research enabled by the CZO, and how it relates to previous SAHRA work, can be found at http://www.czo.arizona.edu/. Also of note, three other CZO sites, Shale Hills, Southern Sierra, and Boulder Creek, have PI’s or co-PI’s who were major contributors to the SAHRA Center.

Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO) - SAHRA researchers partnered with the B2 institute to develop a massive interdisciplinary experiment to study how climate and vegetation affect the surface and subsurface structure of this critical zone. We are constructing large experimental landscape units (hillslopes) that will be used initially to study the interactions of geochemical changes and water flow,

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and later to elucidate the effect of plant colonization in hydrological and biogeochemical change. More information can be found at http://www.b2science.org/earth/research/climate-evol.

National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Core Site - Both SAHRA investigators and research infrastructure (e.g. flux tower network) serve as anchors for the core site for desert Southwest domain of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). Through leveraged funding, SAHRA developed a complementary website to support this proposal as well as an expertise directory for ecological and environmental science corresponding to the desert Southwest domain of NEON (“SWEON”) to facilitate regional-scale ecological and environmental science in this region. Additionally, recent funding has been obtained through Science Foundation Arizona for informatics development related to flux data and other environmental data in Arizona (with Arizona State University and Northern Arizona University.

Emerging Topics in Biogeochemical Research – Building directly on the integrating question “What are the effects of vegetation change on basin scale water balance?” SAHRA researchers partnered with ecologists and atmospheric scientists at other universities to understand how widespread forest mortality associated with mountain pine beetle infestation is affecting the coupling between water and carbon cycling in the intermountain west.

COSMOS - Soil water exerts a critical control on weather, climate, ecosystem, and water cycle, and hence is crucial for many fields within atmospheric sciences and related disciplines. A serious handicap in soil moisture measurements is the mismatch between limited point measurements using contact methods and remote sensing estimates over large areas (100 km2 - 2500 km2) without thick vegetation cover. The purpose of this project is to fill this gap by using a novel, non-contact technique capable of measuring average soil water content over a footprint of 34 hectares (a circle with a radius of 330 m) and depths up to 50 cm.

2a.2 River Systems

Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings

The major goals of the early SAHRA River Systems (RS) macrotheme were to develop fundamental, process-level understanding in three areas: 1) determining the water balance of riparian systems; 2) evaluating ecosystem dynamics and values; and 3) understanding nutrient and solute sources and cycling. Mature RS research was then incorporated into integrated river system models that stakeholders utilized to evaluate the costs and benefits of preservation and potential restoration efforts. The Upper San Pedro basin is the focus area for riparian preservation, while the Middle Rio Grande basin and riparian system is the focus for restoration.

Early SAHRA RS efforts benefited significantly from research efforts initiated in the mid-1990s via the SALSA (Semi-Arid Land Surface Atmosphere) research program (Goodrich et al., 2000). SALSA provided an early vehicle for interdisciplinary integration of many SAHRA RS investigators. Several of these investigators had also initiated outreach and participation with the Upper San Pedro Partnership; the primary group of decision makers with whom SAHRA has been and continues to work with. The primary management entities SAHRA partnered with on Rio Grande riparian systems were the Albuquerque office of the US-Army Corps of Engineers who were planning for a major riparian restoration on the Middle Rio Grande. Major accomplishments during this period follow.

Partitioning of the total ecosystem fluxes between overstory and understory sources and sinks - Using multiple eddy covariance systems in a riparian mesquite woodland indicated that the understory and overstory moisture sources were mostly decoupled. The mesquite trees, with access to stable deep

32 moisture sources, had water use that was relatively insensitive to local precipitation. In contrast, the contribution of the understory to the total ecosystem fluxes was highly variable due to the presence or absence of near-surface soil moisture.

Riparian mesquite water use constrained by plant hydraulic transport capacity - Drought conditions significantly reduced mesquite tree water use despite the fact that the trees had access to a stable source of moisture from shallow groundwater. Because the trees’ water use was constrained by hydraulic transport capabilities, the overall water use is less than that predicted by models for “well-watered” vegetation and riparian water use is therefore a smaller component of the overall basin water budget than previously predicted.

Delivery of Phase 1 Decision Support System (DSS) to the Upper San Pedro Partnership (USPP) – Numerous in-person work was conducted with the USPP to identify, prioritize and implement policies and projects to assist in meeting basin and riparian water needs. Over 60 conservation measures were identified and analyzed and programmed into a lumped balance water consumption and supply DSS model to evaluate efficacy of alternative combinations.

Classification of Riparian Function – Quantitative reach-scale “hydrologic condition” metrics and thresholds of these metrics were derived and related to nine riparian bio-indicators. Using these, reaches can be assigned into one of three classes of riparian functioning. The hydrologic metrics (surface flow persistence, average annual depth to groundwater table, and maximum fluctuation in groundwater table levels) must be maintained above (or below) defined thresholds to preserve a given level of riparian function. This methodology provides an important tool for managing the hydrology that must be sustained to preserve or restore riparian function.

A tool to compute water saving as a function of riparian vegetation management - A GIS-based tool which computes how annual riparian water use changes with modification of riparian vegetation cover has been delivered, with training, to the Bureau of Land Management in Tucson and Sierra Vista. It is being used by BLM to make management decisions on controlled burns to reduce or eliminate invasive mesquite and replace it with native desert grasses in order to reduce riparian water use in the San Pedro Basin. The tool provides an estimate of the groundwater saved by this vegetation change for an observed climate. This type of management is important to meet the congressionally mandated management requirements for the Upper San Pedro.

Rio Grande Recharge near El Paso/Ciudad Juarez - With CEA-CREST partners, isotopic analyses of groundwater was conducted in the Rio Grande Alluvial Aquifer south of El Paso/Ciudad Juarez. It revealed the importance of basin scale exchanges between surface water of the Rio Grande and groundwater of the Hueco Bolson Aquifer as river water infiltration at the north end of the basin has been occurring since before development, whereas salinity increases at the south end of the basin appear to be related to groundwater upwelling from the Hueco Bolson aquifer. This has important implications as Rio Grande River development (e.g. dams and irrigation) appears to have greatly decreased recharge into the aquifer below Juárez.

Proximity to riparian areas increases home values - Research on the impact of riparian areas on home values reveals that proximity to riparian corridors, as well as the diversity, size and quality of riparian vegetated areas significantly affect purchase prices.

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Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings

During phases 2 and 3, River Systems research was integrated and organized more fully around the riparian integrating science question and into products that had greater impacts on science and decision- making. Major accomplishments in these phases include the following.

Multi-directional water transport in mesquites - A major paradigm-changing finding was that riparian mesquite trees can move significant amounts of water both upward and downward. We determined that mesquite roots redistribute significant amounts of moisture to the deep vadose zone during both the growing season and winter. With this mechanism mesquite can use winter rainfall (~35% of annual precipitation in the San Pedro) that would be unavailable to shallow rooted senescent plants in the pre-monsoon growing season. This enables mesquites to take water away from shallow rooted competitors, store it out of their reach, and utilize it later during drier periods. This heretofore unidentified process of multidirectional plant water redistribution in mesquites in both growing and senescent conditions may be a major reason why mesquite species are invading grasslands on a large scale throughout the arid and semi-arid west.

Improved estimates groundwater use by major riparian vegetation groupings – Semi-arid riparian vegetation Figure R.6 (Top) Total nighttime sap flow of the water use can be a major component of the overall basin taproot and a lateral root of a mesquite tree. water budget. Using a synthesis of field measurements of Negative values represent reverse flow (away transpiration from the major vegetation groupings, we from the crown). A significant negative correlation determined improved estimates of riparian vegetation is observed between nocturnal sap flow in the groundwater use for much of the Upper San Pedro River taproot and in the lateral root (R2 = 0.85, P < and summarized these findings in a USGS report submitted 0.0001). (Bottom) Daily precipitation totals at the to the Upper San Pedro Partnership. Our new estimates field site during the study. Adapted from Hultine and others (2004). were significantly greater than the most recent in-situ measurement-based results, but they bracket and provide support for estimates that have been adopted by the Partnership for their reporting requirements to Congress.

Rio Grande Water Quality – Wastewater treatment plants were found to be the largest and most consistent sources of inorganic nitrogen to the Rio Grande. Irrigated agricultural land and water use serve as a significant sink of nitrogen in the river, with the implication that wastewater is aiding in fertilization of irrigated crops.

Groundwater recharge sources and the critical nature of flood flows in maintaining riparian low flows: A geochemical tracer study coordinated with the Upper San Pedro Partnership (USPP) found that the primary source of regional groundwater is recharge from mountain block and mountain front portions of the basin. Residence time of this groundwater is on the order of 10,000 years, indicating a low rate of

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recharge. Of possible recharge sources in the San Pedro riparian system, the most significant water sources are basin groundwater from the recharge along the Huachuca Mountains and local recharge of the riparian aquifer during monsoon floods. Tritium age data indicate that some riparian groundwater, especially in losing reaches, has been recharged recently (less than 40 years), indicative of recharge of monsoon floodwaters. Likewise, isotopic mixing models indicate that 40% to 100% of baseflow originates as water recharged during monsoon floods. This result is independent of the season during which baseflow is sampled. These results were presented to the USPP with substantial impact, because the findings overturn the accepted conceptual understanding that riparian groundwater is derived only from the basin groundwater system.

Major source of salinity identified in the Rio Grande – High salinity of Rio Grande outflow from New Mexico into Texas is a critical issue in the interstate Rio Grande Compact. A dynamic system model was developed to analyze Rio Grande gauging and geochemical data that included geochemical data for 14 river locations from Del Norte to El Paso. The chloride model and data confirmed the chloride concentration and load in the Rio Grande increased significantly between San Marcial and El Paso and was attributed to a concentrated subsurface influx of brine. As a result, SAHRA investigators were invited to attend the Rio Grande Project Salinity Management Workshop in May of 2007 in El Paso, Texas, which included representatives of the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, Interstate Stream Commission, and academics. SAHRA’s research was featured prominently and the results catalyzed interstate discussions in mitigating salinization. The outcome of this workshop was the development of plans for a salinity control forum on the Rio Grande, analogous to the Colorado River Salinity Forum, and bringing SAHRA research a step closer to materially impacting the management and operation of the interstate Rio Grande Compact.

Hydrologic Thresholds for Riparian Vegetation Change due to Climate Change and Variability -Riparian ecosystems were found to be sensitive to even small changes in the water balance, with sharp changes in vegetation as streams become intermittent and as groundwater declines below survivorship thresholds. As a result, riparian vegetation has declined on many rivers due to water abstraction or has been altered due to the hydrologic impacts of climate variability.

SAHRA riparian water use research incorporated into one of the most widely used groundwater modeling systems - RIPGIS-NET was developed to derive parameters and visualize results of spatially explicit riparian groundwater evapotranspiration (ETg) in groundwater flow models for ecohydrology, riparian ecosystem management, and stream restoration. Specifically RIPGIS-NET works with riparian evapotranspiration (RIP-ET), a modeling package that works with the MODFLOW groundwater flow model. RIP-ET improves ETg simulations by using a set of eco-physiologically based ETg curves for plant functional subgroups (PFSGs), and separates ground evaporation and plant transpiration processes from the water table. RIP-ET has been integrated into the USGS Farm Module and is now being officially used by them. Additionally, RIP-ET has been used extensively by consulting firms and State Engineers including agencies and consultants in California, Colorado and New Mexico.

Model for groundwater/surface water exchanges of water and nutrients - A simple SAHRA-developed stream-aquifer model explained previous SAHRA results on the importance of flood flow recharge in semi-arid systems and reinfiltration of streamflow to downstream aquifer systems (Figure R.7). Linking these exchanges to biogeochemical processes, it was found that the effect of nutrients from monsoon floods persists for approximately 9 months and that the effect of water quantity on at least one reach is similarly dissipated in a 9-month timeframe.

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Figure R.7 Monsoon floodwater (%) in riparian groundwater for each model segment. Median values are indicated by horizontal red lines, quartile ranges by blue boxes and range of values by black brackets. Black dots and text are mean values and red points show statistical outliers.

Socioeconomic Valuation of Riparian Systems – Linkage of decision scenarios, hydrology, riparian ecology and avian models was accomplished to assess how water management and conservation decisions will change bundles of ecosystem services (presence of surface water, riparian condition class, and bird assemblage and population information) in the San Pedro and Rio Grande. These projections define the “good” to be valued in the economics surveys. Demographic, birding, and recreation questions were developed for two forms of surveys: contingent valuation and a choice model. Surveys were completed which will be used to develop non-market demand curves to derive marginal values for ecosystem services to feed back in to the DSS models. Doing so enables decision-makers to compare “apples to apples” (e.g., dollars to dollars) when comparing costs of riparian preservation projects (for example, building an effluent recharge plant to protect reaches of the riparian system of groundwater pumping effects) to the benefits of this preservation in the form of non-market ecosystem services.

Extension of Riparian ET results with remote sending - Riparian evapotranspiration and groundwater use for the Upper San Pedro watershed were determined by using a calibrated, empirical model that uses MODIS 16-day, 250–1000m remote sensing products for the years of 2001–2005. The model, when calibrated using in-situ ET measurements from three different riparian plant communities, skillfully captured the magnitude and variability of riparian ET.

Publication of Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River – A SAHRA Signature Product - see retrospective summary for more details.

Delivery of a web-based, spatially explicit DSS to the Upper San Pedro Partnership (USPP) - Two model versions are available from the USPP web site; a basic model for general users and a detailed model for water managers and planners. A number of new USPP defined sustainability measures were incorporated: groundwater levels at a number of locations across the basin, spring flow rates, annual streamflows, and transects of groundwater levels. This version incorporates groundwater and riparian zone models (www.usppartnership.com/plan_groundwtr.htm).

Methods to predict the probable influence of climate variability on groundwater recharge and on riparian vegetation response - For recharge, a method was developed to seasonalize annual empirical functions of recharge which permits an estimate of the effect of climate change, based on GCM output, on recharge. These coupled GCM empirical recharge results indicate a slight decline in recharge in the San Pedro basin over the next 100 years. Most importantly the results indicate that warmer winter temperatures will lead to higher ET and reduced winter season recharge. For vegetation response, a space-for-time substitution approach was employed to make projections on how various riparian vegetation attributes will vary in response to base flow decline, flood intensity increase, and combinations

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of these two factors. Results indicate that for some vegetation variables, responses will be compounded by the combination of decreased low flows and increased flood intensities.

Phase 4: Propagating Center Research (2010 and beyond)

Reining in the Rio Grande, a SAHRA Signature Product, which focuses on the sustainability of the Rio Grande will be published by the University of New Mexico Press in 2011. This treatise explores how both cultural attitudes and technological capabilities affect the environment in which we live, and what implications they have for the future form of that environment. Can our civilization in semi-arid settings peacefully and sustainably coexist with some form of a natural water supply, such as the Rio Grande? Another SAHRA-led book entitled New Mexico Water Policy and Management Issues discussing science, modeling, institutions and the future of water management policy in New Mexico will be published in 2011 by RFF Press.

2011 will also be a significant year for delivery of products associated with the valuation, in dollar terms, for what are traditionally non-market riparian attributes in the San Pedro and Rio Grande. The study was also designed specifically to enable a robust set of benefit transfer exercises from the more intensively researched (informed) San Pedro system to the less intensively studied Middle Rio Grande riparian system and to account for differences in the ecosystems themselves including the different species assemblages found in the two areas. The design of the valuation instruments was conducted in tandem, with the goal of creating a set of ecosystem values that are transferable to most semi-arid regions in the Southwest. Foundational publications for the valuation process, many in different disciplines forming the linkage between decision scenarios, to riparian attributes will continue to be developed and published. An expanded research effort has grown out of these SAHRA valuation efforts. AGAVES (Assessment of Goods And Valuation of Ecosystem Services) is a multi-agency, academic, and NGO collaborative research enterprise to develop methods, standards, and tools to assess and value ecosystem goods and services (http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3082/).

The San Pedro DSS will continue to evolve and serve as a primary place to house overall SAHRA scientific results. We will incorporate the impacts of climate change via downscaled IPCC scenarios, urban water demand pricing functions, and riparian ecosystem valuation capabilities as well as releasing a Spanish version of the DSS. The following new projects, greatly enabled by SAHRA, will continue the tradition of interdisciplinary, integrated science and decision-makers research pioneered by this STC:

New projects greatly enabled by SAHRA Stromberg, J., J. Sabo, T. Meixner, and K. Lohse. Structure and Function of Ephemeral Streams in the Arid and Semiarid Southwest: Implications for Conservation and Management, DOD SERDP, UA portion, $495,039 (awarded, Lohse Co-PI, 3/31/2010-2/28-2014, 25% effort).

Levick, L.R., D.P. Guertin, D.C. Goodrich, S. Howe. An ecohydrological approach to managing intermittent and ephemeral streams on Department of Defense lands in the southwestern United States, DOD SERDP, $1,196,981, 2010-2014.

Lohse, K.A., P. D. Brooks, and T. Meixner. Collaborative Research: Impact of Urbanization on Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Xeric Ecosystems, NSF Ecosystem Science, $875,564, $326,764 UA portion (current, Lohse lead PI, 9/1/09-8/31/12, 80% effort).

Lohse, K.A., J. McIntosh, and P.D. Brooks, Transport and fate of mercury and other metals in Tucson’s urban metropolitan area: Role of watershed sources versus atmospheric deposition, WRRC 104b, $10,000, (current, Lohse PI, 2009-2010).

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Scott, C, M. P. Zuckerman, B. Morehouse, T. Meixner and H. R. Gimblett, CNH: Strengthening Resilience of Arid Region Riparian Corridors: Ecohydrology and Decision Making in the Sonora and San Pedro Watersheds, NSF-DEB-1010495 $1.4 million (current, Scott PI 2010-2015).

Meixner, T., F. Dominguez, G. Duan, T. Maddock, D. Plane Collaborative Research: WSC-Category 3 - Climate and Population Change and Thresholds of Peak Ecological Water: Integrated Synthesis for Dryland Rivers, NSF DEB 103938 (current, Meixner PI 2011-2013, collaborative with Vivoni and Stromberg at ASU and with Brookshire at UNM total budget ~$1.5 million).

2a.3 Integrated Modeling

Within arid and semi-arid environments, water uses of various kinds must vie for access to a highly limited resource. For basin-scale water sustainability to be achieved, managers must somehow balance supply and demand throughout the basin, not just for surface waters or streams. The need to move water around a basin (such as the Rio Grande or Colorado River) to achieve this balance creates the stimulus for water transfers and water markets, and for accurate hydrologic information to sustain such institutions. Integrated model simulations of river basins can be used to develop improved understanding of the complex feedbacks and interactions between the physical hydrologic (atmospheric, surface, and subsurface) and human (social, economic, engineering, and institutional) components of the system, and to assess the implications of various water resources decisions (or scenarios). Having adopted a river-basin focus (as described in the 2003 Annual Report) and legacy goals for science and stakeholders (described in the 2005 Executive Summary), SAHRA then identified three stakeholder- relevant integrating questions on which to focus its scientific research, all of which are critical for the wise management of water resources in semi-arid regions and which can only be addressed by researchers operating in center mode through the consistent deployment of integrated, multidisciplinary science. These three integrating questions are broad-based and capable of engendering and crosscutting many related topics of inquiry. They touch on scenarios that are of prime interest in the semi-arid Southwester US: land use changes, population growth, and climate variability. • QUESTION 1: What are the costs and benefits of riparian restoration and preservation? (the “riparian question”) • QUESTION 2: Under what conditions are water markets or water banking feasible? (the “water markets” question) • QUESTION 3: What are the impacts of vegetation change on the basin-scale water balance? (the “vegetation” question) The major goal of the Integrated Modeling (IM) macro-theme was to develop, parameterize, and validate the hydrological models required to assess impacts of climate variability and land use change on water resources in semi-arid river basins and to develop the tools for scenario assessments in river basins. In particular, the macro-theme was designed: • To organize and coordinate the activities of the integrated modeling team in response to the SAHRA focus on three integrating questions; • To develop a set of consistent scenarios in the context of the three integrating questions to inform stakeholders on decision-making processes in water resources management practices; • To develop a set of integrated models that could be used to run the scenarios and address real science questions underlying the three integrating questions; • To collect and generate data sets and parameters needed by the integrated models;

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• To develop a geo-spatial database that facilitates the storage, distribution, and access of data needed/generated by the integrated models; and • To engage in national and international professional activities and present and publish the results of SAHRA modeling activities. To address these three integrating questions, the activities managed by the IM macro-theme were organized into five major project areas to coordinate with the integrating questions: 1) Project Area 1 provided a cohesive framework for model and scenario development, evaluation and assessment; 2) Project Area 2 provided data support and coordination through the development of a common geospatial database; 3) Project Area 3 developed models in support of basin-scale water balance and vegetation change; 4) Project Area 4 developed models in support of riparian management and restoration; and 5) Project Area 5 developed models in support of water markets and banking. Each project area was led by two co-project leaders (who reported to the macro-theme leaders) and each included several projects. Each project had a principal investigator and several co-investigators (who reported to the project leaders). To address the varied modeling needs of each project, a multi-resolution approach was adopted. It was clear that different types and resolutions of models are required to answer the diversity of questions that arose. For example, questions related to streamflow do not need highly distributed models whereas questions concerning the source and nature of pollutant do. Because one cannot always anticipate the questions in advance, three model resolutions were developed: 1) coarse (units being reaches, sub-basins, and other hydrologically relevant units); 2) medium (units being 1-12 km grid cells); and 3) fine (units being grid cells of 100 m or smaller). Further, a stakeholder-intensive scenario development and analysis effort was also initiated, with the focus being the Southwestern US (including the Rio Grande from its headwaters in Colorado to the New Mexico-Texas border), and with the goal of understanding the potential impacts of a 1950s type drought on the water resources given changing climate, populations, land use. The scenario development effort provided a focus for model development, and for evaluating the results from different models. In particular, a major effort was devoted to developing a decision support system (DSS) for the Upper San Pedro basin, incorporating as integrated hydrologic and biogeochemical model, to enable the Upper San Pedro Partnership stakeholder group to understand basin response and to examine potential future alternatives for the basin. This approach enabled SAHRA to support its ongoing interactions with stakeholders in the San Pedro while continuing make scientific advances by examining the interactions between vegetation, groundwater, surface water, and biogeochemical cycles.

Project Area 1: Framework for Modeling, Evaluation, and Assessment This project implemented and executed the overall SAHRA modeling strategy and provided the basis for model testing and application under SAHRA. The framework for this activity was an integrated assessment approach that links scientific and social information to generate more informed decisions and is being increasingly applied in environmental assessments. The model evaluation task examined approaches to test models at different spatial and temporal resolutions and process complexities to determine their adequacy in simulating key processes and state variables used in decision-making processes. A common conceptual model was the foundation for all modeling activities and was a critical step in developing the evaluation approach. Development of a scenario framework provided input and output data requirements for the models. Through the activities of this task, SAHRA was able to balance model process complexity with the needs of various stakeholder communities.

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Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Whereas this project area was developed mid-stream in response to emerging SAHRA needs, no major activities occurred during Phase 1. Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings SAHRA Scenario website: A “SAHRA Scenario” webpage (www.sahra.arizona.edu/scenarios/) was developed to facilitate the scenario development process, to share/exchange information and resources with the broader community, and to establish SAHRA scenario development as a major contributor to this field of scientific investigation. Organization of key meetings and workshops: Several key meeting and conferences were organized/hosted. These included: a stakeholder/researcher scenario definition meeting in Albuquerque (March 2006) leading to a set of eight initial SAHRA regional scenarios; an international scenario workshop at the iEMSs 2006 Summit (July), helping to establish SAHRA science as a contributor to the fields of scenario development and integrated assessment; a scenario workshop involving Arizona and other southwestern water managers and stakeholders conducted at the joint Southwest Hydrology/Arizona Hydrological Society (AHS) regional water symposium; several meeting with the various science teams to further the linkage between the regional scenarios and specific scenarios tailored to the modeling needs, along with definition of actual variables used in the models; and multiple scenario development sessions at the 2007 AGU Spring Assembly, the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR), and the 2007 Southwest Hydrology/AHS regional symposium. Scenario Development: A team of young researchers was assembled to focus on the development of scenarios for the integrated models. An extensive review of the literature on scenario development was conducted, and methods were devised to understand the needs of SAHRA researchers. The scenario team developed an innovative scenario development strategy consisting of four key phases: scenario definition, scenario construction, scenario analysis, and scenario assessment. A set of fact sheets for the process of scenario development was constructed and distributed to SAHRA researchers. These fact sheets were used to inform the scenario development process and, importantly, to educate STC scientists about the goals, purposes, and potential benefits of the scenario analysis. Also, a set of global and regional scenario definitions consistent and coherent across projects, basin focuses, and integrating questions was developed. Scenarios were constructed by collecting/generating datasets to run the models for scenario analysis. Climate data were generated for the Southwest reflecting future CO2 emission scenarios, to serve as input for the different hydrological modeling efforts. This was achieved by statistical and dynamical downscaling of global climate model (GCM) data for selected models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) effort, using the regional climate model WRF (weather research forecasting model). The GCMs that most accurately reflect the precipitation, temperature, and large-scale circulation of the region were selected for the downscaling experiment. Use of the WRF regional model enabled a more realistic representation of atmospheric processes affecting the hydrology of the Southwest under different IPCC emission scenarios, and provided a more detailed characterization of land-atmosphere interactions than the lower resolution GCM data. The new method incorporates future El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events into the downscaling procedure. In addition, LLNL-Reclamation-SCU downscaled climate projections derived from the WCRP's CMIP3 multi-model dataset, were compared to the UA statistically downscaled projections. The analysis of IPCC model projections for the southwestern United States, including future ENSO conditions and the selection of the “best” IPCC models for the region, was applied to evaluating the impacts on the Salt and Verde Rivers. Stakeholders and researchers were engaged to discuss how to move forward toward the scenario analysis and scenario assessment phases. Information on the integrated models (e.g., model fact sheets) of the

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three science questions was compiled, to develop a Conceptual Physical Model (CPM) for each of the three integrating science questions, and the Conceptual Site Model (CSM) was extended to other dimensions (engineering, socio-economics, and institution) and other geographical focus area of SAHRA integrated modeling research (e.g., the San Pedro river basin). With strong stakeholder participation, narrative scenarios were developed and linked to the variables present in SAHRA models and the data necessary to run them. All eight SAHRA scenarios were finalized and applied to the San Pedro DSS, using the downscaled climate data, along with other socioeconomic data to drive the San Pedro DSS model for various scenario settings. This model was used extensively by the Upper San Pedro Partnership (USPP) to explore various choices and scenarios they wished to assess. Urgency for this effort resulted from newly enacted legislation that set a goal for the USPP to achieve sustainable yield of the regional aquifer, so as to protect the Upper San Pedro River and the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area, Arizona” by developing a plan to restore and maintain sustainable yield for the aquifer by September 30, 2011. Phase 4: Propagating Center Research In the final phase of SAHRA activities, three continuing activities occurred: The framework for a novel diagnostic framework for model identification, evaluation and calibration was developed and tested. A theoretical decomposition of MSE was derived, that facilitates analysis of the relative importance of different components in the context of hydrological modeling, and shows how model calibration problems can arise due to interactions among these components. The analysis clearly showed systematic problems associated with any calibration based on the MSE (or similar) criterion. The analysis and results have implications for the manner in which environmental models are calibrated and evaluated. Collaboration was initiated with the Salt River Project and the city of Phoenix regarding the use of downscaled climate projection data for hydrologic assessments to be included in their new 5-year water plan. A spatially distributed terrestrial hydrometeorology model (based on VIC) of the Salt and Verde Rivers was developed and evaluated against historical data. Procedures were developed (in collaboration with the NASA funded WaterNet project) for removing clouds from MODIS (Aqua & Terra) satellite images of snow-covered area, to be assimilated into the VIC model. Downscaled IPCC climate scenario data was used to assess potential climate change impacts on City of Phoenix water supply. Further, in collaboration with a NOAA/NWS funded project we are now evaluating the impacts of irrigation on flash flooding. Several papers were submitted to peer-reviewed journals. In particular, the following two papers were awarded prizes for “Best Paper of the Environmental Modeling and Software Society (2008 & 2009) - “Liu, Y., H.V. Gupta, E. Springer and T. Wagener (2008), Linking science with environmental decision making: Experiences from an integrated modeling approach to supporting sustainable water resources management, Environmental Modeling and Software, 23 pp. 846-858, DOI: 10-1016/j.envsoft.2007.10- 007” and “M. Mahmoud, Y. Liu, H. Hartmann, S. Stewart, T. Wagener, D. Semmens, R. Stewart, H. Gupta, D. Dominguez, F. Dominguez, D. Hulse, R. Letcher, B. Rashleigh, C. Smith, R. Street, J. Ticehurst, M. Twery, H. van Delden, R. Waldick, D. White and L. Winter (2009), A formal framework for scenario development in support of environmental decision-making, Environmental Modeling and Software, 24 pp. 799-808, DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.11.010.”

Project Area 2 - Data & Geospatial Database Development in Support of Integrated Modeling and other SAHRA activities This project designed, developed, and maintained the web-based, multi-user, geospatial databases required to support and coordinate model development and to evaluate and disseminate model results.

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The database includes: a) conceptual models of the river basins; b) raster and vector databases of hydrologic fluxes; c) raster and vector databases of basin properties; and d) model simulation results. Major activities included • Prototyping the SAHRA Hydro Geodatabase and establishing needs in regards to data acquisition • Loading data and development of simple graphical visualization tools • Development of a 10-year (1995-2004) high-resolution atmospheric and land-surface meteorological data set at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions to be used for forcing hydrological models • Development of a relational geospatial database of available land parameters at multiple scales across the Rio Grande basin, including examining the impact of spatial heterogeneity in soil parameters on model behavior and developing upscaling and downscaling schemes.

Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Whereas this project area was developed in response to emerging SAHRA needs, no activities occurred during Phase 1. Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Prototyping the SAHRA Hydro Geodatabase: A SAHRA data policy was developed to establish guidelines and agreements that govern data submission, access to and usage of data stored in the SAHRA Geo-database (SGD). SGD was developed using the Arc Hydro data model following the structure of CUAHSI’s HIS system to represent hydrologic and hydrographic data and was implemented in the Oracle Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) using ArcSDE to allow multi-user data access and editing through Internet applications. Basic data (representing hydrography, hydrology, geology, soil characteristics, boundary, terrain and land cover) were collected and loaded to the database together with metadata for the Rio Grande and San Pedro river basins. Prototype web services were extended to access all data stored in the SAHRA Geo-Database. Customized clients for connecting hydrologic models with the database were developed and implemented. Secure data access system was implemented using Java. Datasets together with hydrologic and physical properties data for each catchment were published over the Internet via the graphical data access interface. Metadata are managed using the open source GeoNetwork catalogue application that allows publishing and searching spatial data on the Internet. Database efforts were coordinated with the Arizona Water Institute (the Arizona Hydrologic Information System, AHIS, led by Kathy Jacobs) and the CUAHSI Hydrological Information System (HIS, led by David Maidment at UT Austin). Loading Data and development of simple graphical visualization tools: Tools for automated collection and storing of data, and for graphical visualization were developed and implemented. The database was made publicly available, data policy rules were implemented, and functionalities were developed for searching and downloading data from the database. Data generated by SAHRA research was loaded to the database, with a major focus on Rio Grande, Jemez River and upper San Pedro basin database products for collaboration with CUAHSI-HIS. Several datasets were added, including water quality data for the basins as well as stream flows, groundwater, reservoir operations, climate and snow for the Upper Rio Grande and Colorado. The Observations Data Model (ODM) developed by CUAHSI was implemented to store time-series data (Figure IM.3). The data include: USGS stream flows, National Weather Service global station data, Bureau of Reclamation reservoir data, Natural Resources Conservation Service snow, gridded reanalysis (North American Regional Reanalysis), MODIS reflectance, GRACE products, AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and vegetation indices, spatially averaged leaf area indices and gross productivity datasets for the Colorado River basin, Jemez River basin and 431 other basins around the US.

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These data were used in the catchment-based approach to analyze vegetation response to changes in precipitation, hydrologic partitioning and catchment physical properties, and to support the modeling efforts. A Terrestrial Water Storage Dynamics (TWS) website was developed and maintained. Water quality and chemistry data for the San Pedro, Rio Grande, and Jemez River Basins were processed and stored. Data web services compatible with the CUAHSI prototype standards (WaterML, ODM and WaterOneFlow) were developed and implemented. Data on meteorological fluxes, surface/groundwater, and water quality for the San Pedro River Basin was made available, along with a set of web services for data access, including querying, visualizing, and downloading data in the database (see figures below).

Figure R.8 Java Tools for CUAHSI Observation Data Model

Figure R.9 Visualizing San

Pedro precipitation via database web services

Development of High-Resolution Meteorological data set: The project supported development of the PERSIANN global satellite-based precipitation data set, based on a merging algorithm that combines multiple sources of precipitation data to reduce the uncertainty of precipitation products. A 10-year (1995-2004) 4-km, hourly ground surface meteorological forcing data set was produced and loaded into the SAHRA database for use in land surface and hydrological modeling studies. A cloud classification system (CCS) was developed and incorporated into the PERSIANN system. Quality control of the data was improved. The discrimination of rainfall and snowfall in the PERSIANN precipitation products was improved. A study of hydrologic ensemble forecasting for southwestern United States was conducted. The interannual and seasonal climate and hydrologic characteristics of the southwestern United States was analyzed, with emphasis on temporal and spatial variability of precipitation. The variation of uncertainty of the PERSIANN rainfall products as a function of spatial and temporal scale was estimated. The data team worked with the modeling teams to implement usage of the high-resolution modeling and remote sensing data. The 4-km precipitation modeling output was compared with the NARR 12-km reanalysis data to evaluate data quality. The PERSIANN Cloud Classification System (CCS) data was evaluated against NARR and NEXRAD data over the United States to study error structures, and the PERSIANN data was employed for hydrological ensemble forecasts by the Fine Resolution Modeling group. Verification of quantitative mesoscale model precipitation forecasts was conducted for the southwestern U.S. using the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) ensemble system. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was coupled with the G-RSM system and water and energy budgets from off-line and coupled versions of the models were compared over the southwestern U.S. semi-arid region. A website was developed for near-real-time daily-to-monthly forecasts for the U.S. Southwest (http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/projects/uastc/). The G-RSM code was modified to permit implementation of different land surface packages. Numerous journal articles were published.

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Development of relational geospatial database of land parameters: A relational geospatial database of available land parameters across the Rio Grande basin was developed. The impact of aerial spatial heterogeneity in soil hydraulic parameters on ensemble behavior for steady-state and transient evaporation and infiltration was analyzed. Bottom-up (upscaling or aggregation) and top-down (downscaling or disaggregation) schemes for estimating effective land parameters were developed. Phase 4: Propagating Center Research All activities associated with this project area were completed in Phase 3, except for continuing database development and maintenance.

Project Area 3 - Fine-Resolution (FR) Modeling in Support of Basin-Scale Water Balance and Vegetation Change Studies: This project developed a very detailed scientific and computational foundation for water resource decision-making by coupling detailed physical models of the atmosphere, land surface hydrology (including plant communities), and groundwater hydrology of the Rio Grande Basin. The project focused on coupling atmospheric, surface, and groundwater models to: a) represent the spatial and temporal distribution of surface and subsurface hydrological processes at multiple scales over the regional Rio Grande watershed; and b) simulate the effects of climate and vegetation change on rainfall partitioning at the land surface, surface turbulent fluxes, and recharge to the aquifer system. The project was conducted mainly by SAHRA partners at Los Alamos National Labs (LANL), New Mexico Tech University, Texas A&M University, Penn State University, and the University of Arizona. At the outset, several meetings between process modelers and the FR systems modelers were held to strengthen relationships with the SAHRA process studies. Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Model Development & Evaluation: The Finite Element Heat and Mass transport code (FEHM) was incorporated into the FR modeling framework and code was converted to operate on a parallel machine.

Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Model Development & Evaluation: During 2004, a major change in direction involved a shift from the LANL grid-based land surface hydrology module to the tRIBS (TIN-based Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator) triangular irregular network representation, which is able to more efficiently represent the hydrology of a basin. The shift to tRIBS made it easier to implement the tree-based structure for parallelizing the system (based on the independence of watersheds in terms of surface runoff) using a message passing approach. In addition, a tRIBS snow hydrology component designed for complex terrain was developed. The tRIBS and FEHM codes were modified for parallel computing. This effort reduced the computational time of the fine-resolution model by a factor of over 40 times that of a single processor. Two major enhancements supported the application of tRIBS. One was the development of MeshBuilder, which allows an unstructured mesh and stream flow network to be created only once, where multiple runs were previously required. The second was the tRIBS Reader Visualizer, a plugin library for use with the ParaView visualization package, which facilitates model debugging and presentation of results. The code was tested for large basin model preparation and running, requiring enhancements to parallel tRIBS, MeshBuilder, tRIBS visualizer, and the basin partitioning strategy. Experiments were conducted for Baron Fork basin, using approximately 900,000 nodes, 5 million edges, and 5707 reaches, resulted in a performance of 92.48 min/simulated day using 1 processor. It was found to be important to balance the computational load across the processors to avoid passing messages and increase efficiency of the computational network.

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Parameter Specification: A new approach was explored to incorporate known information (e.g., STATSGO or terrain information) about the soil properties of the Rio Grande basin to estimate soil hydraulic parameter throughout the RGB. To improve the high-resolution model representation a Bayesian framework for deriving soil hydraulic parameters at local/finer scales from soil physical properties at coarser scales and across different spatial extents was developed. Soil hydraulic properties were obtained from available sources (project reports and theses) in New Mexico on soil hydraulic properties in the study domain. These point measurements provided a basis for distributed measurements across the domain, and for up-scaling these properties to model grid resolutions. The unique data set (compilation and analysis at the scale of a continental river basin had not previously been attempted) was compiled into a geo-referenced database and transferred to the SAHRA database. Model Application: A large-scale field campaign was conducted in the Valles Caldera National Preserve during summer 2005 as part of the distributed observation and modeling effort. The hydrologic components of the model were evaluated against data from the SAHRA Sevilleta and Rio Grande transects. The FR model was used to investigate the impacts of vegetation change in the Rio Grande over the period 1996-2005 as a basis for assessing the impacts on basin-scale water balances. This phase of the work was coordinated with the Basin-Scale Water Balance macro-theme to ensure that data for model parameterization and testing were collected. Modeling of winter and summer conditions in the Jemez River Basin was conducted for comparison with field campaign data sets. The Rio Ojo Caliente (a small basin in the Rio Grande) was targeted for more detailed study of vegetation change impacts due to the recent 21st century drought (Figure IM.1). A simulation for the years 1995 – 2004 was conducted to examine the influences of the pine tree die-off that occurred in the early 2000’s. The weather data from UC Irvine 4x4 km southwestern US MM5 simulations were used as drivers. The vegetation cover was derived from remotely sensed images that were available approximately every two weeks. Results indicated that calibration of the model is needed to provide realistic simulations. Several papers were prepared and submitted for publication. Figure R.10 Example of large-scale piñon pine mortality in the Ojo Caliente Basin. Phase 4: Propagating Center Research Most developmental activities associated with this project area were completed in Phase 3. Ongoing developments involved use of the model in support of Basin-Scale Water Balance and Vegetation Change Studies reported separately.

Project Area 4: Models in Support of Riparian Management and Restoration This project area developed a comprehensive decision support simulation model to aid management decisions, analyze trends, and perform “what if?” analyses, with a focus on the health and functioning of riparian ecosystems, including hydrological, biogeochemical, ecological, and anthropogenic interactions. The model includes the major use sectors: residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and recreational. Water quality transformations during use and treatment are represented. Feedback from the simulation model helps to identify research components that are most valuable to an improved understanding of the water cycle.

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Major activities included: • Development of an Integrated Framework based in Dynamic Simulation Modeling • Construction of a Web-Based User Interface • Application to the Upper San Pedro River Basin • Application to the City of Prescott • Development of a Rio Grande DSS for Public Education Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Development of an Integrated Framework based in Dynamic Simulation Modeling: A general integrated water management system was developed using the PowersimTM dynamic simulation software. The general framework included modules for residential, commercial, and agricultural uses. Surface water, groundwater, and riparian ET models are coupled, and a riparian zone health measure is incorporated. A sophisticated crop-coefficient ET function is used to model the functional response of vegetation on ET throughout important non-equilibrium conditions of vegetation change. Modules for water and wastewater conveyance and treatment, agriculture production and consumption, non-market evaluation of environmental and recreational benefits, and comprehensive cost/benefit assessments of treatment, conveyance, and conservation are included. Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Development of an Integrated Framework based in Dynamic Simulation Modeling: The DSS was extended to incorporate results from the USGS groundwater model to evaluate groundwater level changes along the river in response to pumping and recharge over 50- and 100-year horizons. This was accomplished using MR2K, for calculating drawdown, velocity, storage, capture response functions, and response functions that govern ET losses. A farm module for was developed for realistic representation of agricultural water use. The package was implemented by USGS to simulate groundwater and surface water components of the irrigation hydrologic cycle in the western San Joaquin Valley, where groundwater pumping is not metered but crop and surface water delivery data have been compiled for the last three decades. The package was also tested and applied to a pilot project area in the Southern Rincon Valley (Rincon Model) within the Elephant Butte Irrigation District, NM, and to Phase 1 of the update/upgrade of the USGS Central-Valley Regional Aquifer System Analysis (CV-RASA) in California. It was published as a USGS technical report. A Bird Model was developed and incorporated, based on two San Pedro surveys and linked to the vegetation module. In collaboration with the USGS a system for identifying flow permanence requirements to allow the computation of riparian condition class & health was developed. Linkages to the climate change scenarios and different socioeconomic scenarios were constructed. Climatic variability was incorporated for mountain front recharge and riparian evapotranspiration. Alternative growth patterns and higher detailed resolution were added, new sustainability indicators incorporated, and the water budget improved through interactions with USGS. Construction of a Web-Based User Interface: An accessible web-based interface was constructed, with graphical output. A link to the web-based DSS was posted on the USPP website at www.usppartnership.com/plan_groundwtr.htm. A DSS workbook was developed and several rollout meetings and demonstrations were conducted. Based on feedback, modifications were made to improve the interface and extend outreach. Application to the Upper San Pedro River Basin: The Dynamic Simulation Modeling framework was used to develop a DSS for the Upper San Pedro River Basin. Submodels were developed for each community within the San Pedro watershed to allow independent decisions. Support materials were developed for users to learn basic water management concepts and how to use the model. Multiple

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tutorial sessions were held with the USPP. Scenario results for a set of nine Upper San Pedro Partnership alternatives were developed and examined to analyze their impacts at specific locations along the river. The DSS was then presented to the USPP decision makers. Meetings with the entire partnership were organized to introduce the model, train partnership members on its use, and obtain additional feedback. The feedback resulted in updates to the DSS model documentation, and further additions to the DSS to include climate variability in mountain front recharge, alternative growth patterns, new recharge projects and continued interactions with the EPA Bird Study. Identification of tradeoffs among several conflicting objectives for the San Pedro Basin management provided a starting point for detailed, interactive decision support. This module is being used to assess conservation options for riparian habitats along the lower section of the San Pedro River. Application to the City of Prescott: A prototype application was developed for the City of Prescott with support of a NASA space grant student, and contact organizations there and in northwest Tucson to use the models to support their decision making processes. Development of a Rio Grande DSS for Public Education: A Rio Grande DSS was developed to educate the public on hydrologic impacts of climate variability and management options. The model integrates the surface water system including reservoir operations with the groundwater system and provides a detailed accounting of the water demands throughout the basin. Included are a salinity module, silvery minnow mortality model, and an economic input-output model for Bernalillo County. The model was developed with major input from the technical community; specifically the Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, USGS, and New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission. We also worked with the Collaborative Program (a multi-agency effort in the basin that is developing strategies for endangered species protection and recovery).

Phase 4: Propagating Center Research Most activities associated with this project area were completed in Phase 3. Ongoing developments involved use of the model in support of Riparian Management and Restoration are reported separately.

Project Area 5: Models in Support of Water Markets and Banking This project area developed and linked models of physical hydrology with models of legal/economic institutions for water resources management, at the scales of the Rio Grande/San Pedro watersheds. Project activities developed component modules and focused on integration and scenario analysis. A physical module was developed to track water movement at the ditch level and to include ground/surface water interactions. The engineering/infrastructure module was developed to represent water movement and storage, the institutional module the legal and regulatory framework, and the economic module (a trading institution). Coupling of the components enabled study of feedbacks between physical processes, water resources management institutions and economic decisions. A six-stage program of water leasing research was developed. Stage 1 involved development of a stylized model. Stage 2 investigated use of the stylized model for farmer decision-making. Stage 3 investigated the impacts of uncertainty. Stage 4 explored third party effects. Stage 5 developed a water market model for the Mimbres River basin. Stage 6 investigated scenario analysis. Coordination with the Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Geological Survey, and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission was established to develop stakeholder outreach tools that complement existing groundwater and river-routing models for the basin. Stakeholder outreach included numerous meetings held throughout each year.

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Major activities included: • Development of a Coarse-Resolution Water Banking & Regulatory Structure model for the Middle Rio Grande basin • Construction of a Medium-Resolution physical/engineering systems model • Experiments to assess implications of potential water-banking institutional frameworks • Proof of Concept Study for the Mimbres River Basin • Preparation of a Book on New Mexico Water Policy

Phase 1: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Coarse-Resolution modeling: A coarse-resolution water-banking model was developed using the PowersimTM dynamic simulation software package, to represent the regulatory structure in the Middle Rio Grande. Stakeholders were engaged to adequately define property rights, and to introduce additional traders. Interactive stakeholder participatory model experiments were run to investigate trading patterns for different climatic scenarios. Medium-Resolution modeling: A Medium-Resolution model was developed to investigate local (farm- level) and regional scale surface-groundwater interaction constraints and to assess third party effects. The model included a MMS-PRMS watershed model of the upper and middle Rio Grande, coupled with a derivative of URGWOM (river system management) model of the important and relevant operational and river routing features of the upper and middle Rio Grande, and a groundwater model of the middle Rio Grande. The model was linked to the coarse-resolution behavioral and institutional component model.

Phases 2 and 3: Significant Accomplishments and Findings Coarse-Resolution modeling: Agricultural components were incorporated, and third-party effects were investigated. The model was refined to more realistically represent the complexity of issues regarding water transfers in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, with focus mainly on three areas: option trading over time, third-party effects, and a rights structure more representative of the basin. Environmental and hydrochemical processes were added. Medium-Resolution modeling: A Farm Package was incorporated, including processes such as the simulation of Spanish-based western water law and a farm mass-balance of all flows into and out of a farm. Modeling units were incorporated based on land use (e.g., agricultural crops, urban areas, riparian areas) of interest to economists in the development of water banking\market scenario analysis. Input from the New Mexico Water Dialogue was incorporated into the MRM to address third party effects. The model applied and tested on reach II of the middle Rio Grande. Third-party effects, ranging from simple delivery ditch trades to complex trades across multiple ditch conveyance systems, were identified and investigated. Results indicated that a straightforward methodology for comparisons with trades is very difficult to achieve, due to the complexity of the water delivery system. Additional trading scenarios involving the movements of massive amounts of water within the reach (i.e., 100% of water traded from lower reaches to upper reaches, upper reaches to lower reaches, and across reaches) were investigated to identify and better understand the flexibility and constraints of the system. Results indicated that third party effects are minimal due to the structure of the water delivery system, however, there are some physical constraints (e.g., ditch and diversion structure capacities) and upper boundary conditions that limited a few of the trades from delivery of 100% of the water. Economic Experiments: Experimental designs for an uncertainty/futures market were developed. The computerized water banking institution models were used to conduct several interactive experiments using stakeholders as decision makers. The experiments yielded robust results, generating price-paths as

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predicted by the underlying structure of the coupled hydrologic-physical-institutional-economic model. A focus group was conducted to gain input, and several stakeholder groups (including the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission and the Office of the State Engineer) showed interest in the effort and requested collaboration. Urban water pricing experiments were conducted with 180 customers of the Albuquerque Bernalillo Water Utility Authority to estimate consumer price response over a wider range of prices than have historically been employed. Preliminary data analysis suggests consumer responsiveness increases with price: low price levels had a highly inelastic response (e.g., a 1.5% decrease in consumption for a 10% increase in price), while average response at the highest price was elastic (a 13% decrease in consumption for a 10% increase in price).

Interactive planning model for the Middle Rio Grande: An interactive model for the Middle Rio Grande was developed and used by a regional water planning board established by the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission. A partnership with the Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Geological Survey, and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission was established to extend the interactive model so as to complement existing groundwater and river-routing models for the basin. The model was used to select between alternative water conservation measures so as to find a mix that balances the regional water budget and to engage the general public in this water budget balancing and planning exercises. The tool was provided to assist these agencies in future stakeholder mediated planning processes.

Phase 4: Propagating Center Research Proof of Concept Study for the Mimbres River Basin: Based on the work reported above, the NM State Engineer requested a proof of concept study be conducted for the Mimbres basin. The coarse and medium-resolution water banking models were combined to develop a super-realistic model that incorporated an enhanced agricultural decision-making component and can take into account third party effects. A prototype model was tested in the laboratory. Experiments were run and a demonstration for the user groups was carried out. Preparation of a Book on New Mexico Water Policy: Several papers were prepared and submitted for publication. An edited book on “New Mexico Water” was prepared and is in publication (in press) by Resources for the Future Press.

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Research Partnerships

SAHRA partnered with multiple universities, federal laboratories, NGO’s, and management agencies over the course of the center. These collaborations brought new expertise, skills, data, and outreach opportunities that were critical to the success of the STC. Research partnerships developed over the course of the SAHRA grant period include:

• The University of Arizona • University of Colorado • DOE/Los Alamos National Lab • University of New Mexico • New Mexico Tech • USDA-ARS • Penn State University • UC-Merced • US Army Corps of Engineers • USGS • Arizona State University • Cal State- L.A./Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez/UA/NM Tech • Valles Caldera National Preserve • Consortium of Universities for Advancement of Hydrologic Science (CUAHSI) • The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) • NM State Engineer’s Office • City of El Paso • Salt River Project • UC-Irvine • UC-San Diego • Sandia National Laboratory • Desert Research Institute • Scripps Institute of Oceanography • Upper San Pedro Partnership

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III: EDUCATION

1a. Overall Educational Objectives

The primary focus of SAHRA’s Education TA/macro-theme/group has been on improving hydrologic literacy at all levels. We have sought to do this by supporting career pathways to the hydrological sciences, integrating SAHRA science with education, and supporting teacher professional development in this area. During the first few years, our focus was on getting established. During phase 2, more of our efforts were focused on consolidating our early efforts, broadening the geographic impact, promoting Center-wide participation in our mission, developing leveraged support for long-term sustainability, and enhancing the interdisciplinary nature of SAHRA student education. Finally, during phase 3, our efforts focused more on completing projects, getting all our students through their degree programs and seeking follow-on funding.

Much of SAHRA’s research is field-based. In terms of the broader educational impacts of our research in regional communities, we fully believe that engaging these communities is critically important to our efforts, not just because they are the end beneficiaries of more sustainable water resource management, but because they are integral participants and contributors to our efforts. Our goals of raising hydrologic literacy and keeping communities abreast of our research are being accomplished through a healthy integration of Education and Knowledge Transfer activities. Specifically, SAHRA education programs are designed to help educators and their students participate in this endeavor through student monitoring networks, professional development, classroom support, student summer camps, research and field experiences for teachers and special opportunities for high school students.

1b. Performance and Management Indicators

During Phase 2 of the center, SAHRA revised its Strategic Plan and reformulated its performance and management indicators. The new strategic goal for Education became enhancing multidisciplinary hydrologic literacy within the educational system. As applied, this goal has two aspects. First, to develop the hydrologic literacy of K-16 students throughout the Southwest, leading to action and decision-making based on multidisciplinary knowledge of regional water cycling and issues. The second is to produce a new and diverse generation of professionals, students, and faculty who are adept at approaching water issues from a multidisciplinary and basin-scale perspective and are able to communicate this perspective effectively to others. The performance indicators used by Education to evaluate their success in achieving this goal are as follows:

Table III.1.a ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF INDIVIDUALS QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR INDICATOR

List of novel educational products and Description of quality, impact, and programs (e.g., curricula, short effectiveness of the Educational courses, workshops, web sites, etc.) products and programs and their and audiences reached. relevance to SAHRA’s Mission. J. Washburne Education Number of SAHRA students who are Description of the relevance of student enrolled or who were enrolled at each research topics to SAHRA’s strategic level during the last year, including mission and integrating questions percent multi-institutional and percent and their contribution to building multi-disciplinary. multi-disciplinary understanding.

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Guidance for the qualitative and contextual evaluation of what is provided as follows:

STRATEGIC Table III.1.b: GUIDANCE for Performance Indicators GOAL

Quality of education products and programs can be judged relative to the following indicators (not all apply to all projects):

Education Indicators: Target groups and education objectives are Number and diversity of students identified, relevant to SAHRA mission and taught/supported in each category is Education: science foci. identified Products and Options for reaching target audiences are Integration of science and education is identified and analyzed relative to articulated Programs resources. Transferability is built in Priorities and desired outcomes are Support for future implementation, interactions identified. and feedback is identified Criteria and Mechanisms for documenting effectiveness are in place. Feedback regarding effectiveness is used to improve the curriculum and program.

Quality of graduate student education can be judged relative to the following indicators:

Identify recruitment targets and goals Degree completed in timely fashion Education: Evaluate recruiting effectiveness Identify degrees completed, publications, Graduate Communicate SAHRA expectations to continuing studies in field of supported students early on students Student Encourage broad participation in campus and Identify interdisciplinary components to course professional activities work and research Track work/study in field after graduation

1c. Conceptual Organization

Early in the development of the SAHRA education program, we created the following matrix to help illustrate the linkages between our goals and primary stakeholders. For the most part, New Courses and Career Paths fall under the NSF heading of “Internal Education Activities” while most Research and Extended Learning Opportunities fall under the NSF heading of “External Education Activities”.

Table III.2: Education Program Matrix K-8 & HS What \ Who Graduates Undergraduates Teachers Professional + Students Grad Seminar B2 Passport 2 SAHRA New Courses Water Issues SPLASH Grad courses Learning, Seminar CEA-CREST, NAU tribal Career Paths IWI USACE MEng STC recruiting wkshp Research REU GLOBE, Tribal RA’s Opportunities Arizona Rivers Watershed Watershed Viz Extended Community Field Camp EEOP/ITEP Partners Flandrau Learning Service Ecostart Roundtable Camps, CATTS

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In the activity “Highlight” tables below, the more significant efforts and/or those with the most significant SAHRA content or overall impact are marked with a “*”. Due to space limitations, only some of these programs are described. The education program benefited tremendously from the talents of several employees over the course of the center. In turn, they had the opportunity to work with an extremely broad and multifaceted EPO program where we strove to integrate SAHRA science with usable outreach materials. The following table highlights the strengths and primary contributions of several key education staff members.

Table III.3: Key Education Personnel and their Contributions Period Personnel Contributions 1/00-12/10 Jim Washburne Overall coordination and strategic planning 3/02-7/05 Elizabeth Hancock Science education researcher; managed development and implementation of SPLASH, IWI and WaTeR Kit programs; wrote WaTeR and Watershed Vis grants 1/05-2/06 Kat Wilson Coordinated construction, management and training of WaTeR kits 8/05-9/06 Carla Bitter Informal Science Educator; Managed IWI and oversaw expansion of WaTeR kits; wrote AAA grant 5/06-12/08 Melissa Higgins; Timur Siquin Developed fly-through and visualizations for Watershed Viz DVD 1/07-7/07 Wylie Cox Natural Philosopher/Scientist; Hired to help coordinate and train Watershed Viz DVD 7/07-9/09 John Madden Master Teacher; Hired to help consolidate teacher programs and train Watershed DVD; Helped develop/train Arizona Rivers

2a. Internal Educational Activities

The goal of these efforts is to help prepare the next generation of water resource professional to be competent in this highly interdisciplinary field; to recognize and appreciate the diverse perspectives of potential stakeholders in their chosen career track; and gain experience integrating research and education into their work.

The impact of education activities has been to broaden and better prepare our students for real-world applications of hydrology and water resources that go beyond what is available in a narrower, more traditional water program. The presence of SAHRA and all the opportunities for interacting with its stakeholders and focusing research within this interdisciplinary, stakeholder-sensitive framework have had a lasting impact on every student. This environment has had a similar and significant impact on our faculty, who continue to seek “SAHRA-like” interdisciplinary collaborations regardless of the funding source. The following are new courses, or courses significantly enhanced or revised during SAHRA’s tenure.

Table III.4: Highlights of New Courses Name Course# Lead Numbers Years - Vadose Zone Hydrology HWR 518 Ferre 15/yr 05-10 *Hydrologic Modeling HWR 642 Gupta 10/yr 03-10 Emerging Concepts in Meixner, Brooks, 05-10 HWR 696B 20/yr Hydrology & Biogeochem. McIntosh - Adv. Topics in Hydro. HWR 696L Washburne 8 /yr 01-03, 04-06

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* Arizona Water Issues HWR 203 Washburne 100/yr, 200/yr 00-08, 09-11 Global Biogeochem Cycles NATS 102 Brooks/Levitt 240/yr 05 - Environ. Hydrology FOR 340 Tecle 10/yr 03-05

*Arizona Water Issues - Significant time has been invested in developing and teaching a mid-sized (60/class) general education course (required natural science, largely non-science majors) at the University of Arizona (UA) called Arizona Water Issues. This course introduces basic hydrologic principles with the goal of helping students understand future water resource issues and making sound decisions as knowledgeable citizens. This class also views historical and current water issues facing the western United States and was well placed to highlight the latest, stake-holder relevant SAHRA research. Cooperative learning groups, classroom discussions and problem-based learning are used to enhance the lecture component of the class. In 2005, we added a generic water management dynamic simulation model developed by SAHRA researcher Kevin Lansey. Starting in 2009, two sections have been taught each semester.

* Hydrologic Modeling (HWR642) - This course, taught by Dr. Hoshin Gupta, has been under development for some time but has seen significant revision during SAHRA’s tenure. The course systematically addresses conceptual models and basic model concepts and gives SAHRA students a unique and highly advanced perspective on the advantages, shortcomings and proper use of models in Hydrology.

Table III.5: Highlights of Research Opportunities/Extended Learning Efforts Activity Lead Audience Numbers Years * Graduate RA & TA’s various SAHRA graduates 40 /yr 00-10 * Student Posters Washburne internal & external 40/yr 01-10 - Spring Snow Camp Brooks SAHRA graduates 10/yr 03-11 - DSS modeling course Tidwell SAHRA graduates 8/yr 02-03, 08 *REU various Undergrads ~10/yr; ~5/yr 01-02; 03-10

* Graduate Research Assistantships / Teaching Assistantships SAHRA funds roughly 40 graduate RAs and TAs annually to provide the research support and scientific man-power necessary for such a large and diverse Center. RAs are coordinated centrally and assigned to broad project areas and tasks, rather than assigned to a particular professor. To further promote interdisciplinary understanding and communication, most UA SAHRA graduate students are seated in one large office space in the Marshall Building. SAHRA students are expected to be active members of their research teams - collecting the raw data, contributing to team planning and helping the group report on progress at annual and professional meetings. Graduate students are further encouraged to take part in extracurricular community service projects or something that extends their learning outside of their research focus. Examples of some current opportunities are helping to mentor undergraduate interns, staffing the SAHRA public display at professional or professional development meetings, becoming involved with inquiry and research development programs in surrounding school districts, and helping to support special water-related activities with cooperating schools. Several teaching assistantships (TA’s) are focused on giving graduate students experience in the college undergraduate classroom and what is involved with managing mid-sized (60) groups of students working on collaborative, hands-on projects. Over the course of the Center, 16 SAHRA graduates TA’d for introductory level undergraduate classes.

Spring Snow Camp - With the development of the Valles Caldera field site in 2005, SAHRA students have had an opportunity to join Dr. Paul Brooks and his students help in collecting spring snow pack measurements and learning about snow hydrology. This activity is done in collaboration with the Valles

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Caldera National Reserve and has included students from both SAHRA affiliate campuses like NMT, CU, UNR, Utah and non-SAHRA campuses, such as Univ. of Maryland.

Decision Support Modeling - Fundamentals of Decision Support, a weekly 2-hour course, was initially offered as a seminar, where students engaged in developing PowerSim software modules related to the San Pedro DSS, Rio Grande DSS and Educational scenario models could share expertise. More recently, in 2008, Vince Tidwell and Len Malczynski of Sandia National Laboratories, commuted to Tucson to help present a more systematic examination of DSS techniques. The group’s final project was to simulate the physical and mechanical systems that affect and control Biosphere 2’s indoor climate.

Student Poster Competitions - SAHRA students are encouraged to help the Center report and communicate research findings through poster and oral presentations at numerous conferences and symposia, including the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, the SAHRA Annual Meeting, the Water Sustainability Program Water Forum, and UA-HWR’s “El Dia del Agua” Student Research Symposium. These opportunities help all SAHRA students to better communicate their science and its relevance to a wider audience. Friends of UA’s HWR program make available generous cash prizes for both poster and oral presentations at the annual El Dia del Agua student research Symposium to further motivate student excellence.

*REU Program - During the first few years of the Center, an NSF supplemental award allowed us to host 10 REU students for an 8-week summer research experience. Most of these students were local. In 2004, the REU program was restructured with a greater emphasis on recruiting at a national level and a focus on underrepresented students. A collaborative effort among 12 STCs (led by UCLA's Center for Embedded Networked Sensors) coordinated recruiting of REU candidates from around the country. Overall, REU participation across SAHRA was distributed approximately as follows: 19 UA, 6 NMT, 5 UNM, 2 DRI and 16 from non-SAHRA institutions.

2b. Professional Development Activities

Table III.6: Highlights of Career Pathway Development Efforts Activity Lead Audience Numbers Years *SAHRA Seminar various SAHRA grads/ campus ~15 talks x 25 00-11 * Sandia Lab Fellowship Woodard 1/yr 03/10 - WSP fellowship various 1/yr 03-09 - CATTS GK-12 fellow Hancock UA Grad/UGs 2/yr 04-06 *MS Water Resource Eng. Woodard Professional 2/yr 03-10

* SAHRA Seminar Series - No professional or academic education experience is complete without a forum for intellectual exchange and debate about current developments and controversies in the field. This need is particularly acute for a large interdisciplinary group such as our own. In conjunction with the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources (HWR), the Water Sustainability Program and other groups on campus, we are promoting the collegial exchange of professional views in a weekly seminar series. Additionally, since 2006, students have been encouraged to view the CUAHSI Virtual Seminar Series, which gives them additional exposure to a wide range of pertinent topics summarized by leading scientists.

* MSEng Professional Degree - SAHRA realized that non-traditional students could benefit from our highly innovative and inter-disciplinary courses as much (if not more) than regular students. So beginning Fall of 2003, we worked with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to offer a unique professional degree to mid-level managers. The academic program is interdisciplinary, including classes in natural

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resource economics, water law, and environmental ethics. In place of a traditional thesis, a professional project and report related to the student’s work situation serves as the capstone project. Over time, we have diversified the student pool, drawing students not only from USACE, but from local government, consulting, and broadcast meteorology. This program also won the first Education and Public Service Award from the Universities Council on Water Resources (UCoWR) in 2005. SAHRA continues to work with UCOWR to generate interest and new applicants in the program among other federal agencies. Approximately 14 students have earned their masters of engineering degree through this program.

* Sandia National Laboratory Fellowship - Although small, this fellowship formed the core of a significant relationship between SAHRA and a major national stakeholder. Overall, the program provided a total of 15 years of support to four graduate students. A half-time RA was coupled with a summer internship at Sandia as well as some funds for books and travel. In turn, SAHRA graduate students worked with Sandia mentors to incorporate the latest SAHRA science and policy understanding in decision support models on the Rio Grande River.

Water Sustainability Program Fellowships - As part of UA’s broad network of water-related programs, the Water Sustainability Program (WSP) was created to facilitate broad, inter-disciplinary water research funded through Arizona state tax revenues. SAHRA figured significantly in coordinating educational efforts through WSP and our students were regularly finalists and winners of their graduate research award. In particular, six SAHRA students received the approximately $18,000 award.

CATTS Fellowship - SAHRA works with the University of Arizona's Collaborative to Advance Teaching Technology and Science (CATTS) Fellows Program (NSF GK-12 grant) to increase the direct involvement of undergraduate and graduate science students in high school science classrooms to facilitate implementation of water science. This leveraged activity allowed SAHRA to support K-12 teachers in their classrooms on a weekly basis. The goals of this project are to directly reach K-12 teachers (primarily high school teachers) and their students in schools to support the implementation of the SPLASH curriculum and other water education materials. A total of 6 Fellows worked with approximately 12 teachers and 1,200 students, contributed content to the SPLASH curriculum, assisted with the implementation of the IWI workshop, and shared their experience with others.

2c. External Educational Activities

Table III.7: New Courses/ Career Pathway Development Activity Lead Audience Numbers Years * IWI workshop Hancock MS & HS Teachers 8/yr x 80 01-06 * SPLASH Curriculum Hancock HS Teachers ~15/yr x 30 02-05 * WATeR Kits Hancock ~100/yr x 40 04-05 MS & HS Teachers ~25/yr 07-11

Inquiry and Water Issues (IWI) Teacher Workshop - The goals of this project are to facilitate teacher learning and motivation in the science of hydrology and the pedagogy of inquiry through a two-week workshop for high school and middle school teachers. It is aimed at increasing hydrologic literacy, giving the teachers much-needed experience engaging in inquiry themselves, and developing authentic research skills and analyzing complex (interdisciplinary) information. A credit option helps teachers attain the NCLB’s “highly qualified” status. Workshops have been held in Socorro (01-02), Tucson (04), Mesa (05; Mt View HS/Gila Indian reservation), Albuquerque (06; Explora). Around 2008, we began an effort to move all IWI materials on-line as the 10-day format seemed to be an issue for many teachers.

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Student-centric Program for Learning About Semi-arid Hydrology (SPLASH) – Supported by an initial grant, SPLASH is a collaborative effort among high school science and social science teachers, scientists, and science educators to create and implement a regionally-focused, full-year water curriculum. The curriculum emphasizes hydrologic literacy in the context of the semi-arid southwest and was developed following an “Understanding by Design” format. SPLASH seeks to simultaneously advance understanding of regional (semi-arid) hydrology and general water literacy (studied within the context of the semi-arid U.S.). Although the curriculum continues to be modified as it is implemented, the primary focus is on making the curriculum widely available through short workshops and providing support for participating teachers in four annual follow-up meetings, access to CATTS fellows, by incorporating Arizona's new science standards and web-based network resources. Workshops have been held in both Tucson and Phoenix.

Water in Arizona, Teacher Resources (“WATeR”) - Supported by leveraged funding (TRIF), this project is designed 1) to facilitate classroom implementation of water education programs aligned with state standards through human and material resources for trained teachers and 2) to facilitate integration of these programs to provide more meaningful learning experiences for teachers and students. This is being accomplished by: developing and providing material support in the form of classroom resource kits for teachers; training pre-service and in-service teachers to use the kits and integrate them into their existing curriculum; and providing human resources by training graduate students as water education specialists, who work regularly with teachers in their classrooms. Modules have been developed at both the basic and advanced level for water quality, aquatic life, watersheds and urban hydrology. Initially, the kits were distributed to check-out facilities in Tucson, Maricopa County, Sierra Vista, and Flagstaff. In 2006, we expanded briefly to the Explora Museum in Albuquerque.

Table III.8: Research Opportunities/Extended Learning Activity Lead Audience Numbers Years - Summer Science Camps Hancock K-8 students 100/yr 03-05

* AZ GLOBE franchise, Washburne Teachers & students ~ 30/yr x 40 00-05 School river network 7 schools 03-04 - Joint WSP EPO office Flowers/Saltz/ Teachers & students ~300/yr x 80 03-10 Crocker students - Tribal Env. Edu. Mansel Teachers & students ~100/yr x 20 01-10 students - Ecostart Browning- Teachers & students ~40/yr x 40 03-07 Aiken students * Arizona Rivers Washburne Teachers 75/yr x 25 07-08 * RRE HS students 6/yr 08-10 * Watershed Visualization Washburne Teachers 125/yr 06-09

- Support of regional science Washburne Teachers & Students 200/yr 02-10 events - Collaborations with NCED Washburne Public 1,000s/yr 04-10

* SAHRA/GLOBE Collaboration - From 1995-2005, Jim Washburne was the GLOBE Program’s soil moisture science PI and regularly held teacher workshops promoting all GLOBE observation protocols (which include water quality testing) around Arizona. This externally funded effort meshed well with

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SAHRA’s education mission and resulted in several focused collaborative efforts. While GLOBE students are tasked with regular and special sample collection, SAHRA scientists and students have helped show how the student measurements can be integrated with scientific datasets for a more complete physical picture of the water balance and water quality. The most successful effort created a GLOBE river water quality network along the Rio Grande.

Summer Science Camps - This leveraged activity was designed to provide students with fun learning experiences built around regional water issues. Related goals include raising student awareness of college and careers in science, developing student data collection skills, and providing field experiences. In order to broaden participation, scholarships are provided to low-income, minority students. Three different camps/themes were developed. In 2003 and 2004, we worked with the Flandrau Science Center to offer “Monsoon Madness” and “Camp Wildfire” to 36 students/summer. In 2005, we worked with the Phoenix Zoo and Desert Botanic Gardens to offer “Desert Survivors” to over 200 students.

Joint Water Sustainability Program Education and Outreach – Maricopa Office - In collaboration with three other water centers SAHRA leverages funding for a water education specialist in Maricopa County, AZ and provides additional infrastructure support to the nationally recognized Project WET (Water Education for Teachers) program. The specialist’s salary is paid through WSP Education and Outreach as well as Arizona County Extension. Support for the events themselves comes from outside sources, such as the City of Phoenix, Salt River Project (SRP), and Central Arizona Project (CAP). This collaboration provides the infrastructure needed to expand SAHRA’s K-12 education offerings in the state’s most populated county. The office promotes SAHRA and other UA water programs and develops media contacts and ties in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Events and involvement with organizations such as the Arizona Science Teacher Association conference, the Arizona Studies Academy, the Arizona Bioengineering Collaboration, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Valley Forward, and the Arizona State Legislature provide additional opportunities for promoting and expanding SAHRA’s education and outreach programs.

NAU Tribal Environmental Education - SAHRA provided partial support to Mansel Nelson and NAU’s Environmental Education Opportunities Program (EEOP) and Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) to provide K-12 and professional water resources and water quality education throughout the Four Corners region. The primary purpose of this partnership was to train teachers to incorporate the teaching of water and water quality in their science curriculum, and to stimulate students to learn about water and water quality problems that affect their tribal areas. Much like the Maricopa EPO office, this collaborative effort allows us to distribute SAHRA education and research materials and affect an area and population far from Tucson. One feature of this program is a one week summer scholars program (x 5 sections) that usually includes GLOBE atmosphere and hydrology training, Project WET activities, sustainability issues and a field-based investigation.

* Arizona Rivers - Arizona Rivers began as an externally funded project that seeks to facilitate local collaborations between students, volunteer monitoring groups, state and local agencies for the purpose of re-energizing the spirit of scientific discovery and inquiry in the classroom. The specific goal is to promote long-term student and volunteer monitoring of rivers and riparian areas by building sustainable partnerships between students and local watershed experts. Our teacher workshops last three days and include representatives from the Phoenix Zoo, the Phoenix Science Center, The City of Phoenix (Rio Salado), Arizona Game and Fish, Arizona State Parks, Arizona Riparian Council and Arizona Audubon. Six workshops were held in 2008 affecting 150 teachers.

Beginning in 2008, a new component of this program was developed to provide a select group of high school students a transformative field research experience which we called the Riparian Research Experience (RRE). Over two weeks, the students complete the intensive 3-day training workshop, visit

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over a dozen stream sites in Arizona and complete oral presentations summarizing their findings. While we are only able to accommodate up to 10 students/session, this experience has a deep and lasting impact on our students. Learn more at: www.azrivers.org .

* Watershed Visualization - This externally funded project developed a 3-D visualization of a regional watershed that demonstrates hydrologic processes at a watershed scale from mountaintop to delta. Much of the accompanying narrative was informed by SAHRA research on the fundamental processes affecting runoff, recharge and riparian zone vitality. While the user level was targeted for the middle-school population, the material has been used at both higher and lower grade levels. All four modules in the series were completed by May 2009. They include: Verde Watershed fly-through; animations on watersheds; water cycle; and runoff and recharge. Teacher classroom support materials are available on- line at: www.sahra.arizona.edu/education2/wsviz. Over 500 Watershed Visualization DVDs have been distributed to teachers during various water workshop or seminar events.

2d. Integration of Research and Education

Education and research are naturally linked with a continuum of student-scientist interactions, training and experiences that occur throughout the undergraduate-graduate-postdoctoral period. SAHRA fully expects its students and researchers to work together on the scientific challenges we have set for ourselves, but the expectation does not end there. We expect that both students and scientists will participate in the many extended educational opportunities we provide. In fact, the full suite of activities listed above is not possible without contributions from all levels of SAHRA participants.

Center-related Education While developing graduate curriculum was never a primary objective, the collegial and stimulating experience of working together and meeting regularly has certainly shaped the content and approach of many of the courses our faculty teach. At the UA, home to the largest group of SAHRA-supported graduate students, we have coordinated and strengthened efforts to recruit, guide, and supervise students by consolidating them under the general supervision of the Associate Director of Education. This allows us to better monitor progress toward degrees and to encourage all students to explore the many extended learning opportunities we offer. At every level, whether you look at our REU, MS, MEng, or PhD graduates, the SAHRA perspective on inter-disciplinary and stakeholder-driven science and outreach is clearly becoming widely disseminated nation-wide.

K-16? Course Development and Support Our vision was to have all our resources and pedagogical materials easily accessible and usable for a wide-range of educational settings through the SAHRA website. For the most part, this has been accomplished using two servers: www.sahra.arizona.edu/education/ and chubasco.hwr.arizona.edu/education/. While many of these materials focus on the basics, we continually try to reflect SAHRA’s inter-disciplinary and stakeholder-driven perspectives. This approach pervades the basin-specific and generic decision support models we have produced for the San Pedro, Rio Grande and HWR203 classroom. Both the Watershed Visualization project and Arizona Rivers have benefited from center-wide input and thinking, particularly with the emphasis on community-based research experiences.

Broader Educational Impacts SAHRA has not just affected the traditional population of students one finds in graduate programs, but has affected audiences across the whole spectrum of formal to informal education and public outreach. K- 12 teachers, critical to guiding the next generation of scientists and responsible citizens has been a primary center focus through countless outreach opportunities ranging from water festivals to week-long

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workshops. We have challenged K-12 students to build a better solar still, make a simple watershed model, compete in water quality events, and visit water resource infrastructure. We help them learn where their water comes from, how to monitor water quality, and ponder the impact of climate change on these resources. We have encouraged undergraduates, both locally and nationally, through active participation in research and career events. Many of our K-12 teachers and students have come from schools and populations that are currently under-represented - we hope we have made a significant and lasting impact on them. It is often hard to assess how these efforts will fill the future pipeline of science-motivated graduate students, but we have done our best.

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2e. Performance Assessment

Major Cumulative Product/Program Audience Impact Numbers New courses SAHRA graduates Leveraged; state-of-the-art training and career 340 development HWR 203 Undergraduates Leveraged; promotion of hydrologic literacy 1,500 among non-science Undergrads Grad RA & TA’s SAHRA graduates Leveraged; research opportunities and career 440 support Extended learning SAHRA graduates Broader impact and introduction to EPO for 500 opportunities SAHRA graduates REU Undergraduates Supplement; research opportunities and 47 transformational field experiences Seminars All Leveraged; extended learning and broader 4,125 impacts for participants Fellowships SAHRA graduates Leveraged; career support; stakeholder 16 collaboration MSEng Prof. deg. Professionals Leveraged; research and career advancement 14 for professionals Inquiry and Water K-12 Promotion of hydrologic and scientific literacy, 48 teachers, Issues (IWI) professional development 3.8k students SPLASH HS teachers and Leveraged; promotion of hydrologic literacy 60 teachers, students and career pathways for HS 1.8k students Leveraged; basic and advanced water quality, K-12 teachers and aquatic life, watershed processes and urban 325 teachers, WATeR Kits students hydrology kits based in Tucson, Phoenix, 13k students Sierra Vista, and Flagstaff Summer Science Mid.Sch. students Promotion of hydrologic literacy and career 300 Camps pathways for MS students GLOBE franchise K-12 teachers & Leveraged; student research opportunities and 180 teachers, collaboration students teacher professional development 7.2k students WSP EPO K-12 teachers & Leveraged; presence and promotion of 2,400 teachers, collaboration students hydrologic literacy in Maricopa County 192k students NAU Tribal Env. K-12 teachers and Leveraged; presence and promotion of 500 teachers, Education students hydrologic literacy in Four Corners region and 20k students on Navajo Reservation ECOSTART K-12 teachers and Leveraged; presence and promotion of 200 teachers, students hydrologic literacy on US-Mexico border 16k students Arizona Rivers Teachers and HS Leveraged; student research opportunities and 150 teachers, students transformational field experiences 3.75k students Watershed K-12 teachers and Leveraged; DVD and web of WS fly-through, 500 teachers visualization students WS definition, SW water cycle and runoff/recharge; widely accessible Extended Learning K-12 students Promotion of hydrologic literacy & career 1800 students Events pathways to underserved community NCED Public Leveraged; presence and promotion of 6,000 posters Collaboration hydrologic literacy at professional meetings 1,000s exhibits and informal science centers

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IV: KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER / STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

1a. Overall KT Objectives

SAHRA’s international activities are integral part of the Knowledge Transfer macro-theme. However, to avoid redundancy, international activities are reported in Section IX of this report.

SAHRA’s Knowledge Transfer/International (KT/INT) macro-theme goals have not changed this past year. They are: • To disseminate knowledge to the community of water professionals, elected officials, and scientists, so as to promote more scientifically informed decision-making on water policy and management. • To enhance general hydrologic literacy by widely disseminating knowledge about water and water- related issues, leading to more scientifically informed choices by the public. • To the extent resources are available, to share research and resources internationally with other arid and semi-arid lands researchers, with a focus on furthering sound management of transboundary waters in the U.S.–Mexico border area.

1b. Performance and Management Indicators

STRATEGIC Table IV.1.a: ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS RESPONSIBLE GOAL QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR QUALITATIVE INDICATOR INDIVIDUALS Quantitative impact measures of KT Description of quality and Knowledge products (e.g. publications with effectiveness of novel Knowledge G. Woodard Transfer number of subscriptions, web Transfer products and their products with number of hits, etc.) relevance to SAHRA’s mission.

STRATEGIC GOAL Table IV.1.b: GUIDANCE for Performance Indicators Quality of knowledge transfer can be judged relative to the following indicators to gauge quality of engagement (does not all apply to all projects): Planning Indicators: Product Evaluation Indicators: Target audiences have been identified, Quantitative indicators of demand for KT relevant to SAHRA mission products and services are a key indicator of Options for reaching target audiences are quality and effectiveness. Virtually all KT identified and analyzed relative to projects incorporate methods for quantifying resources use Knowledge Priorities and desired outcomes are identified Citations in literature Transfer Methods and resources for maintaining and Unsolicited media requests updating are in place early Multimedia presentations, e.g. multiple Mechanisms for documenting and avenues to reach the same target audience, quantifying impact are in place evidence that the material is used Feedback regarding effectiveness is used to In-kind contributions from users improve the product Funding provided by outside interests and Criteria for review of product in place from users the start Products transferable to other applications

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1c. Conceptual Organization

SAHRA’s Knowledge Transfer activities are intended to disseminate and transfer SAHRA-relevant knowledge to scientists, water professionals, elected officials and the public. Activities are organized around types of programs and targeted stakeholder groups.

SAHRA’s Knowledge Transfer products (Table IV.2) will include effective two-way communication between scientists and key stakeholder groups, the capability to rapidly and effectively share useful science results and modeling capabilities, and an improved level of hydrologic literacy among policy makers and the general public. SAHRA’s efforts to build an international legacy include sharing SAHRA science results with water professionals and policy makers throughout arid and semi-arid areas of the world and participating in international projects that result in shared expertise and unique opportunities for our students and faculty.

Table IV.2: Knowledge Transfer Matrix (Columns represent target audience whereas rows represent the media) National and SAHRA and Regional Public and Water Professionals International Public Partners Policy Makers and Policy Makers Intranet, project Hydroarchive, Basin-specific data, Global Water News Web-based mgmt to support, isotopes, remote documents, models, Watch & News Services and expand sensing information, and decision-support Tracker services, G- Resources multidisciplinary arizonawater.org tools WADI work Displays, exhibits & Displays, exhibits & Mobile display and Informal and kiosks that raise kiosks that raise kiosks for Experiential hydrologic literacy hydrologic literacy professional Education Hands-on, on-site Interactive, Web-based meetings learning centers displays Workshops and Short courses and Short courses on key Skills seminars that M.Eng. program for regional water

Development nurture multi- mid-career water resource management disciplinary work professionals issues SW Hydrology trade State-of-the-art Involvement with Publications, Internal bimonthly publication to summary publications, International Conferences newsletter rapidly disseminate media briefings, and Transboundary Waters & Broadcasts Annual Meeting new understandings special sessions Symposium

This effort could not have been done without the hard work and dedication of a large number of colleagues and staff. The following table lists the key personnel and some of their most significant contributions:

Table IV.3: Key KT/Stakeholder Personnel and their Contributions Period Personnel Contributions 00-10 Gary Woodard Group coordination and strategic planning 00-04 Kyle Carpenter Web/Marketing coordinator, SAHRA identity 03-10 Betsy Woodhouse Publisher - Southwest Hydrology Magazine 00-09 Mary Black Editor - center-wide, Annual reports, SWH 01-09 Louise Shaler Editor - Global Water Newswatch 02-09 Beery Adams Assoc. Editor - Global Water Newswatch 08-09 Alison Williams Assoc. Editor - Technical Writer for SWH

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09-10 Erica Noebel Editor - center-wide 01-07 Brad James Graphic & Web Designer, Sabino & Kartchner animations 04-06 Mike Buffington Graphic & Web Designer, Phoenix display 07-10 Cindy Grooms Graphic & Web Designer 07-10 Shiloe Fontes Web & Database Coordinator 03-09 Ramon Vasquez Database Specialist 03-04 Steve Schraeder Database Programmer 06-08 James McGill Database Programmer 04-10 Louise McDermott WSP & SWH accounts 08-09 Kathy Jacobs Stakeholder Engagement 00-10 Juan Valdes International Programs

2a-b. Knowledge Transfer and Stakeholder Engagement Activities

The next four tables, tied to the conceptual organization chart above, try to capture the breadth and depth of SAHRA’s knowledge transfer activities over the course of the center. Only the most significant SAHRA KT programs and activities (*) are summarized below.

Table IV.4: Highlights of Web-based Services & Resources Activity Audience; Impact Major Collaborators *Arizona Wells AZ Water Professionals; 1000’s of hits USGS, ADWR, EPA * AZ Hydro. Info. Sys. AZ Water Professionals ASU, AWI, USGS, ADWR, ADEQ, (AHIS) NWS, SRP, Cities of Phx and Tucson, *Rainlog.org AZ Citizen Scientists, drought managers, USBR, ADWR, KOLD TV, WSP, UA news media, turf irrigators; 2000 gauges Coop. Ext., SRP, City of Phx, SV Water Banking Simulator NM Farmers & Water managers UNM, NM State Eng. USPP Water Mgmt. DSS Upper San Pedro water stakeholders USPP, Nat. Cons., USGS, BLM ArizonaWater.org AZ Water Professionals WSP, AWI, Water Isotopes Students and Faculty UA-HWR, Scripps IO SAHRA OMS SAHRA SAHRA investigators *Global Water News Water professionals and students UNESCO Watch worldwide; 200k page views/mo *G-WADI / ICIWaRM Water professionals in developing UNESCO countries in arid regions

* Arizona Wells/Arizona Hydrologic Information System - This Web application makes large, seemingly incompatible groundwater-related databases from four state and federal agencies Web- accessible via a single user interface. Users can choose from among a variety of database search options, including well ID, owner name, or one of several a map-based approaches. Data from wells matching search criteria can be viewed, graphed, and downloaded in various formats. Arizona Wells was the initial web service of the larger Arizona Hydrologic Information System. AHIS aims to provide web-based access to all data relevant to water-related research, technology, planning, education, and outreach from multiple sources within the Southwest. A joint effort of Arizona’s three state universities and state and federal agencies, AHIS is a virtual clearinghouse for water information in Arizona. Arizona Wells has seen heavy usage since its inception, and the Arizona Dept. of Water Resources reported a precipitous drop in phone requests for well data.

* RainLog.org / RainMapper.org - This volunteer citizen science program for precipitation data collection, visualization, and sharing uses low-cost rain gauges to provide a dense network of gauges. The program has grown in several dimensions since its inception in 2004. RainLoggers providing precipitation data now number about 1,800, and are found across Arizona and beyond. Users of the data

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continued to grow and diversify as well. The related RainMapper service that debuted in July 2007 grew to over 2,700 subscribers. This allows non-participants to receive a best-guess estimate of their rainfall based on surrounding RainMapper data. The program has been popular with the media, with major coverage that includes annual half-page monsoon summaries in 2 papers. Eleven sponsors have helped fund the distribution of free raingauges.

* Global Water News Watch - This news watch service for water professionals around the world provides summaries of news stories and reports gleaned from about 180 websites, translated from eight languages. The website allows users to see recent highlighted stories and the most recent stories in 13 different subject categories. In addition, all items can be searched by any combination of key word, subject, geography, and time frame. A related web service, Email News Tracker, allows people (~1,000) to sign up for free personalized newsletters, on the subjects and geographic area of interest to them. Over 20,000 articles summarized and entered in database. The site averages 200,000 page views per month.

* G-WADI & ICIWaRM interactions - SAHRA’s KT program has been deeply involved with these two UNESCO-sponsored water programs since their inception, providing websites, print publications, and logistics for workshops and short courses. G-WADI has existed since 2003, while ICIWaRM is a relatively new program. Currently, G-WADI has experienced serious cutbacks in UNESCO funding, and ICIWaRM, through the Army Corps Institute for Water Resources, has agreed to serve as its Secretariat. KT has recently developed new websites for both programs. Traffic has been steady on G-WADI website, particularly the section related to “isotopes and chemical tracers”.

Upper San Pedro Regional Conservation and Augmentation Planning - SAHRA nurtured a long- term relationship with stakeholders in the San Pedro River Basin with research activities related to assessment of water conservation options, groundwater use, and potential impacts of climate change, and the development and testing of the San Pedro decision support system (DSS). The DSS focuses on appropriate conservation and augmentation measures proposed to move toward safe yield with predictions of groundwater conditions resulting from potential decisions.

Internal Information Sharing - Comprehensive reporting on and coordination of SAHRA’s many projects would be nearly impossible without the use of SAHRA’s Intranet, which outlines policies and guidelines, posts presentations, coordinates workgroups, and allows online reporting for personal and project information by SAHRA participants through the Online Management System (OMS), which is dynamically linked to SAHRA’s public website.

Table IV.5: Highlights of Informal and Experiential Education Activity Audience; Impact Major Collaborators *Kartchner Cavern kiosk State Park visitors; 2000 DVD’s sold AZ State Parks *Sabino Canyon kiosk National Forest visitors/public Catalina Forest, USGS *Phoenix Zoo display Zoo visitors, families Phx. Zoo, CAP, SRP *Rainwater Harvesting Public, water conservation and landscape Nature Conservancy, Tucson Water, B2, professionals USBR, SWES, UA Coop. Ext. Annual meeting displays SAHRA, SAB, NSF Water Planet display Public NCED SAHRA traveling display Water Professionals

* The Hydrology of Kartchner Caverns and other informal science center exhibits - The KT team sought out venues visited by hundreds of thousands of people per year who were predisposed to be interested in water and science. We then worked with these organizations to develop displays and exhibits on various aspects of water issues and hydrologic science. These venues include Sabino Canyon

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visitors center, the Phoenix Zoo, Flandrau Science Center, and a touring exhibition developed by the Minnesota Museum of Science and New York’s Museum of Natural History. Our most ambitious exhibit is located at Kartchner Caverns, a world-class cave in southeastern Arizona visited by upwards of 300,000 persons per year. We developed a physical display and touch-screen kiosk with high-level animations, sound track, and subtitles in four languages. These are supplemented by a DVD and Website.

* Rainwater Harvesting Demonstration Site - KT has worked closely with The Nature Conservancy and local water harvesting groups and experts to turn TNC’s Tucson headquarters into a showcase for rainwater harvesting and renewable energy. These efforts, begun in 2005, have been supported by over 10 grants and gifts from state and local governments, the Bureau of Reclamation, and individual donors. The site currently showcases eight approaches to rainwater harvesting, through durable interpretive signage, self-guided tours and docent-led tours. The site also hosts docent-led tours that have reached 1,000’s of visitors, classes, hands-on projects and special events. It also is used as a research site. A City of Tucson ordinance passed in 2009 mandating rainwater harvesting in new commercial construction has greatly increased interest in and demand for information and technical assistance.

Table IV.6: Highlights of Skills Development Activity Audience; Impact Major Collaborators * M.Eng degree Professional development; 12 graduates USACE, NWS *Water & Land for Water and land managers, hydrologists, 250+ attended 1.5-day event, 3 major Renewable Energy Wkshp consultants, water attorneys, utilities, sponsors, 7 participating organizations environmentalists, researchers, planners Drought Monitoring and Water resource managers Climas, AWI, AZ Coop. Ext., ADWR, Planning OALS, NWS Scenario Modeling Water Planners and scholars ADWR Climate Model AZ Water managers AWI, SRP, WSP, CAP, USBR Downscaling

* Masters of Engineering degree - This accelerated masters of engineering in water resources management was developed in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to provide state-of- the-art training to USACE mid-level managers who needed to finish an advanced degree in order to advance professionally. Twelve students from a variety of backgrounds completed this degree.

* Water and Land for Renewable Energy in the Southwest event - This major event, held on 22-23 October 2009, explored opportunities and challenges for large-scale renewable energy projects and their impacts on our water and land resources. The program was designed to attract a wide variety of interests, from technical to managerial, and drew attendees from across the Southwest. The full-day symposium focused on current impacts of solar power on land and water resources, while the half-day workshop examined how developing solar and algae-based technologies might impact land and water in the future. Indicators:

Drought Monitoring and Planning - The ongoing multi-year drought in the southwestern United States is a compelling topic, especially when coupled with the threat of climate change. Water and related resource managers are anxious for more information in more readily usable forms to assisting in effective planning and design of adaptation strategies. Numerous projects pertaining to drought monitoring, planning, and management were active in 2008 under the leadership of the Stakeholder Engagement macro-theme. In 2009, Kathy Jacobs accepted a position as Assistant Director, Climate Adaptation and Assessment in the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Executive Office in Washington, D.C.

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Scenarios and Stakeholders - The final downscaling workshop in 2010 evaluated scenario implications for the regional water management system. This effort has had multiple benefits, including providing new opportunities to work with the Arizona Department of Water Resources on using climate change information in their supply and demand projections for the first time. Mohammed Mahmoud’s paper on decision support at SAHRA won the best paper award in Environmental Science and Policy. SAHRA researcher Rosalind Bark worked on evaluating the water management and policy implications of the Gila River Indian Community water rights settlement, the largest in the country, resulting in a publication in Water Resources Research and several presentations.

Salt-Verde River Climate Model Downscaling Project - A major new engagement effort was initiated in 2009, following up on previous investments in downscaling global climate models for the Southwest. This new effort started with a partnership with the Arizona Water Institute and the Salt River Project. The “Downscaling Project” focuses on evaluating the implications of climate change for central Arizona, particularly the Salt-Verde Watershed. Three workshops were held in February, September and November of 2009 focusing on selecting the models to be downscaled, evaluating how paleoclimate (floods and drought sequences) could be integrated into planning scenarios, and evaluating sources and management of uncertainties associated with climate change models. This effort has had multiple benefits, including providing new opportunities to work with the Arizona Department of Water Resources on using climate change information in their supply and demand projections for the first time.

Table IV.7: Highlights of Publications, Conferences & Broadcast Activity Audience; Impact Major Collaborators * Southwest Hydrology Water Professional across SW USGS, CAP, SRP, 37 advertisers Magazine *Media News briefings General public via media news stories Climas, WSP * AZ Hydro Soc. Symp. SW Water Professionals; 520 attendees 100 sponsors and exhibits Basin-wide Special Pubs. Water professionals and scholars Intl. Asso. Hydro. Sci. (IAHS) SAHRA Annual Meeting SAHRA WSP, Nat. Con., RG water managers Intl Transbdy Water Symp International UNESCO Ephemeral Flow SAHRA - internal All participants

* Southwest Hydrology Magazine - To better communicate with partners, stakeholders and other interested parties, SAHRA began publishing a trade magazine in September 2003. The goal of Southwest Hydrology is to inform and connect the water communities of the arid and semi-arid Southwest. It is written by and for consultants, regulators, researchers, water managers, lawyers, policymakers, and others who work with water issues in semi-arid regions. Each issue includes theme articles addressing a major water management topic, in addition to regular sections on R&D, government actions, management trends, publications, software reviews, and industry news. The magazine is distributed free of charge six times per year to over 6,600 subscribers in the Southwest and the rest of the United States. Over time, content increased from 32 to 44 pages; paid advertisers increased to 37 per issue, and sponsorships (agencies & water providers) peaked at 7 before the economic downturn. The magazine garnered eight awards for excellence in scientific communication.

* Media Briefings - SAHRA’s first media briefing in July 2002 focused on El Nino, drought, and fire conditions. Each briefing combined concise reports on current hydrologic conditions with clear updates on relevant research. One briefing began with a sneak preview of a disaster movie followed by presentations on possible impacts of climate change on local water resources. The events were carefully timed and tailored to meet the needs of TV and newspaper reporters. The result was dozens of stories summarizing water conditions and related research, at very low cost. Twelve briefings were held, with the

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following distribution: Tucson (8), Phoenix (3) and Albuquerque (1). An average of 4-5 stories generated per event.

* Sustainable Water, Unlimited Growth, Quality of Life: Can we have it all? Event - This Conference and Symposium, hosted jointly with the Arizona Hydrological Society on Aug. 29 - Sept. 1, 2007, featured well-known experts on all aspects of the complex issue of sustainable water and growth. Presentations, panel discussions, and social events all were designed to maximize interaction and thoughtful discussion on limits and tradeoffs.

Benchmark Papers in Hydrology - SAHRA is a co-publisher (and in some cases co-editor) of the Benchmark Papers in Hydrology, a series of 9 volumes published biannually by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. The series collects, reproduces, and disseminates key papers that contribute or have contributed to current thinking on specific topics within the hydrological sciences. Former SAHRA Director, W.J. Shuttleworth, co-authored one volume on Evaporation. Several other volumes are out in the areas of: Streamflow generation processes, Groundwater, Rainfall-Runoff modelling and Hydro-geomorphology.

Other Special Publications - In conjunction with the Basin-scale Water Balance macro-theme, a KT staff member and associates completed a book to educate lay audiences on the hydrology, geology, cultural history, and legal and economic issues of the Rio Grande. Fred Philips of the University of New Mexico and Mary Black of SAHRA are principal authors on this book, which will be published summer of 2011 by the University of New Mexico Press (Reining in the Rio Grande).

Displays at Professional Conferences/Meetings - SAHRA’s static displays, electronic kiosks, and print materials are used at professional conferences to publicize SAHRA and Southwest Hydrology, develop new partnerships, and recruit students. Display materials are updated for each annual meeting. SAHRA had major, non-static displays at over a dozen events every year, including: American Geophysical Union, UCOWR, SACNAS, Arizona Hydrological Society and Arizona Science Teachers Association.

SAHRA’s internal newsletter, Ephemeral Flow, is published electronically by KT staff four times per year, with the goal of improving communication among SAHRA participants at all partner institutions. Each issue includes a feature story, and sections on new grants/leveraging, research activities and news, administrative notes, announcements and an informal “R&R” section. Issues can be accessed at www.sahra.arizona/newsletter.

2c. Indicators/Metrics

Knowledge Transfer gathers quantitative impact measures of KT products. Complete data are available at www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/advisory/indicators/.

2d. Plans for Post-NSF Base Funding

SAHRA’s Knowledge Transfer, International, Education, and Stakeholder Engagement programs underwent an external review in September 2004. A background document was prepared for this review, SAHRA Knowledge Transfer, Education and Stakeholder Engagement Activity Internal Review Report, which consisted of program descriptions and an internal assessment of the programs based on an anonymous survey. One suggestion was review of the entire KT/INT and Education activities in light of SAHRA’s mission and declining base funding. Two workshops were held in January 2005 to address long-term planning issues in light of declining base funding, identify criteria for prioritizing current efforts and proposed projects, and discuss project management issues. Quarterly KT/Ed meetings focus

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on developing and applying criteria for identifying and assessing long-term partnerships and leveraging opportunities with other organizations.

The Knowledge Transfer/International macrotheme has worked since 2006 to identify and cultivate long- term strategic partnerships to broaden our impact and enhance sustainability in a post-NSF base funding period. These efforts include working with organizations and centers such as UNESCO, Biosphere 2, National Phenology Network, Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, UA Flandrau Science Center and various state and local entities. UA's Water Sustainability Program continues to be a significant source of KT support.

In addition, KT has increased grant writing and has supported efforts to secure longer-term funding for new water-related centers. Our goal is to maintain a core KT staff, without which many projects and signature products would become difficult or impractical. We continue to shift activities into a broader domain of climate change, sustainability, and the water-energy nexus as we seek new partners and funding sources.

Leveraging Core Capabilities The critical objective for KT/International is to maintain the core team of professional staff that includes an overall manager/coordinator/grant writer; graphic artist/graphic designer; Web developer; and database programmer. Having this core team allows us to tackle large, complex projects disseminating cutting- edge, usable research and other water-related information to water resources managers and other stakeholders with a critical interest in arid and semi-arid hydrology. This will include developing web sites and services, creating displays, exhibits, kiosks and related web sites and media (e.g., DVDs), establishing and supporting volunteer citizen science networks for environmental monitoring, and international activities.

SAHRA KT’s administrative home has been moved from the Hydrology and Water Resources Department to Biosphere 2. This has provided closer ties and shared resources with other B2-associated units. The KT team soon will move its offices to Flandrau Science Center, which has been serving Southern Arizona since 1975. Flandrau is currently involved in an ambitious redesign to become the university’s main science portal and coordinate informal education and public outreach efforts, and KT staff is playing key roles.

As part of the College of Science, both B2 and Flandrau run extensive outreach and education programming that will, in fact, benefit from close collaboration with, and physical proximity to, the SAHRA KT team. SAHRA has an extensive history of serving Biosphere 2's informational needs, and its KT division expects to similarly assist Flandrau in an informational makeover. It has provided assistance with B2 kiosks, exhibits and signage, and has been instrumental in executing a variety of outreach and education initiatives. Recently, SAHRA KT reformulated the Biosphere 2 website and helped expand information about the nature of its collaboration with the NSF Amazon PIRE program, one of whose international field sites is the tropical forest under B2's glass dome.

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V: EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS

1a. Overall Objectives for Developing External Partnerships

SAHRA's overall goals and objectives for developing external partnerships remained unchanged throughout the duration of the Center. Partnerships continue to play an important role as we transition beyond the 10 years of STC funding by the National Science Foundation. The overall goal was to develop partnerships that were mutually beneficial and were critical to SAHRA’s strategic goals. Specific goals are to:

• obtain access to relevant scientific expertise which we otherwise don't have; • extend the beneficial impact of our research and outreach activities to water managers and policy makers by including new/additional stakeholder partnerships, including scientific stakeholders; • secure new resources that can be used in support of SAHRA's activities and goals by building research and outreach partnerships; • enhance progress toward our diversity goals by including relevant partners with greater participation by Hispanic and Native American groups; and • extend the range and impact of our KT/International, and Educational outreach by working with new partners.

1b. Performance and Management Indicators

Performance indicators used to evaluate partnership goals are shown in the following table:

ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL QUANTITATIVE QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF INDIVIDUALS INDICATOR INDICATOR

Number of SAHRA partnerships Description of the nature of existing James Hogan Partnerships** and any changes over the last and new partnerships and their Juan Valdes year relevance to SAHRA’s mission

1c. Problems Encountered or Anticipated

SAHRA continues to have numerous opportunities to partner with diverse organizations. The challenge remains one of managing SAHRA’s partnerships in a controlled way that leverages our resources, creates synergies for all concerned, and contributes to integrating our activities. In the final year of NSF funding SAHRA faced the challenge of a changing relationship with many of our partners, from one where SAHRA was seen as a source of financial resources to one where SAHRA is able to provide intellectual resources. This changing nature of our partnership will likely mean fewer but stronger relationships.

2a. Partnership Activities

Over 100 partners were engaged with SAHRA research activities during the tenure of STC funding. A breakdown of partnerships is available at www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/advisory/indicators/. Here we detail only the most significant research partnerships that involve multiple research projects.

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Partnership Activity Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Led by Everett Springer Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 LANL see text below see text below

Los Alamos National Laboratory has been a partner with SAHRA since the Center’s inception in 2000. The partnership brought the strengths of both organizations to bear on solving problems of predicting water resources availability in the southwestern United States. LANL has unique capabilities in modeling and simulation, along with high-performance computing, to address this problem. SAHRA provided the domain expertise to complete needed modules, provide data and parameterize the model, and evaluate the model quantitatively and qualitatively.

LANL participated primarily in the area of modeling, with emphasis on the fine-resolution modeling effort in the Rio Grande Basin and co-leadership of the Integrated Modeling macro-theme. The SAHRA partnership provides LANL with an opportunity to use its capabilities in advanced computing and numerical simulation to address an important national issue. The LANL/SAHRA effort complements the LANL scientific grand challenge on understanding energy and earth systems by using coupled nonlinear models supported by data to predict the hydrologic response of semi-arid ecosystems. The partnership also offers the potential for LANL to recruit graduate students and postdoctoral associates into science and engineering positions.

LANL and SAHRA had several joint studies: 1) fine-resolution integrated modeling of the Rio Grande Basin to promote science-based decision making; 2) databases for model parameterization and testing for the Rio Grande; and 3) instrumentation and field activities associated with the Rio Grande environmental observatories, supported by a $700,000/year match from LANL.

Shared resources: The capabilities of the LANL computers allow very highly resolved simulations to be performed, and multiple simulations to perform sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. SAHRA uses the Coyote LANL institutional computing platform. The Coyote cluster has 2,580 AMD Opteron (2.6 GHz) with a total of 10.2 terrabytes of RAM. LANL also provides software through its problem-solving environment that facilitates use of these massively parallel computers.

For the Rio Grande environmental observatories in the Valles Caldera, LANL provided equipment for one of the eddy-correlation towers. Other LANL activities in the Valles Caldera area also support the Rio Grande studies.

Partnership Activity Biosphere 2 Led by Paul Brooks, Gary Woodard, Travis Huxman Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 Biosphere 2 see text below see text below

The University of Arizona assumed management of the Biosphere 2 complex in 2007. Initial experiments are focusing on understanding the mass balance of water in semi-arid regions as vegetation changes, a close match to SAHRA’s vegetation change research, and several SAHRA researchers were involved at the steering committee level during initial design of the landscape evolution observatory at the B2 facility (http://leo.b2science.org/home). This partnership strengthened over the final years of SAHRA STC funding. SAHRA research is now tightly coupled to B2 through an MOU involving shared resources, space, and closely integrated research activities.

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Outreach and education activities also draw on the expertise of SAHRA Education and Knowledge Transfer personnel, who have completely revised the B2 website, adding a content management system, contributed to tour displays, helped to modify two residence units to make the site a showcase for water and energy sustainability, explored water harvesting opportunities, and jointly produced an annual ecohydrology issue of Southwest Hydrology, for which Biosphere 2 is a major sponsor. SAHRA personnel worked with Biosphere Science and Society Fellows on various projects, including public signage and development of a phenology garden. SAHRA was instrumental in obtaining an Earth Buzz kiosk for Biosphere 2, adding content on water issues. Additionally, SAHRA provided inventory for Biosphere 2’s gift shop, including posters of Robert McCall’s work on space exploration, rain gauges for use in the rainlog.org program, and low-water-use shower heads. SAHRA’s 2008 Annual Meeting was also held at Biosphere 2.

Partnership Activity ICIWaRM Led by Juan Valdés, Eugene Stakhiv, Robert Pietrowsky Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 USACE see text below see text below 2 UNESCO see text below see text below

The International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (ICIWaRM), a partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and other entities, was approved by the U.S. government and forwarded to UNESCO in 2008. The center received final approval as a Level II UNESCO center in October 2009, and is the first U.S.-based center to work in support of UNESCO’s International Hydrology Program. The center receives funding via USACE, and supports SAHRA to manage the participation by U.S. academic institutions nationwide in the training and project activities undertaken by ICIWaRM. An NRC fellowship was obtained to fund Aleix Serrat-Capdevila, a recent Ph.D. from the SAHRA program, as a postdoctoral research associate at ICIWaRM.

Two efforts were undertaken to initiate SAHRA’s ICIWaRM activities. First, a Senegal Basin workshop/short course with the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Senegal (OMVS) occurred during summer 2009. It focused on forecasting and monitoring and rainfall/runoff modeling, with applications to reservoir operations. OMVS is an organization that includes representation from Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, and Guinea focused on managing the Senegal River Basin. It aims to promote self-sufficiency in food, to improve the income of the local populations, and to preserve the natural ecosystems. A second ICIWaRM workshop occurred in the fall of 2009 that focused on urban hydrology in Latin American cities, and is envisioned as a mobile course to be offered in multiple locations.

Partnership Activity Arizona Water Institute (AWI) Led by Kathy Jacobs Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 Arizona Water Institute See text below. See text below.

AWI was a collaboration of Arizona’s three universities, in partnership with three state agencies. It focused on establishing partnerships with water management stakeholders in support of real-world water sustainability solutions. It was designed as a “boundary organization” to translate scientific information for decision-making, working collaboratively across the university system and “co-producing” knowledge with its partners. SAHRA worked to help establish the Arizona Water Institute and over the three years it existed supported its start-up activities, jointly funding projects, and shared staff. Unfortunately, AWI was defunded by the legislature in the spring of 2009 and ceased operations on July 1, 2009.

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During its three-year tenure, AWI completed 47 projects, including 35 grant-funded projects, 2 field trips, and sponsored more than 20 workshops and conferences. AWI brought in approximately $3 million in support and matching funds over that time period, and its projects have led to a series of federally funded grants. Over 100 project partnerships were built in support of the projects.

A major, shared product as a result of the partnership between AWI and SAHRA was the development of the Arizona Hydrologic Information System (AHIS, www.azh2o.org), designed to provide better access to water-related information from multiple sources across the state. It provides Google-like access to data and provides the capacity to visualize and manipulate sources of information that would not otherwise be able to be linked. It is seen as a state-based platform for CUAHSI’s national Hydrologic Information System (HIS). This AWI and SAHRA signature product has continued, and a junior researcher has been recruited to manage this project.

Partnership Activity Sandia National Laboratories Collaboration Led by Vince Tidwell, Gary Woodard, Juan Valdés, Hoshin Gupta Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 Sandia Ntl. Labs see text below see text below

The partnership between Sandia National Laboratories and SAHRA focused primarily on research and development of systems-level models to support water resource planning. Much of this work was done by UA Ph.D. students supported by Sandia fellowships. One effort supported the development of an integrated model that integrates surface and groundwater hydrology and water use demand within a water market environment. The model allows participants to simulate trades in a water market system subject to various market structures and policy controls. This experimentation has revealed how various sectors of the population might behave under alternative market systems.

The second collaborative effort involved the development of a modeling toolbox that incorporates a variety of physical and social process modules for use in watershed modeling. These modules broadly relate to watershed processes, river-aquifer interactions, water quality, ecosystem services, economics, ecology, and policy. These modules were incorporated into an integrated model of the Rio Grande within the state of New Mexico. The model currently integrates the surface water system of the river, including reservoir operations with the groundwater system and a detailed accounting of the water demands throughout the basin. Also included are a salinity module, silvery minnow mortality model and an economic input-output model for Bernalillo County.

A third project, the cooperative development of a set of dynamical systems models by NMT and UA researchers, will perform rainfall/runoff modeling, solute-balance modeling, and nutrient modeling of the Rio Grande. A fourth area of cooperation involves modeling how the quantity and quality of urban runoff is affected by the age, density, and type of development and hardscapes.

There was a strong sense of synergy in the partnership between Sandia and SAHRA. Sandia gained direct access to a wide range of leading scientists and talented graduate students spanning the broad range of disciplines contributing to water resource management. Such contacts are invaluable in creating the next generation of resource management and planning models. In turn, the developed models provided a unique opportunity for SAHRA to communicate to and educate the public, stakeholders, and decision makers on the complexity of water resources management in semi-arid regions.

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Partnership Activity Sevilleta LTER Led by Eric Small Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 University of Colorado see text below see text below 2 University of New Mexico see text below see text below

This Long Term Ecological Research site (LTER) in New Mexico partnered with SAHRA for plot to watershed-scale ecohydrological research. Given its history of ecological and other environmental research, the Sevilleta was an excellent resource for SAHRA. Major advantages to conducting research on the LTER included: a) existing instrumentation networks for measuring rainfall, solar radiation, soil temperature and moisture, wind speed and direction, and other climate variables; b) ongoing hydrologic studies; c) available satellite data; and d) security, since it is fenced and patrolled.

The sites and facilities located at the Sevilleta, when combined with partnerships with Los Alamos National Laboratory (see above) and Valles Caldera National Preserve (described below), represent all major biomes found within the Rio Grande catchment. Consistent data acquisition, experimentation, and measurement protocols across all sites are being used to develop, parameterize, and refine a fine-scale hydrologic model for the Rio Grande developed through collaboration between SAHRA and LANL (described above). The operation of these sites has transitioned to the New Mexico EPSCoR flux network. SAHRA investigator Marcy Litvak (UNM) is our primary contact operating tower experiments both for SAHRA and EPSCOR. Our Memorandum of Understanding ensures coordination of measurements, consistency of data, and access.

Partnership Activity Upper San Pedro Partnership Led by Dave Goodrich, Kevin Lansey, Russ Scott Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 USPP see text below see text below

In the Upper San Pedro Basin, SAHRA worked closely with the Upper San Pedro Partnership, the primary group of decision makers within the basin, on riparian preservation issues. Joint activities included conducting basic science for improved basin and system understanding, development of models to aid decision making, interpreting science for outreach efforts, and regular meetings with elected officials and land managers.

David Goodrich continues to meet regularly with the USPP (once per month with the Partnership Advisory Committee and one per month with the Executive Committee). Russ Scott now chairs the Technical Committee and leads the monthly meetings. SAHRA-funded researcher Kevin Lansey leads the decision-support system (DSS) work for the USPP which was formally accepted and posted on the USPP web site (see: http://www.usppartnership.com/plan_groundwtr.htm).

Partnership Activity USDA-ARS-SWRC/SAHRA Joint Activities Led by Dave Goodrich, Russ Scott Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 USDA see text below see text below

SAHRA continued its partnership with the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s Southwest Watershed Research Center (USDA-ARS-SWRC). SWRC’s is closely aligned with SAHRA's mission, and SWRC’s knowledge, experimental, and physical resources enhance SAHRA's ability to address its own mission.

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The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed operated by SWRC in Tucson, Arizona, is a premier semi- arid experimental watershed. Draining 150 square kilometers in southeastern Arizona, the watershed is representative of the approximately 60 million hectares of grass- and brush-covered rangeland found throughout the semi-arid southwest and northern Mexico. It lies in a transition zone between the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Detailed experiments and long-term observations are conducted to improve understanding of semi-arid rangeland hydrology and erosion. No comparable semi-arid hydrologic database exists in the world (see www.tucson.ars.ag.gov). In 2008, a special section of the journal Water Resources Research was published, entitled “Fifty Years of Research and Data Collection: U.S. Department of Agriculture Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed” (see http://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/dap/wrr.html).

A variety of SWRC resources have been used to enhance the collaborative SAHRA research effort. The Walnut Gulch facility serves as an important outdoor laboratory for SAHRA research. Research knowledge, observation, and understanding from the watershed are being used in a variety of SAHRA activities, ranging from rainfall characterization, infiltration, ephemeral channel recharge, nutrient loading from ephemeral runoff events, to erosion. SWRC instrumentation (rain gauges), facilities (shops, labs, housing for visiting scientists and students), and vehicles are also used by SAHRA collaborators. ARS and SWRC hydrometeorology and flux towers with SAHRA instruments and assistance are also deployed in a variety of vegetation complexes outside of Walnut Gulch to investigate the effects of brush invasion.

Partnership Activity USGS/SAHRA Joint Activities Led by Dave Goodrich Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 USGS Arizona Dist. See text below see text below

The Arizona District of the U.S. Geological Survey conducts extensive research on the groundwater resources of the southwestern United States. Many of the projects conducted by the Arizona district programs have great relevance to SAHRA’s effort. SAHRA collaborated with USGS on data collection and analysis relating to the groundwater flow system. Work continues post-STC to develop USGS groundwater model response functions for the Upper San Pedro for incorporation into the USPP-DSS.

Partnership Activity Valles Caldera National Preserve Led by Paul Brooks Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research, See text below See text below University of Colorado 2 Valles Caldera National Preserve ” ” 3 Los Alamos National Lab ” ”

The Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) contained the core sites of SAHRA’s prototype ecohydrological observatory and now is a core location for the Jemez River Basin - Santa Catalina Mountains Critical Zone Observatory (JRB-SCM CZO). The VCNP was established on July 25, 2000 to “...protect and preserve the scientific, scenic, geologic, watershed, fish, wildlife, historic, cultural, and recreational values of the Preserve, and to provide for multiple use and sustained yield of renewable resources within the Preserve,” consistent with the Valles Caldera Preservation Act. This unique resource, together with adjacent national forest lands, encompasses many of the major ecosystem types found in semi-arid catchments, ranging from high elevation spruce-fir forests to desert shrub and grasslands. SAHRA researchers have partnered with the VCNP, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to establish a series of research sites in major

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ecosystem types of the Rio Grande. Data and process knowledge from these sites are being used to evaluate the effects of vegetation type and vegetation change on the water balance in semi-arid basins.

In addition to the unique site characteristics, partnering with VCNP provided access to meteorological and hydrological equipment and data, remote sensing data acquisition and archives, laboratory access, bunkhouse facilities, logistical support, and on-site technical assistance. Much of the field activity associated with the SAHRA vegetation transect study has been managed by the Basin-Scale Water Balance macro-theme, and located in the Valles Caldera.

The partnership with VCNP provided SAHRA with secure field sites for long-term research in the Rio Grande Basin. We completed two sites in the VCNP including towers for eddy correlation measurements of surface-atmosphere water, energy and carbon exchange, soil moisture, snow depth and snow water content, and stream discharge and chemistry. The Basin-Scale Water Balance and Integrated Modeling macro-themes are cooperating with Valles Caldera National Preserve staff to obtain distributed micrometeorological measurements from existing stations and to establish several additional meteorological stations in high-priority areas, obtaining distributed soil moisture data in two field campaigns, and distributed stream chemistry during two field surveys.

Our partners (LANL, VCNP, NCAR) are actively pursuing new funding and contracted instrumentation, staff, and housing for vegetation change research. We have partnered with these groups in submitting proposals to NSF, the New Mexico Water Board, NASA, and the U.S. Department of Energy. We also have a data-sharing Memorandum of Understanding with the New Mexico EPSCoR flux network for eddy flux and micrometerological data.

Partnership Activity National Phenology Network Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 US-NPN See text below See text below

A major partnership was established in 2008 with the U.S. National Phenology Network (NPN). Headquartered at the University of Arizona, NPN seeks to gather and disseminate data on the impact of climate change and fluctuations on seasonal life cycle events of plants and animals. NPN’s mission is highly compatible with SAHRA’s, it has a need for citizen science expertise, and is operating on a 30- year planning horizon, all of which makes it a good partner.

SAHRA's Knowledge Transfer staff worked closely with NPN to provide specific web-based services. By the end of 2008, KT was working on NPN’s overall website, registration page, data upload capabilities, and basic data visualization. A rollout of the new website and citizen science program took place in March 2009, via a media briefing organized by KT. Within two weeks, nearly 2,000 volunteers were registered and uploading data. The NPN-KT partnership further expanded in 2009, supported by significant new funding from the USGS and other sources. SAHRA KT continues to assist NPN with over all database functions, developing advanced data visualizations, adding data download capabilities, and assuming a growing role in recruiting and retaining volunteers. Other areas of joint work, including developing a K-12 program and incorporating legacy datasets, are being pursued. The importance of these data types for monitoring impacts of climate change and the lack of alternatives to volunteer networks bodes well for future collaboration and new funding sources.

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2b. Other Outcomes or Impacts

Nothing further to report.

2c. Indicators and Metrics Results

Full information and commentary on all SAHRA management and performance indicators is available at www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/advisory/indicators/. The complete listing of partners reported is available at the website.

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VI. DIVERSITY

1a. Overall Goals and Objectives

SAHRA’s broad objective was to support wider participation in hydrologic science activity and providing a quality education and outreach to all audiences. However, we remain committed to the more specific diversity goal of creating a demographic mix among SAHRA students, researchers, staff, and administration that more closely reflects the ethnic and gender mix of the population in the region within which SAHRA’s primary activities occur, i.e., the southwestern United States and the U.S.-Mexico border region.

1b. Performance and Management Indicators

Performance indicators used to evaluate diversity goals are shown in the following table and did not change last year. Nor has the guidance for the qualitative and contextual evaluation changed.

ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF GOAL QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR INDIVIDUALS INDICATOR Description of diversity in the regional context, relevance of Racial, ethnic and gender diversity diversity to mission of SAHRA, Diversity of SAHRA investigators, staff, J. Washburne and of any noteworthy successes and students and/or failures in progress towards meeting the diversity goal

2a. Activities That Contribute to the Development of U.S. Human Resources

All SAHRA students have the advantage of working in a Center-directed environment that stresses interdisciplinary research, communication of research results at student and professional symposia, and stakeholder-relevant application of new understandings. In addition, several Center activities are significantly aimed at encouraging and supporting underrepresented students.

Faculty Hires - Although SAHRA has no final say in faculty hiring, over the course of the Center, SAHRA has benefited from strong leadership among its existing and newly hired under-represented faculty and researchers. At UA, Prof. Juan Valdes (SAHRA Director: 2008-2009) has attracted and mentored a steady stream of Hispanic students and researchers who are involved in SAHRA activities. Also at UA, Asst. Prof. Jennifer McIntosh (hired: 2006) has inspired dozens of graduates interested in hydrogeologic applications of groundwater isotopes. At NMT, Asst. Prof. Enrique Vivoni (SAHRA researcher: 2003-2009) has led efforts to recruit, retain, and provide advancement opportunities for under- represented minorities in hydrologic science. At Utah State, Asst. Prof. Luis Bastidas (SAHRA postdoc: 2000-2002) has worked with dozens of students interested in SAHRA-style, interdisciplinary hydrologic science. Another postdoc, Asst. Prof. Francina Dominguez (2005-2009), now has a joint appointment with the hydrology and atmospheric science departments and has remained an active SAHRA collaborator. SAHRA has also benefited from hiring actions across the UA campus where the School of Natural Resources has hired Shirley Kurc Papuga, (a former graduate student of Fred Phillips’ group at New Mexico Tech).

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Faculty and Student Exchange Programs – SAHRA has hosted several faculty and student exchange efforts over its tenure. These help strengthen our ties to minority-serving institutions and help strengthen the research skills of the participants. Some efforts of note include: • 2002: Martin Alcala, RESACA CREST Center, summer exchange, • 2004: Prof. Barry Hibbs, CEA CREST Center, research, grants, extended interactions, • 2005: Miguel Moreno, University of Castilla La Mancha, 6 mo exchange, • 2006: Quality Education for Minorities (QEM) summer faculty sabbaticals: o Prof. Loren White, Jackson State University, Prof. Hatim Sharif, University of Texas-San Antonio, and two graduate students, Almoutaz El Hassan and Singaiah Chintalapudi, the latter whom SAHRA helped support.

Post Docs - SAHRA made an early policy of utilizing postdocs as research team leaders and this resulted in SAHRA postdocs developing and carrying with them a skill set rich with team leadership, interdisciplinary collaboration and SAHRA science experience. Some notable achievements include: • Constance Brown (Blk/Af.Am.) - now Asst. Prof. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN • Holly Hartman - now Director, Office or Arid Land Studies, UA • Betsy Woodhouse - now Publisher/Research Associate, Inst. of the Environment, UA • Aleix Serrat-Capdevila (Hisp/Lat) - now helping coordinate the International Center for Interdisciplinary Water Resource Management (ICIWaRM), UA

Working with other STCs, NSF or International programs on diversity/cultural initiatives - These programs have helped broaden our recruiting efforts and support under-represented students: • SACNAS - collaborative effort with 3-5 other environmental STC’s to recruit students at the annual Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans meeting. Our efforts usually include hosting an environmental career workshop and helping judge student posters in the environmental science category. • STC-GEM recruiting partnership, coordinated by the MDITR Center, which provides fellowships to minority doctoral students in the sciences. SAHRA students and faculty have represented SAHRA at the National Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering and Science annual meeting. • REU recruiting effort with all STCs aimed at attracting undergraduates from across the country, particularly women and those from underrepresented groups, to mentored summer REU research positions. • CONACYT - participation in a Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología fellowship program (exchange with Mexico) • TIES - Training, Internships, Exchanges, and funding to support cooperative student exchanges with Mexico (see KT/International section of this report), • AISES - Karletta Chief (PhD student) gave the keynote address at the American Indian Science and Engineering Society annual meeting, Phoenix in 2007.

Expanding the audience of SAHRA-related outreach programs throughout the Southwest - While guidance from NSF has been a little inconsistent in the value it places on pre-college outreach and education, SAHRA has considered community and K-12 outreach to be fundamental to our larger mission of developing the next generation of researchers and a hydrologically literate public. Most of the education activities described in the “Education” section serve a dual role of improving hydrologic literacy and encouraging students to consider environmental science careers. This is particularly important considering the largely Hispanic make-up of many of our partnering schools. Our most focused efforts at working with under-represented students include:

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• Support of Northern Arizona University’s ITEP tribal K-12 water education workshops and events promoting career and skill development; • Support for ECOSTART cross-border initiatives with the Udall Center; ECOSTART leaders also provided some GLOBE/WET training of students at Pima Technical Vocational College; • Leadership of a Water Science Fair collaboration with two other water education groups in Tucson to better support water-related MESA, Science Olympiad and Science Fair projects; • Expanded WATER kit distribution throughout Arizona and New Mexico to serve the substantial Hispanic populations in these states; • Development of a MESA (Math. Eng. and Science Achievement) event for after-school programs to study water evaporation and distillation; • Science Olympiad – coordinate and oversee water quality events for 10-15 middle school teams • Collaboration with UA’s Early Academic Outreach program to connect with K-12 under- represented students and their parents through numerous career activities.

2b. Impact of the Programs/Activities on Enhancing Diversity

Over its lifetime, SAHRA was increasingly perceived as a Center that welcomes, appreciates, and nurtures a diverse population of participants and audiences. The AAAS (2011) review of STC’s found that most STC’s followed this same trajectory, steadily improving the diversity of their centers. While SAHRA never achieved its goal of having its participants reflect the same level of diversity of the southwestern region, our numbers did improve toward this target. When viewed through the perspective presented by the AAAS report, which compared centers of different STC classes with students in similar disciplines and with STEM students in general, SAHRA typically matched its peers or did better in some areas.

Consider first the level of participation by women (Table 6.1). While women and men are equally represented in most age cohorts, women studying STEM (science technology, engineering and mathematics) in universities drops about 10% each time one moves up the academic ladder from undergraduate, to graduate and finally faculty representation. Both SAHRA and STC’s overall did better than this, with women in SAHRA accounting for almost 60% of its undergraduates, 40% of its graduates, 23.4% of its faculty and almost 38% of its postdocs. At the undergraduate level, an emphasis on recruiting women to summer and semester-long REU work positions clearly was effective.

Table 6.1. Female Participation (in %) Category BS (‘05) PhD (’05) Faculty (‘07) PostDoc Female - Earth Sci. 42 32 (43 in 08) 16.5 (28-11) Female - STEM avg 40 31 18 (28-12) Category Undergrad Grad Faculty PostDoc Female -STC 2000 51.8 43.4 29.1 29.1 Female - SAHRA 59.1 * 40.5 23.4 37.5 * Female - US/AZ 50/50 after: Abt/AAAS (2011); * Significantly higher than STC avg, # Significantly lower than STC avg

Next, consider SAHRA’s impact recruiting and retaining under-represented minorities (URM), particularly those classified as Hispanic/Latino (Hispanic), Black/African American (black) or Native American (Table 6.2). This table is more complex as it provides data for each of these categories separately as well as aggregating (summing) these three URM’s together (3 URM). Again, this general layout follows closely that found in the AAAS (2011) report. While URM’s constitute 27.6% or the overall US population, these numbers mostly drop to the single digits, particularly when considering earth science-related disciplines across all academic levels. Surprisingly, the overall population of the southwest (SW) is as diverse as the rest of the nation, although understandably larger in the

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Hispanic/Latino category rather than the large Black/African American presence in the national demographics. STC’s overall have managed to do twice as well as the national STEM average in each category, particularly at attracting Black/African Americans, likely through targeted and concerted recruiting efforts, collaborations with HBCU’s and by their geographic proximity to these student populations. SAHRA’s URM diversity is comparable to all class of 2000 STC’s with the exception of a lower undergraduate number, that is however equal to the URM-STEM average value and much better than Earth Science disciplines in general. When the aggregated numbers are dissected, SAHRA predictably has a larger fraction of Hispanics/Latinos and a smaller fraction of Black/African Americans. To our credit, SAHRA does twice as well when comparing Graduate and Faculty numbers with similar values for Earth Science URM’s, largely due to our strong representation of Hispanic/Latino participants.

Table 6.2. STC Class of 2000 vs. SAHRA - Underrepresented Participant Demographics (% of Total) Category Undergrad Grad Faculty Pdoc URM - Earth Sci. 6.6 6.7 3.4 URM - STEM avg 16.2 9.9 5.0 URM - US 27.6 Hispanic - SW 22.3 Black - SW 2.6 Native Am. - SW 3.7 3 URM - SW 28.6 Hispanic - STC 11.2 5.7 3.3 3.5 Black - STC 31.7 7.0 7.7 2.0 Native American 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.9 3 URM - STC 43.6 13.9 11.2 6.4 Hispanic - SAHRA 11.8 13.5 * 7.8 * 7.5 * Black - SAHRA 2.1 # 1.3 # 1.6 # 2.5 Native American 2.1 1.8 0 0 3 URM - SAHRA 16.0 16.6 9.4 10.0 after: Abt/AAAS (2011); * Significantly higher than STC avg, # Significantly lower than STC avg

Finally, consider the relative proportions of non-US citizens in the student and faculty populations (Table 6.3). Although this table has some missing values, SAHRA and class of 2000 STC’s show similar proportions of non-US citizens at each level. While it does not make sense to compare the Earth Science numbers with anything but the SAHRA numbers, a simple numerical average of the AGI data indicates that 25% of all Earth Science Grads are non-US citizens, which is exactly what the STC data shows. This data is interesting to the degree that one might argue that some of the URM populations above might be made up of some non-US students. However there is no real data to access this degree of overlap, if indeed there is any.

Table 6.3. STC class of 2000 vs. SAHRA - Non-US Citizens (% of Total) Category Undergrad Grad Faculty Pdoc Earth Science 12 (MS), 38 (PhD) STEM avg 32 STC - class 2000 7.0 25.4 9.0 45.1 SAHRA 5.4 25.7 10.9 47.5 after: AAAS (2011); AGIweb (2010)

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2c. Indicators/Metrics Results

With respect to gender, citizenship, disability, and ethnicity, statistics were compiled for SAHRA as a whole, and also broken down in the categories of faculty, graduate students, other research scientists, postdoctoral researchers, support staff, and undergraduate students. Detailed charts of the subcategories are available under “diversity” at www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/advisory/indicators/. A more general tabulation of SAHRA center demographics and distribution of individuals as a function of time is given in Table 6.4 and also in a series of graphs. The graph to the right shows that up until 2003, center affiliates were included in the annual participant count so this is responsible for the large spike in 2002. Otherwise, after a rapid ramping up after the award, numbers are relatively constant until we get into the last 3 years of the center.

The last column in Table 6.4 is the most important. This shows the cumulative number of unique participants in each category. So overall, SAHRA consisted of 525 participants (supported for 160 hrs or more in at least one year) of which 41 were postdocs, 222 were graduate students and 94 were undergraduates. Annually, SAHRA required a staff of about 20 and had about 20 non- faculty researchers affiliated with it.

Table 6.4: SAHRA participant numbers by year Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Y10 Y11 Final 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total 118 193 222 181 183 188 172 176 150 110 109 525 Faculty 37 40 51 45 43 46 42 49 46 34 34 65 Research 24 28 26 22 19 19 17 18 15 11 11 28 Staff 6 13 13 16 16 18 23 28 26 21 21 43 Pdoc 14 21 20 15 14 16 12 9 9 9 9 41 Grads 27 62 67 57 68 66 65 58 43 22 22 222 Ugrads 4 18 28 21 20 18 10 11 7 3 2 94 Teachers 1 2 11 4 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 17 Pre-college 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 20 Visitors 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 8 Others 5 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3 6

Affiliates * * * * 75 61 62 68 58 52 52

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The figures below show center-wide gender trends in all categories (left) and for student categories (right),for graduates (Grads), undergraduates (Ugrads), and post-docs (Pdocs):

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VII: MANAGEMENT

Phase 1 (2000-2003): Building the Center

The SAHRA Center was established at the University of Arizona in January 2000. For the first three years the Center operated with the structure defined in the initial proposal and with management focused around three initial goals, as follows:

• To create national and international recognition of SAHRA and its purpose. • To build strong participation in SAHRA by relevant water scientists and water professionals in the US Southwest and beyond. • To securing renewal of SAHRA after the initial 5 year funding period, ideally at an enhanced funding level.

In retrospect this period is most appropriately viewed as an exploratory stage in the Center’s history during which the strengths and weaknesses of alternative scientific methods and management approaches became better defined, and during which lessons were learned that proved valuable in the subsequent evolution of the Center. Important among the management (1-3) and scientific (4-6) lessons learned during the initial 3 years were the following:

1. Structuring the Center’s activities around Thrust Areas largely defined around scientific interest and capability (as in the original proposal) proved counterproductive with respect to building center integration and furthering transfer of scientific results into practical application. 2. Direct and frequent interaction between the scientists actually carrying out enabling research and the water professions who would be responsible for implementing the results of that research (e.g. as in the San Pedro Partnership) proved more effective than relying on knowledge transfer staff to act as communication intermediaries between these two groups. 3. Operating the large, diverse and distributed participation involved in an STC using a traditional single-PI university research group model (with responsibility for research direction and financial management primarily resting with a few senior individuals, an undefined middle-level line management structure, and informal progress review) lead to confusion and dissatisfaction and inhibited center-commitment among participants. 4. Isotope tracing methods are an effective way to document water movement and recharge processes in semi-arid regions where below ground water movement is complex and has limited magnitude. 5. Economics is potentially an important mechanism for implementing change in water-related policy and management and in monitoring and modifying water consumer behavior. 6. Decision Support Systems are a valuable mechanism for providing water professionals and the public with the opportunity to explore the consequences of alternative decisions on the sustainability of regional water resource.

Phase 2 (2003-2008): Building the Center Legacy

In 2003 a major change in senior level management facilitated changes in management style and approach in the SAHRA Center. It was recognized that the explosive growth in Center participation during the early years had resulted in associated growth in budget requests such that these greatly exceeded the funding available during the initial 5 years and the anticipated funding post renewal. It was also recognized that the Center needed a more formal and less centralized management structure that gave

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enhanced attention to progress review and associated budget re-allocation using specified performance and management indicators (including diversity indicators). It was further recognized that the Center needed the guidance of a strategic plan that could if needed be revised in response to changing circumstances and understanding.

The incoming Director therefore commissioned an in-depth review of SAHRA’s budget and activities which recommend changes in the SAHRA budget and reviewed and refined the Director’s proposed changes in administrative structure and reporting procedures. These proposed budget changes and modifications in structure and procedures were then further reviewed by members of SAHRA’s External Advisory Board in a series of teleconferences. In this way new budget levels and allocations were defined and a new administrative structure and reporting procedure were introduced. The most important management changes introduced for Phase 2 are summarized in the following sections.

(a) Annual Review Cycle Starting January 1, 2004, the SAHRA Center used an annual review cycle that allowed directed evolution in the activities that Center undertook and the way financial resources were deployed to support these activities. When appropriate this process included an external review, and it took place with oversight by the SAHRA External Advisory Board. The timing of SAHRA’s internal proposal and review cycle was defined to link with the timing of the annual cycle in reporting to NSF. Each year, the internal proposal and review cycle drew on feedback from the NSF Site Visit and the SAHRA Annual Meeting in the previous fall as input to the planning of proposed future activities.

(b) Restructuring Middle Management into Macro-Themes To ensure that efficient budget direction and oversight at an appropriate level, the SAHRA annual review cycle and associated resource deployment were redefined around Macro-Themes, each requiring resources of approximately $0.5-1.0M per year. Two Macro-Theme Leaders were appointed by the Director and given responsibility for managing each Macro-Theme, at least one of these two having primary academic allegiance to the University of Arizona so they could provide year-round budget oversight of their Macro-Theme’s budget within the UA’s financial system. Selection of the co-leaders of macro-themes was made by the Director with recognition of past experience in SAHRA management and commitment to center-mode operation. The five Macro-Themes and their two leaders were as follows (the allegiance of non-UA Macro-Theme leaders is given in brackets):

1. Basin-Scale Water Balance Paul Brooks and Fred Phillips (NMT) 2. River Systems David Goodrich and David Brookshire (UNM) 3. Integrated Modeling Hoshin Gupta and Everett Springer (LANL) 4. Knowledge Transfer Gary Woodard and Juan Valdés 5. Education James Washburne and Gary Woodard

In addition, a Staff Scientist, James Hogan, was appointed to provide the day-to-day scientific interface between the Director and Macro-Theme Leaders, with emphasis on fostering cross-center integration of activities in Macro-Themes.

The leaders of the five SAHRA Macro-Themes and senior administration (Director, Deputy Director, and Associate Director) formed the core of the (re-constituted) SAHRA Executive Committee. Because responsibility for scientific planning primarily rested with Macro-Theme Leaders, the Executive Committee’s function consequently became focused on ensuring effective and coordinated execution of Macro-Theme proposals and resolving any associated management, budgetary, and staff-related issues. Drawing on the advice, experience and support of relevant SAHRA investigators, each year Macro- Theme Leaders prepared a proposal for their Macro-Theme that documented past activity, described activities for the coming year, and proposed the activities and budget for the following year. These several

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Macro-Theme proposals were then examined for mutual consistency and cost-effectiveness during a short retreat of the Executive Committee during January/February of each year.

(c) Student-Centered Support During the first three years the SAHRA Center used a PI-centered approach for distributing graduate student support. This system was necessarily retained throughout the 10-year funding for subcontracts to Universities but within the UA financial system, a student-centered approach to student funding was adopted in Phase 2. Areas of activity upon which students focused their research were determined by SAHRA macro-theme leadership, but selection of students remained with the PIs who supervised the students and the university departments in which the PIs served. However, once selected, students were awarded individual SAHRA Fellowships (two-year fellowships for masters students, three-year fellowships for doctoral students continuing after a master’s degree at the same university, and four-year fellowships for doctoral students joining with a master’s degree from elsewhere). Providing support directly to individual graduate students in this way allowed them greater opportunity to undertake interdisciplinary research involving more than one supervisor with different disciplinary strengths. It also enhanced the Center’s Assistant Director of Education’s ability to encourage and monitor progress towards a population of SAHRA-funded students with diversity in ethnic origin and gender. Consistent with the concept of student-centered support, the funding associated with all SAHRA Fellowships and associated responsibility for budget oversight was transferred to the Education Macro-Theme. Separating the funding for student support from the funding of other Macro-Theme activities also had the advantage that support for individual students was insensitive to year-to-year changes in the resources allocated to Macro-Themes.

(d) Stakeholder Engagement During Phase 1 (see M1) SAHRA learned that indirect interaction between scientists and water professionals is less effective than direct interaction when transferring research results and implementing them in practice. Consequently, in Phase 2, SAHRA fostered more direct interaction under a Stakeholder Engagement initiative. The Director identified resources for this purpose and consistent with the perceived importance of the initiative, it was placed under the leadership of the SAHRA Deputy Director, Kathy Jacobs, who has substantial experience in this activity. Additional members of staff with experience in stakeholder engagement were recruited to work with SAHRA scientists to identify audiences and key SAHRA science that was ready to share, and to designed programs to identify and engage stakeholders at appropriate places in their research agenda. The value of this initiative became well appreciated by the then Governor of Arizona, Janet Napolitano, who created a new state-funded entity called the Arizona Water Institute (AWI) which was collocated with SAHRA with Kathy Jacobs the Director. The purpose of AWI was to facilitate the engagement between water-related stakeholders in Arizona and water-related research workers at all three state universities. Unfortunately political changes in Arizona coupled with unexpected severe cuts in the state budget meant that finance for AWI dried up after 3 years and it did not persist as one of the institutional legacies of SAHRA.

(e) Strategic Plan Along with the reorganization of activities described above, the SAHRA Center began the process of defining a Strategic Plan to complement and be consistent with the new Macro-Theme structure. This included articulating SAHRA’s strategic goals and appropriately defining performance and management indicators.

Strategic Goals for Phase 2 During Phase 2 the SAHRA Center committed to building a lasting legacy in the field of integrated semi- arid hydrology that would benefit future researchers, water agencies, and the private sector. This required specification of appropriate long-term strategic goals, each related to a specific form of SAHRA’s legacy, as follows:

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1. SCIENCE: New and improved understanding of semi-arid hydrology Create new and improved understanding of the complexities in, and impacts of, the interactions between physical, biological, economic, and human factors in semi-arid hydrology, based in part on their accurate representation within an integrated modeling framework. 2. STAKEHOLDER: Stakeholder/scientist dialog and mechanisms to support stakeholders in their decision-making (a) Initiate, sustain, and engage stakeholders and scientists in a dialog to stimulate and direct stakeholder-relevant research, by building confidence and mutual trust, and (b) With relevant stakeholders, jointly plan, develop, and implement tools such as models, management guidelines, and policy frameworks, in support of stakeholder decision-making. 3. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: Dissemination and transfer of SAHRA-relevant knowledge to scientists, water professionals, elected officials and the public (a) Disseminate knowledge to the community of water professionals, elected officials, and scientists, to help them make more scientifically informed decisions on water policy and management; and (b) Widely disseminate knowledge about water and water-related issues so as to enhance general hydrologic literacy, leading to more scientifically informed choices by the public. 4. EDUCATION: Enhanced multidisciplinary hydrologic literacy within the educational system (a) Develop the hydrologic literacy of K-16 students throughout the Southwest, leading to action and decision-making based on multidisciplinary knowledge of regional water issues; and (b) Produce a new and diverse generation of professionals, students, and faculty who are adept at approaching water issues from a multidisciplinary and basin-scale perspective and are able to communicate this perspective effectively to others. 5. DIVERSITY: A center that reflects the Southwest United States Create a demographic mix among SAHRA students, researchers, staff, and administration that more closely reflects the ethnic and gender mix of the population in the region within which SAHRA’s primary activities occur, i.e., the southwestern United States and the U.S.-Mexico border region. 6. MANAGEMENT: A management structure that adapts and responds to SAHRA’s evolution Implement a management structure that (1) delegates responsibility, where appropriate, to SAHRA middle management in order to enhance motivation; (2) facilitates efficient year-round monitoring of center activity and budgets; and (3) adapts in response to changing understanding, opportunities, and personnel. 7. INSTITUTION: An institution that will continue to deal objectively with the problems of water resources in semi-arid regions Develop an institution, with perceived value by state and federal agencies and the private sector that will allow the stakeholder-responsive multidisciplinary science, knowledge transfer, and education activities that have been developed under NSF funding to continue into the future.

Performance and Management Indicators At any point in time SAHRA’s strategic planning document represented one phase in a continuous circular process of program evaluation, adjustment, and reporting as SAHRA worked toward achieving its strategic goals. Performance indicators were defined to measure progress toward achieving the seven strategic goals given above together with a performance indicator for “partnerships” that was required in the annual report to NSF.

For each strategic goal, two related indicators were evaluated, one quantitative and one qualitative. The quantitative indicators were selected measures that provided an adequate evaluation of progress without imposing onerous information-gathering demands on SAHRA participants, SAHRA staff, and Macro- Theme Leaders. The quantitative indicators allowed analysis of SAHRA’s then-current status related to its strategic goals while the trend in these indicators in succeeding years provides a measure of SAHRA’s progress and evolution. However, these quantitative indicators and their trends over time were not by

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themselves adequate monitors of performance because an interpretation of their intrinsic importance and relevance to SAHRA’s mission was also needed. Consequently, interpretive text was sought to provide the context and value of the selected quantitative performance indicators. Performance indicators were evaluated each summer in the context of the annual review cycle. Quantitative indicators were provided by SAHRA staff while the qualitative assessment of these indicators was undertaken by the individuals responsible for each section of SAHRA’s Annual Report to NSF. For a copy of the strategic plan developed during Phase 2 of the SAHRA Center and to view the results and analyses of the performance indicators during Phase 2 the reader is referred to www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/advisory/indicators/.

(f) Signature Products and Center Continuity In the course of Phase 2, the mechanisms through which SAHRA’s Strategic Goals would be fulfilled were defined, and action\initiated to meet these Strategic Goals. Two main mechanisms were defined, namely (a) the definition and provision of specific “Signature Products” that characterized the unique nature of SAHRA and its contributions, and (b) activity to secure funding that would allow the continuity of the interdisciplinary science and outreach developed within the SAHRA by participants in the Center. Management activity associated with the provision of these Signature Products and securing continued funding continued through Phase 3 and is described in more detail below.

Phase 3 (2009-2010): Securing the Center Legacy

The range of SAHRA’s Signature Products is broad and addresses all of SAHRA’s Strategic Goals. During the later portion of Phase 2 and Phase 3 there was ongoing review of progress towards providing these several products and when required funding adjustments made to optimally secure them. Example categories of the Signature Products corresponding to SAHRA’s Strategic Goals are given below and listed in detail in other sections of this report.

SCIENCE: Over 450 peer-reviewed journal articles; 96 book chapters; 27 books; continuing infrastructure in observatories and laboratories; new faculty and researcher teams STAKEHOLDER: Scientist-stakeholder partnerships created in San Pedro, Rio Grande, Mimbres, Jemez, Salt, and Verde river basins; Cities of Tucson and Phoenix; State of New Mexico KNOWLEDGE TRANFER Exhibits and Displays through the US; Novel web services for citizens and scientists; Southwest Hydrology Magazine; Fostering scenario science in environmental decision making EDUCATION: Over 130 MS and PhD degrees; numerous new courses at all levels; teacher training and widely used classroom materials; ongoing education and training programs DIVERSITY: Training of under-represented groups (women, Hispanic, and Native Americans) in Science; faculty and student exchange programs

The Signature Product that fulfills SAHRA’s Strategic Goals relating to MANAGEMENT and INSTITUTION is the successful evolution of the Center from an STC solely funded by NSF to an ongoing and successful group of scientists and water professionals continuing to operate in center mode now funded from diverse sources, including:

USACE: International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (ICIWaRM)

NSF-EAR – CZO: Transformative Behavior of Energy, Water and Carbon in the Critical Zone: An Observatory to Quantify Linkages among Ecohydrology, Biogeochemistry, and Landscape Evolution

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NSF: COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS); $5,450,000; Zreda, Shuttleworth, Zeng, Zweck

NSF-EAR: Collaborative Research: Quantifying the Effects of Large-Scale Vegetation Change on Coupled Water, Carbon and Nutrient Cycles: Beetle Kill in Western Montane Forest

NSF-DEB: Collaborative Research: Impacts of urbanization on nitrogen biogeochemistry in xeric ecosystems

DOD SERDP: Structure and Function of Ephemeral Streams in the Arid and Semi-arid Southwest: Implications for Conservation and Management

NSF EAR- Collaborative Research: Biotic alteration of soil hydrologic properties: controls on water and nitrogen availability, and prediction in an ecohydrologic optimality framework.

NASA-ROSES: Decision Support Through Earth-Sun Science Research Results

NSF CHN: Strengthening Resilience of Arid Region Riparian Corridors: Ecohydrology and Decision- Making in the Sonora and San Pedro Watersheds

Phase 4 (2010 and beyond): Propagating the Center Approach

Beginning in late 2008 and continuing through the first half of 2009, SAHRA leadership initiated discussions and workshops focused on defining the future of the center post STC funding. These efforts engaged SAHRA researchers, educators, the executive committee, the external advisory board, and the administration of the University of Arizona. The results of these discussions are captured in a new mission, vision, partnerships, and funding structure outlined below.

Core support for the future of SAHRA science, education, and knowledge transfer, comes from a partnership between the UA’s Water Sustainability Program (WSP), Water Energy, and Environmental Solutions (WEES) initiative, and Biosphere 2 (B2). WSP and WEES primarily provide support for water research, outreach, and education to help ensure a sustainable, high-quality water supply for economic development and enhanced quality of life for Arizonans. B2 provides support infrastructure and core personnel. SAHRA also receives competitive WSP and WEES funds to support research activities and for faculty retention and recruitment initiatives.

Science

Mission: The mission of SAHRA science following NSF-STC funding is to promote and facilitate the development of cutting edge, water-related research projects, focused on integrating UA and regional disciplinary strengths in hydrological, ecological, and physical sciences.

SAHRA accomplishes this mission by: • Integrating disciplinary research • Serving as an incubator for new ideas • Fostering synthesis among disciplines • Identifying funding opportunities and coordinating response

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This mission builds directly on the success of SAHRA in serving as the springboard for approximately $15 million in currently funded, non-STC research efforts (See above). SAHRA’s mission directly complements the activities and efforts of other centers at UA by filling the need for a center focused on basic water-related research and will continue to create opportunities through partnerships with departments and other centers. Through these efforts, the center will continue to use the unique research strengths arising from the investment NSF made in the Science and Technology Center at UA.

Need for SAHRA - Many of the critical questions in earth system science focus on how the cycling and availability of water interacts with, and is controlled by, physical, ecological, and chemical processes. These questions require the expertise of multiple disciplines and have led to a growing number of solicitations focused on large, multidisciplinary projects. Effectively addressing these questions, and successfully competing in these solicitations, requires a group that can communicate across disciplines and combine state-of-the art knowledge and techniques from multiple fields into a cohesive proposal and successful project.

Research projects within and arising from SAHRA typically: • Focus on basic research on the water cycle within the earth system • Include researchers from multiple departments and colleges • Obtain significant funding from extramural sources • Address high-profile, research questions of critical importance to the State of Arizona, the southwest in general, and the nation as a whole

The SAHRA center will meet the need to stimulate research with these characteristics, and through these projects maintain and advance UA’s role as a leader in earth system science, especially and primarily as it relates to the cycling of water in a rapidly-changing world. The coordination between researchers and projects that facilitates this scientific advancement is a key outcome and strength of the SAHRA center that must be retained.

Capabilities - The unique capabilities of the SAHRA center focus on science integration, incubation, and synthesis. These capabilities have contributed to several large, high-profile projects at UA including the newly funded Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), COSMOS, and the hillslope experiments at B2. These capabilities are outgrowths of the investment that NSF made in SAHRA and enhance UA’s strong presence in multi-disciplinary environmental, earth, and water system science.

By integrating existing research, SAHRA will help researchers identify the critical intersections among recent findings and identify the questions that rapidly build new knowledge.

Building on the integration of research, SAHRA will continue to serve as an incubator of new ideas and projects that link the disciplinary strengths of UA to address the scientific challenges that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries.

A legacy of the last decade of interdisciplinary research in SAHRA is strength in synthesizing individual research findings into a broader understanding of earth system science. These activities include work beyond the university to solidify UA’s role as a leader in interdisciplinary environmental research focused on water.

Through maintaining these leadership roles at national and international levels, SAHRA researchers both help define and capitalize on funding opportunities.

Mechanisms - The specific mechanisms required to meet SAHRA’s mission include:

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• Program development capabilities including seed and leverage funding, meeting space, administrative support for scheduling and communications, technical writing, editing, and other program development support • Physical integration of students, postdocs, and investigators obtained by housing students from interdisciplinary, water-centered projects in one location (fifth floor Marshall building)

• Co-location of SAHRA, Institute for the Environment (IE), and B2 to facilitate interactions and capitalize on the unique strengths and capabilities of each group

• Computer and database support for students and researchers on interdisciplinary research projects

• Business office support to meet the challenges and needs of large, multi-department, multi- college projects

Knowledge Transfer and Informal Education

Similar to the confederation of related projects operating in center mode described for the science (above), knowledge transfer will rely on diverse funding sources that will allow the capabilities developed in SAHRA to continue to serve as a resource for water resource professionals in arid and semi-arid environments. The KT team will continue to operate under the same name, but as part of a different organizational unit at the University of Arizona, and will administer all programming related to stakeholder engagement, including international partnerships. Plans are currently underway to develop new products and tools that keep water resource professionals and policy-makers, as well as the general public, actively engaged in issues surrounding water management and scarcity in the arid and semi-arid regions. The relationships underlying stakeholder networks built in Phases 1 and 2 of SAHRA’s operations are still intact; they will serve as an instrument for the rapid dissemination of scientific information to the non-academic communities that also have a critical stake in sustainable water management. In this respect, SAHRA’s KT unit will continue to function as a bridge between cutting- edge research and practitioners in the field. It will also translate research into effective tools for building the hydrologic literacy of the general public, much as it has done for the last ten years.

Through these steps, SAHRA will continue to serve the research community focused on water cycle research. Furthermore, coordination between the basic water cycle strengths of SAHRA, the ecological and education strengths of B2, and the climate research and application strengths of IE, will continue to position UA to define and capitalize on research opportunities.

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VIII: CENTER-WIDE OUTPUTS AND ISSUES

1a. Center Publications, TOTAL

(Note: This list includes publications submitted, accepted, or published from the beginning of SAHRA, in 2000, through the date of the Final Report, in March of 2011.)

Peer-reviewed:

Abbasi, F., F.J. Adamsen, D.J. Hunsaker, J. Feyen, P. Shouse, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Effects of flow depth on water flow and solute transport in furrow irrigation: Field data analysis, Irrig. Drain.,129(4): 237-246, 2003.

Abbasi, F., J. Feyen, R.L. Roth, M. Sheedy, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Water flow and solute transport in furrow-irrigated fields, Irrig. Sci., 22(2): 57-65, 2003.

Abbasi, F., J. Feyen, and M.Th. Van Genuchten, Two-dimensional simulation of water flow and solute transport below furrows: Model calibration and validation, J. Hydrol. 290(1-2): 63-79, 2004.

Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, J. Feyen, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: heterogeneous soil, Trans. ASABE, 46(4): 1097-1111, 2003.

Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, J. Feyen, M.Th. van Genuchten, and P. Shouse, Simultaneous inverse estimation of soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: homogeneous soil, Trans. ASABE, 46(4): 1085-1095, 2003.

Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, M.Th. van Genuchten, J. Feyen, F.J. Adamsen, D.J. Hunsaker, T.S. Strelkoff, and P. Shouse, Overland water flow and solute transport: Model development and field-data analysis, Irrig. Drain.,129(2): 71-81, 2003.

Abbaspour, K.C., C. A. Johnson, and M. Th. van Genuchten, Estimating uncertain flow and transport parameters using a sequential uncertainty fitting procedure. Vadose Zone J., 3: 1340-1352, 2004.

Abramowitz, G.A., and H.V. Gupta, Towards a model space and model independence metric, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L05705, doi:10.1029/2007GL032834, 2008.

Ajami, N. K., H.V. Gupta, T. Wagener, and S. Sorooshian, Calibration of a semi-distributed hydrologic model for streamflow estimation along a river system, J. Hydrol., 298(1-4): 112-135, 2004.

Aparicio, J., and J. Hidalgo, Water resources management at Mexican boundaries, Water Int., 29(3): 362- 374, 2004.

Bagstad, K.J., S.J. Lite, and J.C. Stromberg. Vegetation, soils, and hydro-geomorphology of riparian patch types of a dryland river, Western N. Amer. Naturalist, 66: 23-44, 2006.

Bagstad, K.J., J.C. Stromberg, and S.J. Lite, The response of herbaceous riparian plants to flooding of the San Pedro River, Arizona, Wetlands 25(1): 210-223, 2005.

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Baillie, M.N., J.F. Hogan, B. Ekwurzel, A.K. Wahi, and C.J. Eastoe, Quantifying water sources to a semiarid riparian ecosystem, San Pedro River, Arizona using geochemical tracers, J. Geophys. Res. – Biogeosciences, 112(G3), doi:10.1029/2006JG000263, 2007.

Baird, K., and T. Maddock III, Simulating riparian evapotranspiration: a new methodology and application for groundwater models, J. of Hydrology, 312(1-4): 176-190, 2005.

Bales, R.C., K.A. Dressler, B. Imam, S.R. Fassnacht, and D. Lampkin, Fractional snow cover in the Colorado and Rio Grande basins, 1995-2002, Water Resour. Res., 44, W01425, doi:10.1029/2006WR005377, 2008.

Barco, J., T.S. Hogue, V. Curto, and L. Rademacher, Linking Hydrology and Stream Geochemistry in Urban Fringe Watersheds, J. of Hydrology, 360, 31-47, 2008.

Bark, R.H., D.E. Osgood, B.G. Colby, G. Katz, and J. Stromberg, Habitat preservation and restoration: Do homebuyers have preferences for quality habitat? Ecological Economics, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.10.05, 2008.

Bark, R. H., B. G. Colby, and F. Dominguez, Snow days? Snowmaking adaptation and the future of low latitude, high elevation skiing in Arizona, USA. Climatic Change, doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9708-x, 2009.

Bark, R. and K. Jacobs, "Indian Water Rights Settlements and Water Management Innovations: The Role of the Arizona Water Settlements Act,” Water Resources Research, 45, W05417, 11 pp., doi:10.1029/2008WR007130, 2009.

Bark-Hodgins, R.H., and B.G. Colby, An economic assessment of the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan, R.H. Bark-Hodgins and B.G. Colby, Natural Resources J., 46(3), 2006.

Bastidas, L.A., T. S. Hogue, S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta, and W.J. Shuttleworth, Parameter sensitivity analysis for different complexity land surface models using multi-criteria methods, J. Geophys. Res., 111: doi:10.1029/2005JD006377, 2006.

Bates, B.L., J.C. McIntosh, K.A. Lohse, and P.D. Brooks, Influence of groundwater flowpaths, nutrients, and redox chemistry on the extent of microbial methanogenesis in coal beds: Powder River Basin, USA, forthcoming in Chemical Geology.

Belnap, J., J. Welter, N.B. Grimm, and N. Barger, Linkages between microbial and hydrologic processes in arid and semi-arid watersheds, Ecology, 86(2): 298-307, 2005.

Bhark, E., and E. Small, The association between plant canopies and the spatial patterns of shrubland and grassland of the Chihuahuan desert, NM, Ecosystems, 6(2): 185-196, doi: 10.1007/s10021-002-0210-9, 2003.

Blasch, K., Expanding the roles of real-time data, Geotimes, 48(8), 26-27, 2003.

Blasch, K., T.P.A. Ferré, and J.P. Hoffmann, A statistical technique for interpreting streamflow timing using streambed sediment thermographs, Vadose Zone J., 3: 936-946, 2004.

Blasch, K.W., T.P.A. Ferré, A.H. Christensen, and J.P. Hoffmann, A new field method to determine streamflow timing using electrical resistance sensors, Vadose Zone J., 1: 289-299, 2002.

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Boivin, A., J. Simunek, M. Schiavon, and M.Th. van Genuchten, A comparison of pesticides transport processes in three contrasting field soils using Hydrus-2D, Vadose Zone J., 5: 838-849, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.024 ,2006.

Borgesen, C.D., and M.G. Schaap, Point and parameter pedotransfer functions for water retention predictions for Danish soils, Geoderma, 127: 154-167, 2005.

Borgesen, C.D., O. H. Jacobsen, S. Hansen, and M.G. Schaap, Soil hydraulic properties near saturation, an improved conductivity model, J. of Hydrology, 324(1-4): 40-50, 2006.

Boyle, D.P., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, V. Koren, Z. Zhang, and M. Smith, Toward improved streamflow forecasts: The value of semi-distributed modeling, Water Resour. Res., 37(11): 2749, 2001.

Bradford, S.A., J. Simunek, M. Bettahar, M.Th. van Genuchten, and S.R. Yates, Significance of straining in colloid deposition: Evidence and implications, Water Resour. Res., 42, W12S14, doi:10.1029/2005WR004791, 2006.

Bradford, S. A., S. Torkzaban, F. J. Leij, J. Šimůnek, and M. Th. van Genuchten, Modeling the coupled effects of pore space geometry and velocity on colloid transport and retention, Wat. Resour. Res., 45, W02414, doi:10.1029/2008WR007096, 15 pp., 2009.

Brand, L.A., J. Stromberg, M. Dixon, D. Goodrich, K. Lansey, D. Brookshire, and D. Cerasale, From flows to feathers: Projecting impacts of groundwater change scenarios on riparian floodplain vegetation and birds in a dryland river (San Pedro River, Arizona, U.S.A.). Ecohydrology: in review.

Brand, L.A., J. C. Stromberg, and B. R. Noon, Avian density and nest survival on the San Pedro River: Importance of vegetation type and hydrologic regime. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74(4): 739-754, doi:10.2193/2008-217, 2010.

Brand, L. A., M. Dixon, T. Fetz, S. Stewart, J. Stromberg, G. Garber, D. Goodrich, D.S. Brookshire, J. Thacher, K. Benedict, O. Hummel, and J. Stromberg, Projecting avian guild responses to restoration scenarios on a large dryland river (middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, U.S.A.), Ecohydrology, 4(1): 130- 142, doi: 10.1002/eco.143, 2011.

Brand, L.A., M. Dixon, T. Fetz, J. Stromberg, S. Stewart, G. Garber, D. Goodrich, D.S. Brookshire, and C. D. Broadbent, Projecting avian guild responses to restoration scenarios on a large dryland river (middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, U.S.A.), submitted to The Southwestern Naturalist.

Brand, L.A., G.C. White, and B.R. Noon, Factors influencing species richness and community composition of breeding birds in a desert riparian corridor, The Condor: an International Journal of Avian Biology, 110(2): 199-210, 2008.

Brand, L.A., and B.R. Noon, Source-sink status of shrub-nesting birds in a desert riparian corridor, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 123: 48-58, 2011.

Brekke, L.D., N.W.T. Quinn, N.L. Miller, and J.A. Dracup, Climate change impacts uncertainty for San Joaquin River Basin, JAWRA, LBNL 51393, J. Amer. Water Resourc. Ass., 40: 149-164, 2004.

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Broadbent, C., D. Brookshire, D. Coursey, and V. Tidwell, Water Leasing: Evaluating Temporary Water Rights Transfers in New Mexico through Experimental Methods, Natural Resources Journal, 49: 717- 741, 2009.

Broadbent, C., D. Brookshire, D. Coursey, and V. Tidwell, Creating Real Time Water Leasing Market Institutions: An Integrated Economic and Hydrological Methodology, Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 144(1): 50-59, doi: 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2010.00074.x, 2010.

Brooks, P.D., P.A. Haas, and A.K. Huth, Seasonal variability in the concentration and flux of organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in a semi-arid catchment, San Pedro River, Arizona, J. Geophys. Res.- Biogeo., 112(G03S04), doi: 10.1029/2006JG000275, 2007.

Brooks, P.D., J.F. Hogan, and T. Meixner, Water in the desert: Introduction to special section on river and riparian biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res. – Biogeosciences, 112, G03S01, doi:10.1029/2007JG000556, 2007.

Brooks, P.D., and M.M. Lemon, Spatial variability in dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a semi-arid catchment, San Pedro River, Arizona, J. Geophys. Res. – Biogeo., 112(G3), doi:10.1029/2006JG000262, 2007.

Brooks, P.D., and E.R. Vivoni, Mountain ecohydrology: Quantifying the role of vegetation in the water balance of montane catchments, Ecohydrology, 1(3): 187-192, doi: 10.1002/eco.27, 2008.

Brooks, P.D., D.M. McKnight, and K. Elder, Carbon limitation of heterotrophic respiration under seasonal snowpacks: Implications for carbon balance in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, Global Change Biol., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00877.x, 2005.

Brooks, P.D, C.A. O’Reilly, S.A. Diamond, D.H. Campbell, R. Knapp, D. Bradford, P.S. Corn. B. Hossack, and K. Tonnessen, Spatial and temporal variability in the amount and source of dissolved organic carbon: Implications for UV exposure in amphibian habitat, Ecosystems, 18: 1-10, 2005.

Brooks, P.D., P. Groffman, P. Grogan, M. Oquist, and P.H. Templer, Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Soil, forthcoming in Geography Compass.

Brooks, P.D., P.A. Troch, M. Durcik, E. Gallo, and M. Schlegel, Quantifying regional-scale ecosystem response to changes in precipitation: Not all rain is created equal, submitted to Water Resour. Res.

Brookshire, D.S., S. Burness, J.M. Chermak, and K. Krause, Western urban water demand, Nat. Resour. J. 42(4): 873-898, 2002.

Brookshire, D.S., and P.T. Ganderton, Introduction to special section on water markets and banking: institutional evolution and empirical perspectives, Water Resour. Res., 40(9): 10.1029/2004WR003394, 2004.

Brookshire, D.S., B. Colby, M. Ewers, and P. Ganderton, Market prices for water in the semi arid West, Water Resour. Res., 40(9), doi:10.1029/2004WR003394, 2004.

Brookshire, D.S., L.A. Brand, J. Thacher, M. Dixon, K. Benedict, J. Stromberg, et al., Integrated modeling and ecological valuation: Applications in the semi arid Southwest, Proceedings USEPA Valuation for Environmental Policy: Ecological Benefits Workshop, Washington D.C., 2007.

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Brookshire, D.S., D. Goodrich, M. D. Dixon, L. A. Brand, K. Benedict, K. Lansey, J. Thacher, C.D. Broadbent, S. Stewart, M. McIntosh, and D. Kang, Ecosystem Services and Reallocation Choices: A Framework for Preserving Semi-Arid Regions in the Southwest, Contemporary Water Research and Education, 144: 1-14, 2010.

Brown-Mitic, C.M., I. Macpherson, P.H. Schuepp, B. Nagrajan, P.M.K. Yau, and R. Bales, Aircraft observations of surface-atmosphere exchange during and after snowmelt for different Arctic environments: MAGS 1999, Hydrol. Process., 1(18), 3585-3602, 2001.

Brown-Mitic, C.M., W.J. Shuttleworth, C. Harlow, J. Petti, E. Burke, and R. Bales, Seasonal water dynamics of a sky island, subalpine forest in semi-arid southwestern United States, J. Arid Environ., 69(2): 49-70, 2007.

Browning-Aiken, A., B. Morehouse, A. Davis, M. Wilder, R. Varady, D. Goodrich, R. Carter, D. Moreno and E.D. McGovern, 2007. A climate, water management, and policy in the San Pedro Basin: Results of a survey of Mexican stakeholders near the U.S.–Mexico border, Climatic Change, 85(3-4): 323-341, 2007.

Browning-Aiken, A., H. Richter, D., B. Strain, and R. Varady, Upper San Pedro Basin: Fostering collaborative binational watershed management, Intl. J. Water Resour. Devt. 20(3): 353-367, 2004.

Browning-Aiken, A., R. Varady, and D. Moreno, Water-resources management in the San Pedro basin: Building binational alliances, J. of the Southwest, 45(4): 611-632.

Broxton, P.D., P.A. Troch, and S.W. Lyon, On the role of aspect to quantify water transit times in small mountainous catchments, Water Resour. Res., 45, W08427, doi:10.1029/2008WR007438, 2009.

Buizer, J., K. Jacobs, and D. Cash, Making short-term climate forecasts useful: Linking science and action, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900518107, 2010.

Bulygina, N. and H.V. Gupta, Estimating the uncertain mathematical structure of a water balance model via Bayesian data assimilation, Water Resour. Res., 45, special issue on ‘Uncertainty Assessment in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology’, W00B13, doi:10.1029/2007WR006749, 2009.

Bulygina, N. and H.V. Gupta, How Bayesian Data Assimilation Can be Used to Estimate the Mathematical Structure of a Model, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 24:925– 937 doi: 10.1007/s00477-010-0387-y, 2010.

Burke, E.J., L. Bastidas, and W.J. Shuttleworth, Exploring the potential for multipatch soil-moisture retrievals using multiparameter optimization techniques, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 40(5), 1114-1120, 2002.

Burke, E.J., R.C. Harlow, and T.P.A. Ferré, Measuring the dielectric permittivity of a plant canopy and its response to changes in plant water status: An application of impulse time domain transmission, Plant and Soil 268(1): 123-133, 2005.

Burness, S., J. Chermak, and D. Brookshire, Water management in a mountain front recharge aquifer, Water Resour. Res. 40, W06S21, doi:10.1029/2003WR002160, 2004.

Burness, S., J. Chermak, and K. Krause, Western municipal water conservation policy: The case of disaggregated demand, Water Resour. Res., 41, W03011, doi:10.1029/2004WR003596, 2005.

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Cable, J.M., and T.E. Huxman, Precipitation pulse size effects on Sonoran Desert soil microbial crusts, Oecologia 141(2): 317-324, 2004.

Cañon, J., J. Gonzalez, and J. Valdés, Precipitation in the Colorado River Basin and its low frequency associations with PDO and ENSO signals, J. of Hydrol., doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.08.015, 2006.

Cañon, J., J. Gonzalez, and J. Valdés, Developing academic software for teaching time series analysis: a case study, Computers in Education J., 19(2), 2009.

Cañon, J., F. Dominguez, and J. Valdes, Downscaling climate variability associated with quasi-periodic climate signals: A new statistical approach using MSSA, J. Hydrology, 398 (1-2), 65-75, 2011.

Cañon, J., F. Dominguez, and J. Valdes, Vegetation responses to precipitation and temperature: a spatiotemporal analysis of ecoregions in the Colorado River Basin, forthcoming in Int. J. Remote Sens.

Carrillo-Gonzalez, R., J. Simunek, S. Sauve, and D. Adriano, Mechanisms and pathways of trace element mobility in soils, Advances in Agronomy, 91: 111-178, 2006.

Castiglione, P., B.P. Mohanty, P.J. Shouse, J. Simunek, M.Th. van Genuchten, and A. Santini, Lateral water diffusion in an artificial macroporous system: modeling and experimental evidence, Vadose Zone J. 2(2): 212-221, 2003.

Castiglione, P., P.J. Shouse, B.P. Mohanty, and M.Th. van Genuchten. Analysis of temperature effects on tension infiltrometry of low permeability materials. Vadose Zone J. 4(3): 481-487, 2005.

Castiglione, P., P.J. Shouse, B.P. Mohanty, D. Hudson, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Improved tension infiltrometer for measuring low fluid flow rates in unsaturated fractured rock, Vadose Zone J. 4(3): 885-890, doi: 10.2136/vzj2004.0135, 2005.

Chehbouni, A., D.C. Goodrich, M.S. Moran, C.J. Watts, Y.H. Kerr, G. Dedieu, W.G. Kepner, W.J. Shuttleworth, and S. Sorooshian, A preliminary synthesis of major scientific results during the SALSA Program, Agric. For. Meteorol., 105(1-3): 311-323, 2000.

Chermak, J.M., and K. Krause, Individual response, information, and intergenerational common pool problems, J. of Environ. Econ. Manag., 43: 47-70, 2002.

Chermak, J.M., R.H. Patrick, and D.S. Brookshire, Economics of transboundary aquifer management, Ground Water, 43(5): 731-737, 2005.

Chief, K.D., T.P.A. Ferre, and A.C. Hinnell, The effects of anisotropy on in situ air permeability measurements, Vadose Zone J., 7: 941-947, 2008.

Chief, K.D., T.P.A. Ferre, and B. Nijssen, Correlation between air permeability and saturated hydraulic conductivity: Unburned and burned soils, Soil Society of Amer. J., 72: 1501-1509, 2008.

Chief, K.D., T.P.A. Ferre, and B. Nijssen, Field testing of a soil-corer air permeameter (scap) to measure air permeability in desert soils, Vadose Zone J. 5: 1257-1263, 2006.

Chorover, J., P. Troch, C. Rasmussen, P.D. Brooks, J. Pelletier, D. Breshears, T. Huxman, K. Lohse, J. McIntosh, T. Meixner, S. Papuga, M. Schaap, M. Litvak, J. Perdrial, A. Harpold, and M. Durcik, Jemez

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Jana, R.B., B.P. Mohanty, and E.P. Springer, Multiscale Bayesian neural networks for soil water content estimation, Water Resour. Res., doi: 10.1029/2008WR006879, 2008.

Jana, R., and B.P. Mohanty, Enhancing PTFs with remotely sensed data for multi-scale soil water retention estimation, J. Hydrology, 399(3-4): 201-211, doi:10.1016/i.jhydrol.2010.12.043, 2011.

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Jana, R., and B.P. Mohanty, On the Influence of Topography Upon Scaling Characteristics of Soil Hydraulic Parameters in Different Hydroclimatic Regions, forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.

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Jiang, S., L. Pang, G.D. Buchan, J. Šimůnek, M.J. Noonan, and M.E. Close, Modeling water flow and bacterial transport in undisturbed lysimeters under irrigations of dairy shed effluent and water using HYDRUS-1D, Water Research, special issue, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.039, 44, 1050-1061, 2010.

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Kim, T., J.B. Valdés, and C. Yoo, A nonparametric approach for bivariate drought characterization using Palmer Drought Index, J. Hydrol. Eng., 11(2): 134-143, 2006.

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Köhne, J. M., S. Köhne, and J. Šimůnek, A review of model applications for structured soils: b) Pesticide transport, J. Contam. Hydrology, Special Issue “Flow Domains”, doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.10.003, 104(1-4), 36-60, 2009.

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Li, J., X. Gao, R.A. Maddox, and S. Sorooshian, Sensitivity of North American Monsoon rainfall to multisource sea surface temperatures in MM5, Mon. Weather Rev., 133: 2922-2939, 2005.

Li, J., X. Gao, and S. Sorooshian, Modeling and analysis of the variability of the water cycle in the Upper Rio Grande Basin at high resolution, J. Hydrometeor., l8(4): 805-824, 2007.

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Lite, S.J, K.J. Bagstad, and J.C. Stromberg, Riparian plant species richness across lateral and longitudinal gradients of water stress and flood disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA, J. Arid Environ., 63(4): 785-813, 2005.

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Liu, F., R.C. Bales, M.H. Conklin, and M. Conrad, Streamflow generation from snowmelt in semi-arid, seasonally snow-covered, forested catchments, Valles Caldera, New Mexico, Water Resour. Res., 44, W12443, doi:10.1029/2007WR006728, 2008.

Liu, Y., L.A. Bastidas, H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Impacts of a parameterization deficiency on off- line and coupled land surface model simulations, J. of Hydromet., 4(5): 901-914, 2003.

Liu, Y., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, L.A. Bastidas, and W.J. Shuttleworth, Exploring parameter sensitivities of the land surface using a locally coupled land-atmosphere model, J. Geophy. Res., 109, D21101, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004730, 2004.

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Liu, Y., H.V. Gupta, E. Springer, and T. Wagener, Linking science with environmental decision making: Experiences from an integrated modeling approach to supporting sustainable water resources management, Environ. Modell. Softw., doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.10.007, 2007. [Awarded Best Paper Prize 2008 by Environmental Modeling and Software Society]

Liu, F., R. Parmenter, P.D. Brooks, M.H. Conklin, and R.C. Bales, Seasonal and inter-annual variation of streamflow pathways and biogeochemical implications in semi-arid, forested catchments in Valles Caldera, New Mexico, Ecohydrology, 1(3): 239-252, doi: 10.1002/eco22, 2008.

Lohse, K.A., P.D. Brooks, J.C. McIntosh, T. Meixner, and T. Huxman, Interactions between biogeochemistry and hydrologic systems, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34: 65-96, doi: 10.1146/annurev.environ.33.031207.111141, 2009.

Lohse, K.A., E. L. Gallo, P. D. Brooks, J.E.T. McLain, J. McIntosh, and T. Meixner. Influence of channel substrate type on storage and transport of urban storm runoff in a semi-arid environment. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. –Biogeosciences.

Long, J., A. Tecle, and B. Burnette, Cultural foundations for ecological restoration on the White Mountain Apache Reservation, Conservation Ecology, 8(1): 4, 2003.

Long, J.W., A. Tecle, and B.M. Burnette, Marsh development following passive restoration and upland erosion on the White Mountain Apache Reservation, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 39(6): 1345-1359, 2003.

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Lyon, S.W., P.A. Troch, P.D. Broxton, N. Molotch, and P.D. Brooks, Monitoring the timing of snowmelt and the initiation of streamflow using a distributed network of temperature/light sensors, Ecohydrology, 1(3): 215-224, 2008.

Lyon, S.W., S.L.E. Desilets, and P.A. Troch, A tale of two isotopes: differences in hydrograph separation for a runoff event when using D versus 18O, Hydrol. Processes, 23(14), 2095-2101, 2009.

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Mahmoud, M., and H.V. Gupta, Scenario Development for Water Resources Planning and Watershed Management: Methodology and Semi-Arid Region Case Study, forthcoming in J. Environmental Modeling and Software.

Mahmoud, M., and H.V. Gupta, Retrospective Analysis of Water Management Scenarios, forthcoming in Water Resources Management Journal.

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Mahmood, T.H., and E.R. Vivoni, A Threshold in Hydrologic Response in a Semiarid Ponderosa Pine Hillslope. forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.

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Matthews, O.P., L. Scuderi, D. Brookshire, K. Gregory, S. Snell, K. Krause, J. Chermak, B. Cullen, and M. Campana, Marketing western water: Can a process based geographic information system improve reallocation decisions? Nat. Resour. J., 41(2): 330-371, 2001.

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Meixner, T., A.K. Huth, P.D. Brooks, M.H. Conklin, N.B. Grimm, R.C. Bales, P.A. Haas, and J.R. Petti, Influence of shifting flowpaths on nitrogen concentrations during monsoon floods, San Pedro River, Arizona, J. Geophys. Res.- Biogeoscience, 112, G03S03, doi:10.1029/2006JG000266, 2007.

Meixner, T., P.D. Brooks, J. Hogan, and C. Soto, Carbon and nitrogen cycling in semi-arid rivers and streams, forthcoming in Geography Compass.

Miller, N.L., A.W. King, M.A. Miller, E.P. Springer, M.L. Wesely, and others. The DOE Water Cycle Pilot Study, LBNL-53826, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86(3): 359-374, 2005.

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Molotch, N.P., and R.C. Bales, SNOTEL representativeness in the Rio Grande headwaters on the basis of physiographics and remotely sensed snow cover persistence, Hydrol. Process., 20, doi: 10.1002/hyp.6128, 2006.

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Molotch, N.P., P.D. Brooks, S.P. Burns, M. Litvak, J.R. McConnell, R.K. Monson, and K. Musselman, Ecohydrological controls on snowmelt partitioning in mixed-conifer sub-alpine forests, Ecohydrology, 2(2): 129-142, doi: 10.1002/eco.48, 2009.

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Morin, E., D.C. Goodrich, R.A. Maddox, X. Gao, H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, 2006. Spatial patterns in thunderstorm rainfall events and their coupling with watershed hydrological response, Adv. Water Resour, 29(6): 843-860, 2006.

Mortensen, A.P., J.W. Hopmans, Y. Mori, and J. Šimůnek, Multi-functional heat pulse probe measurements of coupled vadose zone flow and transport, Adv. Water Resour., 29(2): 250-267, 2006.

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Nagler, P.L., E.P. Glenn, H. Kim, W. Emmerich, R.L. Scott, and T.E. Huxman, Relationship between evapotranspiration and precipitation pulses in a semiarid rangeland estimated by moisture flux towers and MODIS vegetation indices, J. Arid Environments, 70(3): 443-462, 2007.

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Nemes, A., M.G. Schaap, and J.H.M. Woesten, Functional evaluation of pedotransfer functions derived from different scales of data collection, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67: 1093-1102, 2003.

Neupauer, R.M., and J.L. Wilson, Numerical implementation of a backward probabilistic model of ground-water contamination, Ground Water, 42(2): 175-189, 2004.

Oelsner, G.P., P.D. Brooks, and J.F. Hogan, Nitrogen sources and sinks within the Middle Rio Grande, NM, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 43(4): 850-863, 2007.

Oelsner, G.P., P.D. Brooks, and J.F. Hogan, Hydrologic and Geochemical Effects of Heavy Monsoon Precipitation; A “Hot Moment” in a Managed Semiarid River System, Middle Rio Grande, NM, forthcoming in Hydrological Processes.

Paige, G.B., J.J. Stone, J.R. Smith, J.R. Kennedy, The Walnut Gulch rainfall simulator: a computer controlled variable intensity rainfall simulator, Appl. Eng. Agric., 20(1): 25-31, 2004.

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Pokhrel, P., and H.V. Gupta, On the Ability to Infer Spatial Catchment Variability using Streamflow Hydrographs, submitted to Water Resour. Res.

Pontedeiro, E.M., M.Th. van Genuchten, R.M. Cotta, J. Šimůnek, The effects of preferential flow and soil texture on the risk assessments of a NORM waste disposal site, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174(1- 3), 648-655, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.100, 2010.

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Xu, J., W.J. Shuttleworth, X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, and E. Small, Soil moisture-precipitation feedback on the North American monsoon system in the MM5/OSU Model, Quar. J. Royal Met. Soc., 130: 1256- 1272, 2005.

Xu, J., X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, J. Shuttleworth, and E. Small, Soil moisture-precipitation feedback on the North American monsoon system in the MM5-OSU model, part B, Quar. J. Royal Met. Soc., 130(603): 2873-2890, 2004.

Xu, J., X. Gao, and S. Sorooshian, Impact of radar derived and satellite derived rainfall assimilation on the rainfall predict in the southwest United States, Tellus A, 56(5): 514-519, 2004.

Xu, J., X. Gao, Q. Xiao, and S. Sorooshian, Investigate the impacts of assimilating satellite rainfall estimates on rainstorm forecast over southwest United States, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 1029-1032, 2004.

Xu, J., Q. Xiao, X. Gao, and S. Sorooshian, Influence of assimilating rainfall derived from WSR-88D radar on the rainstorm forecasts over the southwestern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13105, doi:10.1029/2005JD006650, 2006.

Yadav, M., T. Wagener, and H.V. Gupta, Regionalization of constraints on expected watershed response behavior for improved predictions in ungauged basins, Adv. Water Resour., 30(8): 1756-1774, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2007.01.005, 2007.

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Yilmaz, K.K., T.S. Hogue, K. Hsu, S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta, and T. Wagener, Intercomparison of rain gauge, radar and satellite-based precipitation estimates with emphasis on hydrologic forecasting, J. of Hydromet., 6(4): 497-517, 2005.

Yilmaz, K.K., H.V. Gupta, and T. Wagener, A process-based diagnostic approach to model evaluation: Application to the NWS distributed hydrologic model, Water Resour. Res., 44, W09417, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006716, 2008.

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Yuan, H., S. L. Mullen, X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, J. Du, and H.H. Juang, Verification of probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts over the southwest United States during winter 2002-2003 by the RSM ensemble system, Monthly Weather Rev., 133(1): 279-294, 2005.

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Books and book chapters: Anderson, M.P. (Ed.) and McDonnell, J. (Series ed.) Benchmark Papers in Hydrology: Groundwater, Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, ISBN 978-901502-74-9, 2008. Aparicio, J., El manejo de los recursos hídricos en la frontera norte (Management of water resources in the northern border area), in La Gestión del Agua en México: Retos para un Manejo Sustentable, ed. by Miguel Ángel Porrúa & Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, pp. 159-182, 2004. Bark, R.H., D.E. Osgood, and B.G. Colby. Remotely sensed proxies for environmental amenities in hedonic analysis: What does green mean? In Environmental Valuation: Intraregional and Interregional Perspectives, ed. by J.I. Carruthers and B. Mundy. Ashgate, 2006. Bastidas, L.A., H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Parameter, structure and performance evaluation for land surface models, chapter 7 in Advances in the Calibration of Watershed Models, edited by Q. Duan, H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, A. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, American Geophysical Union, 2002. Beven, K.J., (Ed.) and McDonnell, J., (Series Ed.), Benchmark Papers in Hydrology: Streamflow Generation Processes, Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, ISBN:978-901502-53-4, 2006. Blasch, K., T.P.A. Ferré, J. Constantz, J.P. Hoffmann, D. Pool, M. Bailey, and J. Cordova, Processes controlling recharge beneath ephemeral streams in southern Arizona, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004. Bloechl, G., S. Ardoin-Bardin, M. Bonell, M. Dorninger, D. Goodrich, D. Gutknecht, D. Matamoros, B. Merz, P. Shand, J. Szolgay, UNESCO working group on the impacts of climate variability and land cover change on flooding and low flows as a function of scale. FRIEND - Water Resource Variability: Processes, Analyses and Impacts, IAHS Redbook, 2006. Boegh, E., H. Kunstmann, T. Wagener, A. Hall, L. Bastidas, S. Franks, H.V. Gupta, D. Rosbjerg, and J. Schaake, Preface to Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management, ed. by E. Boegh, H. Kunstmann, T. Wagener, A. Hall, L. Bastidas, S. Franks, H.V. Gupta, D. Rosbjerg, D. and J. Schaake, J., IAHS Redbook Publ. no. 313, v-vii, 2007. Boyle, D.P., H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Multicriteria calibration of hydrologic models, chapter 8 of Advances in Calibration of Watershed Models, edited by Q. Duan, S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta, A.N. Rousseau, R. Turcotte, Monograph Series on Water Resources, American Geophysical Union, 2002. Brand, L.A., D.J. Cerasale, T.D. Rich, and D.J. Kreuper, Breeding and migratory birds of the San Pedro River: Patterns and processes, in Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River, ed. by J.C. Stromberg and B.J. Tellman, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2009. Broadbent, C., D. Brookshire, D. Coursey, and V. Tidwell, Towards a Water Banking/Leasing System on the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico USA: Progress to Date, UNESCO, 2008. Brooks, P., and K. Lohse, Water quality in the San Pedro River, in Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River, ed. by J.C. Stromberg and B.J. Tellman, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2009. Brookshire, D., and J. Chermak, Conceptual Issues of Benefit Transfers and Integrated Modeling, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, Vol 9, ed. by S. Navrud, R. Ready and O. Olvar, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2007. Brookshire, D., H. Gupta, Paul Matthews (eds), New Mexico Water Policy: Addressing the Challenges of an Uncertain Future, Resources for the Future press (forthcoming). Brookshire, D., J. Chermak and R. DeSimone, Uncertainty, Benefit Transfers, and Physical Models: A Middle Rio Grande Valley Focus, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, Vol 9, ed. by S. Navrud, R. Ready and O. Olvar, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2007.

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Brookshire, D., J. Thacher, A. Brand, J. Stromberg, S. Stewart, K. Benedict, M. Dixon, and D. Goodrich, Integrated Modeling and Ecological Valuation: Applications in the Semi-Arid Southwest, Proceedings of the Valuations for Environmental Policy: Ecological Benefits Workshop, Washington D.C., 2007. Brookshire, D.S., and J. Chermak, Conceptual issues of benefit transfers and integrated modeling, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, ed. by S. Navrud, R. Ready, and O. Olivar, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006. Brookshire, D.S., and J.M. Chermak, Benefit and informational transfers, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, ed. by O. Olvar, S. Navrud, and R. Ready, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006. Brookshire, D.S., J.M. Chermak, and R. DeSimone, Uncertainty, benefit transfers, and physical models: a Middle Rio Grande Valley focus, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, edited by O. Olvar, S. Navrud, and R. Ready, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006. Brookshire, D.S., M. Campana, L. Scuderi, O.P. Matthews, K. Krause, J. Chermak, J. Cullen, S. Snell, and K. Gregory, Reallocation of water and the hydrological effects of climate change: the Upper Rio Grande Basin, Southwestern USA, in Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management and Policy, ed. by A.S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003. Brown, F.L., and D. Brookshire, Economic Analysis of New Mexico Water Markets, Proceedings of New Mexico Water Markets: A Seminar on Buying, Selling and Leasing Water Rights, Albuquerque, NM, Lee Brown (H20 Economics) and John Shoemaker & Associates, 2006. Browning-Aiken, A., R.G. Varady, D. Goodrich, H. Richter, T. Sprouse, and W. J. Shuttleworth, Integrating science and policy for water management: A case study of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, in Hydrology and Water Law - Bridging the Gap: A Case Study of HELP Basins, ed. by J. S. Wallace and P. Wouters, 2006. Burt, T.P., G. Pinay, and S. Sabater, (Eds.) and McDonnell, J., (Series Ed.), Benchmark Papers in Hydrology: Riparian-zone Hydrology and Biogeochemistry, Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, ISBN:978- 907161-09-4, 2010. Campana, M., L. Scuderi, O.P. Matthews, D. Brookshire, K. Krause, J. Chermak, B. Cullen, S. Snell, and K. Gregory, Reallocation of Water and the Hydrological Effects of Climate Change: the Upper Rio Grande Basin, Southwestern USA, in Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management and Policy, ed. By A. S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood, Developments in Water Science 50, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 169-181, 2003. Chermak, J., K. Krause, D. Brookshire, and S. Burness, Urban Consumer Water Demand: A Field/Experimental Investigation, in Hydrology: Science & Practice for the 21st Century, Volume II, eds. B. Webb et al., Proceedings of the British Hydrological Society International Conference, Imperial College, London, 2004. Colby, B.G., Economic characteristics of successful environmental dispute resolution outcomes, Chapter 15 in Evaluating Environmental and Public Policy Dispute Resolution Programs and Policies, ed. by R. Oleary and L. Bingham, Resources for the Future Press, pp. 301-325, 2003. Colby, B.G., and J. Thorson, Smoke on the Water: One Hundred Years of Litigation and Negotiations Over Tribal Water Rights, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2004. Colby, B.G., J. Thorson, and S. Britton, Negotiating Tribal Water Rights: Fulfilling Promises in the Arid West, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2005. Colby, B.G., and K.L. Jacobs, eds., Arizona Water Policy: Management Innovations in an Urbanizing Arid Region, Resources for the Future Press, 2006.

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Colby, B.G., K.L. Jacobs, and D.R. Smith, Lessons for semiarid regions facing growth and competition for water, in Arizona Water Policy: Management Innovations in an Urbanizing Arid Region, Resources for the Future Press, 2006. Colby, B.G., Water transactions: Enhancing supply reliability during drought, in Arizona Water Policy: Management Innovations in an Urbanizing Arid Region, Resources for the Future Press, 2006. Committee on Hydrologic Science, Groundwater Fluxes Across Interfaces, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004. Dixon, M., J.C. Stromberg, J.T. Price, H. Galbraith, A.K. Fremier, and E.W. Larsen, Potential effects of climate change on the Upper San Pedro riparian ecosystem, in Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River,, ed. by J.C. Stromberg and B.J. Tellman, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2009. Duan, Q., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, A. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, eds., Advances in the Calibration of Watershed Models, Monograph Series on Water Resources, American Geophysical Union, 2002. Duffy, C.J., Semi-discrete dynamical model for mountain-front recharge and water balance estimation: Rio Grande of southern Colorado and New Mexico, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004. Eastoe, C.J., A. Gu, and A. Long, The origins, ages, and flow paths of groundwater in the Tucson Basin: results of a study of multiple isotope systems, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004. Fenn, M., J. Sickman, A. Bytnerowicz, N.P. Molotch, J. Pleim, G. Tonnesen, D. Clow, and D. Campbell, Methods for measuring atmospheric deposition inputs in arid and montane ecosystems of Western North America, In: Relating Atmospheric Source Apportionment to Vegetation Effects: Establishing Cause and Effect Relationships, Developments in Environmental Science, ed. by Legge A.H., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2009. Franks, S., T. Wagener, H.V. Gupta, E. Boegh, L. Bastidas, C. Nobre, C. de Oliveira Galvão, eds., Regional Hydrologic Impacts of Climatic Change – Hydroclimatic Variability, 300 pp., IAHS Publications, 2005. Garfin, G., M.A. Crimmins, and K.L. Jacobs, Drought, climate variability, and implications for water supply and management, in Arizona Water Policy: Management Innovations in an Urbanizing Arid Region, Resources for the Future Press, 2006. Gash, J.H.C., and W.J. Shuttleworth, (Eds.) and McDonnell, J., (Series Ed.), Benchmark Papers in Hydrology: Evaporation, Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, ISBN:978-901502-98-5, 2007. Gonzalez, J., ed., III TWM: Transboundary Waters Management, University of Castilla-La Mancha and UNESCO, 2007. Goodrich, D.C., D.G. Williams, C.L. Unkrich, J.F. Hogan, R.L. Scott, K.R. Hultine, D. Pool, A.L. Coes, and S.N. Miller, Comparison of methods to estimate ephemeral channel recharge, Walnut Gulch, San Pedro River Basin, Arizona, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004. Green, D., J.C. Stromberg, and R. Tiller, Riparian soils of desert rivers, in Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River, ed. by J.C. Stromberg and B.J. Tellman, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2009. Gupta, H.V., E. Springer, D. Brookshire, and T. Wagener, Multi-resolution integrated modeling for basin- scale water resources management and policy analysis, in Hydrology - Science and Practice for the 21st

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Century, vol. 2, ed. by B. Webb, N. Arnell, N. Onof, N. McIntyre, R. Gurney, and C. Kirby, pp. 392-397, 2004. Gupta, H.V., K.J. Beven and T. Wagener, Model calibration and uncertainty estimation, in Encyclopedia of Hydrologic Sciences, John Wiley and Sons, 2005. Gupta, H.V., S. Sorooshian, D.P. Boyle, and T. Hogue, Advances in automatic calibration of watershed models, chapter 1 of Advances in Calibration of Watershed Models, edited by Q. Duan, S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta, A.N. Rousseau, R. Turcotte, Monograph Series on Water Resources, American Geophysical Union, 2002. Harty, T.H., D.L. Potts, D.F. Potts, and J. El-Jourbagy. 2004. Handling transboundary, indirect and cumulative effects in SEA, in Applied Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in the European Union, ed. by M. Schmidt and E. Joao, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005. Hendrickx, J.M.H., F.M. Phillips, and J.B.J. Harrison, Water flow processes in arid and semi-arid vadose zones, in Understanding Water in a Dry Environment: Hydrological Processes in Arid and Semi-arid Zones, ed. by I. Simmers, A.A. Balkema, Lisse, 2003. Hogan, J.F., et al., Basin-scale recharge: Introduction and overview, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by F.M. Phillips, J.F. Hogan, and B. Scanlon, Water Resources Monograph series, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 2004. Hogan, J.F., F.M. Phillips, and B. Scanlon, editors, Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, Water Resources Monograph series, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 2004. Holway, J.M., and K.L. Jacobs, Managing for Sustainability in Arizona, USA: Linking Climate, Water Management and Growth, in Water Resources Sustainability, L. Mays, ed., McGraw-Hill, 2006. Hopmans, J. W., and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2005. Vadose zone: hydrological processes, in Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, ed. by D. Hillel, pp. 209-216, Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, UK, 2005. Hsu, K., Y. Hong, and S. Sorooshian, Rainfall estimation using a cloud patch classification map, in Measurement of Precipitation from Space: EURAINSAT and Future, ed. by V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, and F.J. Turk, Springer Publishing Company, 2007. Huckleberry, G., S. Lite, G. Katz, and P. Pearthree, Fluvial geomorphology, in Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River, ed. by J.C. Stromberg and B.J. Tellman, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2009. Jacobs, K., Groundwater Management Issues and Innovations in Arizona in Policy and Strategic Behaviour in Water Resource Management, A. Dinar and J. Albiac, eds., Earthscan, London, 2009. Jacobs, K.L., and B.G. Colby, Water management challenges in an arid region: Key policy issues, in Arizona Water Policy: Management Innovations in an Urbanizing Arid Region, Resources for the Future Press, 2006. Jacobs, K.L., and L.S. Stitzer, Water supply and management in rural Arizona, in Arizona Water Policy: Management Innovations in an Urbanizing Arid Region, Resources for the Future Press, 2006. Jacobs, K.L., B.G. Colby, D.A. de Kok, G. Woodard, R.P. Maguire, S.B. Megdal, and M.A. Worden, Arizona's Water Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Background Report for the 85th Arizona Town Hall, 2005. Jacobs, K.L., B.G. Colby, D.A. de Kok, G. Woodard, R.P. Maguire, S.B. Megdal, and M.A. Worden, Arizona's Water Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Background Report for the 85th Arizona Town Hall, 2005.

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Theses and dissertations:

Adkins C.B., Solute chemistry and isotope tracers of groundwater recharge, flow paths, and travel times in the Middle San Pedro Basin, AZ, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2009.

Ajami, H. Calibration of a semi-distributed hydrologic model for streamflow estimation along a river system, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2009.

Ajami, N.K., Towards improved assessment of sources of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling, Ph.D., Civil Engineering, University of California – Irvine, 2006.

Bailey, Matthew Allen, Analysis Of Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity Using Heat As A Tracer To Estimate Streambed Infiltration In Rillito Creek, Tucson Arizona, 2002, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P.A. "Ty" Ferre.

Baillie, Matthew Nelson, Quantifying Baseflow Inputs to the San Pedro River: A Geochemical Approach, 2005, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: B. Ekwurzel.

132

Bark, R., Muddy waters: Case studies in dry land water resource economics, Ph.D., Agricultural Economics, University of Arizona, 2006.

Bastien, Elizabeth, Solute budget of the Rio Grande above El Paso, Texas, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2009, advisor: Phillips

Bates, B., Influence of groundwater flowpaths and solute fluxes on microbial generation of coalbed methane using isotope tracers: Powder River, WY, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2009.

Bedford, D., Spatial variability of ecohydrologic properties in semi-arid landscapes, Ph.D., Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, 2009.

Blasch, Kyle William, Streamflow Timing and Estimation of Infiltration Rates in an Ephemeral Stream Channel using Variably Saturated Heat and Fluid Transport Methods, 2003, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P. A. “Ty” Ferré.

Boushaki, F.I., Merging ground and remote sensing precipitation data for improving hydrologic modeling performance, Ph.D., Hydrology, University of California – Irvine, 2007.

Broadbent, C., Water leasing: An evaluation of prototype markets using experimental economics, Ph.D., Economics, University of New Mexico, 2009.

Brosnihan, D., Supporting community water harvesting efforts: Impact of water harvesting on street runoff quantity and quality, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Cañon Barriga, C.C., Impact of Irrigation on Flash flood generation in Verde river basin, MS, Civil Engineering, University of Arizona, 2010.

Chang, G., Water supply system management design and optimization under uncertainty, Ph.D., Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 2007.

Chief, K., Soil air permeability and saturated hydraulic conductivity: Development of soil corer air permeameter, post-fire soil physical changes, and 3D air flow model in anisotropic soils, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Dadakis, Jason Sophocles, Isotopic and Geochemical Characterization of Recharge and Salinity in a Shallow Floodplain Aquifer Near El Paso, Texas, 2004 M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: B. Ekwurzel. de Goncalves, Luis Gustavo Goncalves, Land Surface-Surface Atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling over South America, 2005, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: W.J. Shuttleworth.

Defreese, Amy Susan, Riparian Wetlands of East Canyon Creek in Summit County, Utah: Losses Authorized under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act within the Context of Overall Historical Losses, 2005, M.Eng., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: M. Bradley.

Desilets, Sharon Louise Einloth, Flood Processes in Semi-Arid Streams: Sediment Transport, Flood Routing, And Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions, 2007, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: T. Ferre.

Dolmar, Daniel C. , Transport of anthropogenic and natural solutes near a prehistoric Native American Pueblo, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2001, advisor: Hendrickx

133

Dressler, Kevin A., Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Snow Water Equivalent and Simulated Snowmelt Runoff Modeling in Headwater Basins of the Semi-Arid Southwest, 2005, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: R.C. Bales.

Druhan, J., Geochemical analysis of recharge and salinization in the northern Hueco Bolson aquifer, El Paso, Texas, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Estergard, S., Distinctions of dryland rivers: Implications for ecosystem restoration, M.Eng., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Farid, A., Using airborne Lidar to differentiate cottonwood trees in a riparian area and refine riparian water use estimates, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Faust, Abigail Elizabeth, The Effect of Pedo-Transfer Functions On Estimated Rates And Patterns Of Potential Recharge, 2003, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P.A. "Ty" Ferre.

Feirstein, E., Development of a groundwater model for the Colorado River Delta, Mexico, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Franz, K., Characterization of the comparative skill of conceptual and physically based snow models for streamflow prediction, Ph.D., Civil Engineering, University of California – Irvine, 2006.

Frisbee, M. The influence of contributions from large-scale groundwater flowpaths on streamflow generation processes and residence times in a large, mountainous watershed in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA, Ph.D. Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2010.

Gallo, E., Changes in runoff amount and quality associated with urbanization, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2010.

Gastelum, J., Analysis of water resources alternatives to improve water allocation on the Conchos Basin during drought situations, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Green, K., Partitioning of evapotranspiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Guan, H., Water above the mountain front: Assessing mountain-block recharge in semiarid regions, Ph. D., Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, 2005.

Guardiola-Claramonte, Maria-Teresa, Potential Effects of Wildfire on Watershed Hydrologic Responses: Sabino Creek Basin, Arizona, 2005, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: B. Nijssen.

Gustafson, J., Quantifying spatial variability of snow water equivalent, snow chemistry, and snow water isotopes: Application to snowpack water balance, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2008.

Gutmann, Christopher K., Long-Term Hydrochemical Sensitivity of an Alpine Watershed using the Alpine Hydrochemical Model, 2005, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: R.C. Bales.

Haas, Peter Andrew, Changes In Concentration And Composition Of Dissolved And Particulate Organic Matter In The Upper San Pedro River, Arizona In Response To Changes In Flow Regime, 2003, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P.D. Brooks.

134

Hamblen, Jennifer Marilyn, Spatial And Temporal Trends In Sediment Dynamics And Potential Aerobic Microbial Metabolism, Upper San Pedro River, Southeastern Arizona, 2003, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: M.H. Conklin.

Harlow, Robert Chawn, Remote and in situ Measurements of Soil and Vegetation Water Content, 2003, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisors: W. J. Shuttleworth and P. A. Ferré

Hartmann, Holly Chris, Stakeholder Driven Research in a Hydroclimatic Context, 2001, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: S. Sorooshian.

Hinnell, Andrew Charles, The Influence of TDR-ROD-Induced Flow Disruption on Measured Water Content During Steady-State Flow, 2004, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P.A. "Ty" Ferre.

Hong, Sung-ho, Mapping regional distributions of energy balance components using optical remotely sensed imagery, PhD, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2008, advisor: Hendrickx

Hong, Sung-ho, Soil salinity in arid non-flooded riparian areas, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2002, advisor: Hendrickx

Huth, Anne M. Kramer, Geochemical And Isotopic Mixing Models: Two Case Studies In A Snow- Dominated And Semi-Arid Environment, 2003, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: R.C. Bales.

Ip, Felipe, Improvements to Flood Detection and Monitoring Through Satellite Autonomy, Sensor Webs, and Hydrological Modeling, 2006, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: .

Kali, George, An assessment of dissolved oxygen levels in Alaska small boat harbors, M.Eng., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 2006.

Khodatalab, Newsha, Distributed Hydrologic Modeling For Flow Forecasting Using High-Resolution Data, 2002, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: S. Sorooshian.

Klasner, L., The Influence of Spatial and Temporal Hydrologic Variability on Nutrient Fluxes and Transformations, San Pedro River, Arizona, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Koch, Joshua Charles, Quantifying Bulk and Mobile Carbon And Nitrogen in the Dominant Landscapes of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Arizona, 2005, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor, P. Brooks.

Kostrzewski, J., Quantifying Seasonal Variations in Water Source and Nutrient Concentrations: A Catchment Comparison in Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM., MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Krezelok, Jamie Marie, Microbial Activity in Parafluvial Stream Sediments Before and After Monsoonal Flow, Upper San Pedro River, Southeastern Arizona, 2007, M.S. , Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: T. Meixner.

Kurc, S., Dynamics and controls of ecosystem scale water, carbon, and energy cycling at semiarid grassland and shrubland, Ph.D., Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, 2006.

135

Lacey, H., Quantification and characterization of chloride sources in the Rio Grande, MS, Hydrology, New Mexico Tech, 2006.

Lawler, David, Using The Streambed Temperature Sensors To Monitor Flow Events In The San Pedro River, Southeast Arizona and North-Central Sonora, Mexico, 2002, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P.A."Ty" Ferre.

Lemon, Michelle M., The Effects of Land Use and Regional Hydrology on Surface Water Quality in the Upper San Pedro River, AZ, USA, 2004 M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: P. Brooks.

Lewis, T., Managing water resources: Integrating the Endangered Species Act and state water law in terms of water resources management, M.Eng., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Liu, Yuqiong, Parameter Estimation For Locally Coupled LAnd Surface-Atmosphere Models, 2003, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: S. Sorooshian.

Maitaria, K., Enabling hydrological interpretation of monthly to seasonal precipitation forecasts in the core North American monsoon region, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2009.

McHugh, Kathleen Marie, Western Water Law And The Stream-Aquifer Sysytem, 2003, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: T. Maddock III.

Mills, Suzanne K., Quantifying salinization of the Rio Grande using environmental tracers, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2003, advisor: Phillips

Moayyad, Behnaum, Importance of groundwater depth, soil texture and rooting depth on arid riparian, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2001, advisor: Hendrickx

Molotch, Noah P, Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Snow Water Equivalent and Snowmelt in Mountainous Watersheds of Semi-arid Regions, 2004, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: R. C. Bales.

Moore, Keara Bevin, Nitrate Source History for Livermore, California using Environmental Isotopes, Noble-Gases, and Major Ions, 2004, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: B. Ekwurzel.

Musselman, K., Quantifying the effects of forest vegetation on snow accumulation, ablation, and potential meltwater inputs, Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Neal, A., Scaling flux tower estimates of water and carbon exchange in semi-arid environments, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2010.

Oelsner, G., Spatial and temporal variability in hydrologic controls on nutrient dynamics in the Upper Rio Grande, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Pagano, Thomas Christopher, The Role of Climate Variability in Operational Water Supply Forecasting for the Western United States, 2005, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor, S. Sorroshian.

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Park, G.-H., Cross comparisons of land surface process descriptions in land surface models using multiple sources of data, Ph.D., Civil Engineering, University of California – Irvine, 2006.

Potts, D.L., Pulses and burps: rainfall variability and carbon cycling in semi-arid ecosystems. Ph.D., Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 2006.

Rice, S.E., Springs as indicators of drought: Physical and geochemical analyses in the middle Verde River watershed, Arizona, MS. Geology, Northern Arizona University, 2007.

Rinehart, Alex J., Effects of radiation sheltering and scattering from distant landscapes on the accumulation and ablation of snow in La Jara catchment in the Valles Caldera, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2008, advisor: Vivoni

Roach, J., Integrated surface water/groundwater modeling in the Upper Rio Grande in support of scenario analysis, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Rodriguez-Marin, Graciela, Water flow through indurated calcic horizons in arid New Mexico, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2001, advisor: Bowman

Rosenau- Davidson,Naomi, Groundwater and produced water quality of the Permian Basin, southeast New Mexico, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2003, advisor: Phillips

Saliba, G., Science, collaboration, and sustainability in the Upper San Pedro Basin, MS, Geography, University of Arizona, 2007.

Sandvig, Renee, Ecohydrological controls on soil-moisture fluxes in arid vadose zones, MS, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2005, advisor: Phillips

Schmid, Wolfgang, A Farm Package for MODFLOW-2000: Simulation of Irrigation Demand and Conjunctively Managed Surface-Water and Ground-Water Supply, 2004 Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: T. Maddock, III.

Serrat-Capdevila, Aleix, An Alternative Approach to the Operation of Multinational Reservoir Systems: Application tothe Amistad & Falcon Reservoir System (Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo), 2004, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: J.B. Valdes.

Simpson, S., Modeling stream-aquifer Interactions during floods and baseflow: Upper San Pedro River, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Somor, A., Changes in hydrologic partitioning in response to tree death, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2010.

Soto-Lopez, C., Spatial and temporal variability of vertical hydrologic fluxes at the San Pedro River, AZ, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2008.

Treese, Samantha, Stream/Aquifer Interactions in a Semi-Arid Effluent-Dependent River: A Clogging Conceptual Model, 2008, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: T. Meixner.

Veatch, W., Quantifying the effects of forest canopy cover on net snow accumulation at a continental, midlLatitude site, Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM, USA, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2008.

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Villinski, John Eugene, Reductive Dissolution of Manganese (IV) Oxides and Precipitation of Iron (III): Implications for Redox Processes in an Alluvial Aquifer Affected by Acid Mine Drainage, 2001, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: M.Conklin. von Glinski, G., Using Borehole Ground-Penetrating Radar to Monitor Water Content, 2004, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Advisors: P. A. “Ty” Ferré, T. Maddock III, P. Wierenga.

Wahi, Arun Kumar, Quantifying Mountain System Recharge in the Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona, Using Geochemical Tracers, 2005, M.S., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, advisor: B. Ekwurzel.

Walvoord, Michelle A., A unifying conceptual model to describe water, vapor, and solute transport in deep arid vadose zones, PhD, Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Tech, 2002, advisor: Phillips

Weber, M., Riparian valuation in the Southwestern United States, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Williams, A., Educational applications of decisions-support simulations for water basins, MS, Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2006.

Yatheendradas, S., Flash flood forecasting for the semi-arid southwestern United States, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Yilmaz, K., Towards improved modeling for hydrologic predictions in poorly gauged basins, Ph.D., Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 2007.

Non-peer reviewed:

Brookshire, D.S., J. Chermak, K. Grimsrud, J. Hansen, and J. Thacher, Fully integrated system dynamics toolbox for water resources planning: economic components, technical report to Sandia National Laboratories, 2006.

Duffy, C.J. , R. Avaissar, C. Dahm, K. Davis, M. Dettinger , J. Hack , D. Marks, M.. Miller, R. Pulwarty, M. Ralph, M. Roos, and C. Tague, Towards an integrated observing platform for the terrestrial water cycle: from bedrock to boundary layer, a white paper to the Science Steering Group (SSG) of the Interagency Working Group (IWG) of the Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) Global Water Cycle Research Element, 2006.

Feirstein, E.J., F. Zamora, L.B. Vionnet, and T.Maddock III, Simulations of groundwater conditions in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico, HWR No. 08-030, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 2008.

Goddard, L., A. Wood, N. Mantua, K. Jacobs, Decadal Climate Prediction: Learning from the Oceans, in California Drought: An Update, California Department of Water Resources, 2008.

Jacobs, K., Preparing for Climate Change: Options for Water Managers, Arizona Water & Pollution Control Association Newsletter. Vol. 25, No. 3, 2008.

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Jana, R., B.P. Mohanty, and E. Springer. Soil hydraulic properties for simulation of semiarid river basin water balance - a report, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University and Los Alamos National Lab, 2005.

Maddock, T.M., K. Baird, and H. Ajami, Groundwater and surface water assessment, region of Loreto, Mexico, in Futuros Alternativos Para la Region de Loreto website, www.futurosalternativosloreto.org/hydrology/Hydrology_Loreto.doc

Morin, P., K. Campbell, and J.Washburne, Stereo Anaglyphic Map of the Southwest (Four Corners Region), J. Geosci. Educ., Jan. 2007.

Morin, P., K. Campbell, and J. Washburne, Stereo anaglyphic map of the Southwest (Four Corners Region), Science Museum of Minnesota, 2006.

Schmid, W., T.M. Maddock III, R.T. Hanson, and S.A. Leake, User''s guide for the Farm Process (FMP) for the U.S. Geological Survey'’s modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Methods Report, (forthcoming).

Southwest Hydrology, beginning with Sept./Oct. 2003 issue , vols. 2, no. 5, were produced, edited, and published by SAHRA. Feature article contributors include the following: • Barron, E., IPCC: handling a hot topic (vol. 8, no. 3) • Black, M., ASCE assessment: Water infrastructure needs attention (vol. 5, no. 2) • Black, M., Australians cope with long-term drought. (vol. 3, no. 2) • Blomquist, W.A. and J.J. Mosher, Short-term improvements for water management in the West (vol. 8, no. 1) • Borchert, C., B. Drypolcher and A.C. Lewis, Sustaining the Santa Fe River (vol. 9, no. 1) • Bower, B. and A. Petrides, Accounting for groundwater in watershed management (vol. 8, no. 2) • Bradley, B., California tackles nitrogen from onsite wastewater systems (vol. 8, no. 4) • Brookshire, D., P. Ganderton, M. Ewers, B. Colby, and S. Stewart, Water markets in the Southwest: Why and where? (vol. 3, no. 2) • Browning-Aiken, A., F. Gray, A. D. Fisher de Leon, and Y. Gray, ECOSTART: Teaching teachers to use a watershed’s outdoor classroom. (vol. 4, no. 5) • Cañon Barriga, J., Water resources in Colombia: challenging issues at a glance. (vol. 4, no. 3) • Cohen, R., K. Ortez and C. Pinkstaff, Making every drop work in California’s CII sector (vol. 8, no. 6) • Cooley, H., J. Christian-Smith and P.H. Gleick, Sustaining agriculture in an uncertain future: the role of water efficiency (vol. 8, no. 6) • Crimmins, M., Tracking U.S. precipitation (vol. 7, no. 6) • DeBano, L.F., Fire effects on watersheds: an overview (vol. 8, no. 2) dello Russo, G., Restoration in New Mexico watersheds: the floodplains (vol. 8, no . 2) • Dominguez, F., and C. Castro, Improving SW drought monitoring and forecasting (vol. 8, no. 2) • Dragoo, C., and R. Faris, Alternative futures for the City of La Paz, Mexico. (vol. 3, no. 3) • Eastoe, C.J., Locating recharge zones with isotopes (vol. 2, no. 1) • Ekwurzel, B., Dating groundwater with isotopes (vol. 2, no. 1) • Ekwurzel, B., Flooding during a drought? Climate variability and fire in the Southwest. (vol. 3, no. 5) • Erbeznik, M. and J. Rector, Designing conservation programs for verifiable savings (vol 8, no 6) • Esser, B., M. Singleton and J. Moran, Identifying groundwater nitrate sources and sinks (vol. 8, no. 4) • Faris, B., Nitrate groundwater issues: New Mexico’s perspective (vol. 8, no. 4)

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• Foss, D.W., S. Tillack and M. Stegmiller, Implementing water reuse (vol. 9, no. 1) • Galloway, G.E., Taking care of infrastructure business (vol. 8, no. 1) • Garcia, C., Cultural perspectives: the land-based community looks at sustainability. (vol. 4, no. 1) • Garfin, G., and M. Lenart, Climate change effects on Southwest water resources (vol. 6, no. 1) • Garfin, G., Water and Climate in the Western United States (review) (vol. 6, no. 2) • Garrick, D., and K.L. Jacobs, Water Management on the Colorado River: From Surplus to Shortage in Five Years (vol. 5, no. 3) • Gill, T.E., T.W. Collins and D.J. Novlan, Differential impacts of flash flooding across the Paso del Norte (vol. 9, no. 1) • Gleick, P.H. , Doing more with less: improving water use efficiency nationwide (vol. 8, no. 1) • Goodrich, D., D. Semmens, and A. Cate, AGWA: GIS’s future on the Web (vol. 3, no. 3) • Graf, C., Drywells: one county’s novel approach to stormwater management and disposal (vol. 9, no. 1) • Guay, B.E., and C.J. Eastoe, Tracking groundwater sources with environmental isotopes (vol. 6, no 4) • Hancock, E., Water camps and exhibits for Summer 2004. (vol. 3, no. 2) • Hancock, E., From Monsoon Madness to Wildfire Adventures: Two summer camps. (vol. 3, no. 6) • Hardberger, A. and S. Anderson, Managing risks of CO2 sequestration (vol. 8, no. 5) • Harter, T., Agricultural impacts on groundwater nitrate (vol. 8, no. 4) • Hartmann, H., Resources for climate planning and adaptation (vol. 8, no. 3) • Heggen, R., Hydromythology and the Ancient Greek World (review, vol. 8, no. 6) • Hibbs, B., and M. Merino, Discovering a geologic salinity source in the Rio Grande aquifer (vol. 6, no 4) • Hoerling, M., D. Lettenmaier, D. Cayan and B. Udall, Reconciling projections of Colorado River streamflow (vol. 8, no. 3) • Hogan, J.F., Isotope hydrology: Web and print resources (vol. 2, no. 1) • Holway, J. and L. Baker, Principles for managing the southwest’s urban water environments (vol. 9, no. 1) • Hovorka, S.D., Frio Brine pilot: the 1st U.S. sequestration test (vol., 8, no. 5) • Hong, Y., W.J. Shuttleworth, K. Hsu, and S. Sorooshian, Satellites provide data to estimate rainfall at global and regional scales. (vol. 3, no. 1) • Huxman, T., and R.L. Scott, Climate change, vegetation dynamics, and the landscape water balance (vol. 6, no. 1) • Jacobs, K., and B. Morehouse, Why sustainability is not a four-letter word. (vol. 4, no.1) • Johnson, S., and C. Bitter, Science Olympiad hydro competition (vol. 5, no. 3) • Jordan, D., Pervious pavement – fact or fiction? (vol. 9, no. 1) • Lohse, K.A., E.L. Gallo and J.R. Kennedy, Possible tradeoffs from urbanization on groundwater recharge and water quality (vol. 9, no. 1) • Marra, R. and T. Thomure, Scenario planning: making strategic decisions in uncertain times (vol. 8, no. 3) • Myhre, R.J. and M. Stone, Opportunities for carbon capture and geologic storage (vol. 8, no. 5) • McHugh, K.M., Numerical modeling aids evaluation of pumping impacts (vol. 2, no. 4) • Overpeck, J. Keep the West vibrant with strong climate change policy (vol. 8, no. 1) • Parmenter, R.R., Applying hydrology to land management (vol. 8, no. 2) • Robbins, E., and M. Conklin, Plant may provide key to metal distribution in stra, (vol. 2, no. 1) • Pfeiffer, P.R. and B.J. Kobelski, Regulating geologic sequestration of CO2 (vol. 8, no. 5) • Rosen, M. R. and C. Kropf, Nitrates in Southwest groundwater (vol. 8, no. 4) • Schnarr, G. and S.J. Cullen, The hydrology of geologic sequestration (vol. 8, no. 5) • Scott, C.A., R.G. Varady, A. Browning-Aiken, and T.W. Sprouse, Linking water and energy along the Arizona-Sonora border (vol. 6, no 5)

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• Scott, R.L., D.G. Williams, T.E. Huxman, K.R. Hultine, and D.C. Goodrich, Quantifying riparian evapotranspiration (vol. 7, no. 1) • Shirley, D.H., D.J. Colins and J.L. Boyer, Exploring geologic CO2 storage in Arizona (vol. 8, no. 5) • Shuttleworth, W.J., Evapotranspiration measurement methods (vol. 7, no. 1) • Smith, K. and S. Rich, Restoration in New Mexico watersheds: the uplands (vol. 8, no. 2) • Snyder, S.A.. Pharmaceuticals in water: implications for sustainability (vol. 8, no. 1) • Stewart, S., review of Determining the Economic Value of Water: Concepts and Methods. (vol. 4, no. 6) • Stromberg, J.C., S.J. Lite, and M.K. Chew, Alien plants and riparian ecosystem restoration: the Tamarix case (vol. 2, no. 2) • Stromberg, J.C., Hydrologic changes and riparian forests: The salt cedar story (vol. 6, no 6) • Tidwell, V.C., and H.D. Passell, Collaborative modeling for water management (vol. 5, no. 4) • Udall, B. and K. Averyt, A critical need: a national interagency water plan (vol. 8, no. 1) • Vogel, C. and J. Longworth, Apples to apples: A standardized measure for municipal water (vol. 8, no. 6) • Walvoord, M., review of FEHM (vol. 4, no. 6) • Washburne, J., GLOBE brings landcover and remote sensing studies to schools. (vol. 4, no. 3) • Westerhoff, P. and K. Doudrick, Treatment technologies for today and tomorrow (vol. 8, no. 4) • Whitaker, M., Dig into the GLOBE Soil Moisture Campaign. (vol. 3, no. 1) • Whitaker, M.P.L., J. Washburne, and J. Madden, Teens research AZ rivers (vol. 7, no. 6) • Wilcox, B.P., Transformative landscape change in the West. (vol. 8, no. 2) • Williams, A., Decision support systems in water education, (vol. 5, no. 4) • Williams, A., Pressure building in CO mine tunnel (vol. 7, no. 5) • Williams, J.E. and J.M. Carter, Managing native trout past peak water (vol. 8, no. 2) • Wilmott, E., Coping with climate change at a local level (vol. 8, no. 3) • Wiltshire, K., Beyond stationarity: building the Center for Change (vol. 8, no. 3) • Wilson, D. C., Nitrates and Lake Havasu City’s wastewater expansion program (vol. 8, no. 4) • Woodard, G., Can water providers afford conservation? (vol. 8, no. 6) • Woodard, G., Climate-change articles note worldwide ice mass reduction. (vol. 3, no.1) • Woodard, G., Is water weird or just a common commodity? (vol. 3, no. 2) • Woodard, G., Aging water meters (vol. 6, no 6) • Woodard, G., ACE professional educational initiative creates opportunities for all. (vol. 2, no.6) • Woodard, G., Survey sez (vol. 7, no. 4) • Woodard, G., Water Follies, by Robert Glennon (review) (vol. 2., no. 1) • Woodard, G., K. Carpenter, and K. Blasch, Real-time data in educational displays enhance hydrologic literacy. (vol. 2, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Approaches to ET measurement (vol. 7, no. 1) • Woodhouse, B., Approaches to ET measurement (vol. 7, no. 1) • Woodhouse, B., ASCE’s standard practice provides procedure review (vol. 6, no. 2) • Woodhouse, B., AWRA dialogue identifies water resource policy issues. (vol. 4, no.4) • Woodhouse, B., Climate change through the eyes of water managers (vol. 6, no. 1) • Woodhouse, B., The dope on dowsing (vol. 6, no 6) • Woodhouse, B., An end to Mexico’s Rio Grande deficit? (vol. 4, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Energy demands on water resources: The federal perspective (vol. 6, no 5) • Woodhouse, B., Fire effects on stream discharge. (vol. 3, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Gauging the vulnerability of big projects (vol. 7, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Growth, cost and other excuses: challenges to water conservation (vol. 8, no. 6) • Woodhouse, B., MST in the MRG: Identifying sources of fecal coliform (vol. 6, no 4) • Woodhouse, B., Pharmaceuticals and other wastewater products in our waters – a new can of worms? (vol. 2, no.6)

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• Woodhouse, B., Quaggas muscle into western waters (vol. 6, no 4) • Woodhouse, B., The real-time data network of the U.S. Geological Survey. (vol. 2, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Reclamation reflects on a century of water projects (vol. 7, 5no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Sewage treatment intrigue on the border (vol. 6, no 4) • Woodhouse, B., What about the “R” in ASR? (vol. 7, no. 3) • Woodhouse, B., and T. Hansen, Meeting the challenges of real-time data transport and integration: HPWREN and ROADNet. (vol. 2, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., and D. Russell, Managing multiple species in the Klamath (vol. 7, no. 4) • Woodhouse, B., and G. Wildeman, The Arizona Water Banking Authority: a nonprofit water storage facilitator. (vol. 3, no. 2) • Yancey, C.L., and B. Woodhouse, Western uranium development: The next boom? (vol. 7, no. 6)

Wagener, T., Y. Liu, H. Hartmann, M. Mahmoud, and S. Stewart, Scenario development for integrated water resources studies in the semi-arid southwestern USA, TIAS Quarterly, July 2006. www.tias- web.info

1b. Conference Presentations

During the course of the NSF grant, SAHRA researchers generated on average 100 invited/requested presentations per year, with well over 1000 presentations over the duration of the Center. A list of presentations from 2000-2010 can be made available upon request.

1c. Other Dissemination Activities

SAHRA’s research results have been widely disseminated through national science radio programming. Science reporter Corinna Wu from the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Science Update interviewed several SAHRA researchers, resulting in four 5-minute pieces. Water in Plants, which aired on January 25, 2002 (see www.scienceupdate.com/jan02.html#020125), described how desert plants make the most of limited precipitation. The piece on Low-Flush Toilets that aired March 18, 2002, (www.scienceupdate.com/march02.html#020318), was also adapted as a middle school science curriculum component. The Tree Torture piece airing on April 19, 2002 (see www.scienceupdate.com/april02.html#020419) described research involving an artificial drought created in the San Pedro riparian corridor. Snow Mapping, which aired on May 29, 2002 (see www.scienceupdate.com/may02.html#020529), described remote sensing approaches to measuring snow.

SoundPrint interviewed several SAHRA researchers for Water is Gold, a 28-minute piece in its Series on Models and Forecasting, which aired on National Public Radio on November 25, 2002. SAHRA developed a companion website, “Water in the Desert,” for SoundPrint KJZZ in Phoenix to complement the airing of the program (see http://water.soundprint.org/) and provide additional information and resources related to drought and arid/semi-arid lands of the Southwest.

In addition, SoundPrint interviewed several SAHRA researchers for one of its programs on forecasting and modeling. Water is Gold, a 28-minute piece, aired August 23, 2002 (see www.soundprint.org/radio/display_show/ID/1150/name/Water+is+Gold).

SAHRA’s Education and Knowledge Transfer programs were more widely disseminated as a result of efforts by Dana Flowers, funded by State of Arizona Prop. 301 funds. Ms. Flowers was involved in cross- training water educators from throughout Arizona in each other’s programs and familiarizing them with

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SAHRA’s programs. The first major cross-training effort took place over six days in late July 2002. A media briefing occurred in late summer 2002.

In 2002 SAHRA, with UA’s Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, initiated a series of briefings related to water and climate for media professionals in Tucson, Phoenix, and Albuquerque. The following SAHRA participants made presentations in 2002-2004:

Tucson, July 22, 2002: Gary Woodard, “Drought-related research and forecasts” Soroosh Sorooshian, “Fire impacts on watersheds’ infiltration, runoff, and siltation”

Phoenix, August 26, 2002: Gary Woodard, “The demand side of drought: limits to conservation” Soroosh Sorooshian, “Fire impacts on watersheds’ infiltration, runoff, and siltation”

Albuquerque, September 26, 2002: Gary Woodard, “Drought-related research and forecasts” Soroosh Sorooshian, “Fire impacts on watersheds’ infiltration, runoff, and siltation” Eric Small, “Drought, vegetation, and water cycling in the semiarid southwest” Fred Phillips, “Drought and salts in the Rio Grande” Vince Tidwell, “Simulation of long-term drought and effects on the Rio Grande”

Tucson, January 9, 2003: Roger Bales, “Snow measurement, melt, and runoff research in the Santa Catalinas” Gary Woodard, “Using near-real time data in knowledge transfer and education: Sabino Canyon gauges”

Phoenix, March 20, 2003: Noah Molotch, “Snow measurement, melt, and runoff research at the University of Arizona” Gary Woodard, “Water demand: socio-demographic challenges for water management”

(Presenters also included Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano, who spoke on Arizona’s role in drought planning and fire risk management, and issued a proclamation establishing the state’s first Drought Planning Commission.)

Tucson, November 12, 2003: Greg Garfin, “The 2003 Monsoon and Tropical Storm Season: Did It Help the Drought?” Holly Hartmann, “Current El Niño, Climate, and Palmer Drought Severity Index Forecasts” Katharine Jacobs, “Development of the Arizona Drought Plan” Tom deGomez, “2002 – 03 Bark Beetle Outbreak: The Perfect Storm” James Shuttleworth, “Impact of Drought on SAHRA’s Research on Mount Bigelow”

Tucson, May 25, 2004: Jonathan Overpeck, “Climate Change Basics and Glaciers” Vic Baker, “What do Paleo Flood Records Tell Us about Extreme Storm Events?” Noah Molotch, “Climate Change Impacts and Snowpack” Julia Cole, “El Nino and Drought”

Phoenix, December 7, 2004: Greg Garfin, “The Latest Paleoclimate Insights on Western U.S. Drought”

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Bart Nijssen, “Climate Change in the Colorado River Basin: Impacts of Earlier Snowmelt and Changes in Runoff” Joe Zehnder, “The Phoenix Urban Heat Island: Impacts on the Water Supply” Gary Woodard, “Impacts of Warming on Municipal Water Demand” Kathy Jacobs, “Water Management Implications of Warming”

2. Awards and Honors

Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Kevin A. Dressler Yearly Student Hydrology University of Arizona April 2001 Symposium Hydrology and Water Resources Department Huade Guan To honor outstanding student SAHRA March 2002 posters at the annual meeting Jennifer Hamblen Student Poster Competition SAHRA Feb. 2002 Anne Kramer Huth Best departmental oral El Dia del Agua – student April 2002 presentation research symposium Anne Kramer Huth Best Student Oral Presentation University of Arizona April 2002 Hydrology and Water Resources Department Richard Allen For “outstanding contribu- Royce J. Tipton Award, May 2003 tions to irrigation engineering American Society of Civil through system simulation, Engineers software development, teaching, and research and for advancements in the know- ledge of evapotranspiration theory and concepts for world- wide application” Richard Allen “In recognition of a Service Award, United States May 2003 distinguished career in water Committee on Irrigation and resources engineering and Drainage education and for exceptional contributions to the irrigation and drainage profession” Rosalind Bark First prize, poster, Business UA Graduate & Professional Nov. 2003 Administration, Law, Student Council, Student Economics and Public policy Showcase graduate division. Karletta Chief one of two doctoral-level 2003 Centennial Award, UA May 2003 students recognized for outstanding achievement and contributions by graduate students Sharon Desilets Poster Presented at 14th Hargis Poster Award, 2nd place, March 2004 Annual El Dia de Agua Hargis & Associates Student Showcase

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Alex Furman Presentation at 14th Annual El UA HWR Departmental Award, March 2004 Dia de Agua Student best presentation Showcase Huade Guan Application of mathematics in Allan Gutjahr Memorial 2003 hydrology research Fellowship, NMT Candice Marburger Graduating senior achievement Outstanding senior Award, UA April 2004 Dept. of Geosciences Candice Marburger 1st prize poster, Education UA Graduate & Professional Nov. 2003 category Student Council, Student Showcase Gretchen Oelsner Poster Presented at 14th UA HWR Departmental Award, March 2004 Annual El Dia de Agua best poster Student Showcase Jesse Roach Poster presented at 14th Annual Hargis Poster Award, 1st place, March 2004 El Dia de Agua Student Hargis & Associates Showcase Aregai Tecle For “exceptional service to the Elected Fellow, Arizona Nevada April 2004 Arizona Nevada Academy of Academy of Science Science and for what it stands.” Aregai Tecle Exceptional services to Native NAU President's Award for 2003-2004 American education, research Ethnic Diversity and services Rien vanGenuchten Honorary doctorate, Hannover May 2003 University, Germany Dave Williams Scholarly exchange and Fullbright Research Fellowship 2003-2004 collaboration with French research lab Javier Aparicio “Enzo Levi” Award, National award for best research 2004 Asociación Mexicana de work Hidráulica (Mexican Hydraulic Association) Rosalind Bark First prize poster, Business Poster presented at Graduate and Oct. 2004 Administration, Law, Professional Student Council Economics and Public Policy Student Showcase, Univ. of Graduate Division Arizona Jessica Cable Hoshaw Award, Ecology and Excellence in graduate research Aug. 2004 Evolutionary Biology Dept., Univ. of Arizona Jessica Cable NSF CATTS Fellowship, Teaching and science outreach 2004- 2005 Univ. of Arizona fellowship Sharon Desilets Hargis Poster Award, 2nd Poster presented at 14th Annual March 2004 place, Hargis & Associates, El Dia del Agua Student Inc. Showcase, Univ. of Arizona Alex Furman UA HWR Departmental Presentation at 14th Annual El March 2004 Award, best presentation Dia de Agua Student Showcase, Univ. of Arizona

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Jaime Garatuza Investigador Nacional Nivel I For original high quality research Nov. 2004 (Level I National Investigator), and mentoring of graduate Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y students Tecnologia (National Council of Science and Technology Jaime Garatuza Perfil Deseable PROMEP, Recognizes tenured professors for Nov. 2004 Secretary of Public Education outstanding academic work and (Mexico) provides a stipend for advanced study and equipment Travis Huxman Distinguished Alumnus, Honors professional success and June 2004 California State Univ.-San contributions to society by CSU- Bernardino SB alumni Sharon Lite CAP Award For Water Outstanding student paper on Sept. 2004 Research, Central Arizona water issues facing Lower Basin Project States Candice Marburger Outstanding Senior, Dept. of Most outstanding senior in the April 2004 Geosciences, Univ. of Arizona department graduating in spring 2004 Gretchen Oelsner UA HWR Departmental Best poster presented at 14th March 2004 Award Annual El Dia de Agua Student Showcase, Univ. of Arizona Jesse Roach Hargis Poster Award, Hargis + Outstanding poster at El Dia del March 2004 Associates Agua Student Showcase, University of Arizona Derya Sumer Univ. of Arizona Technology Student fellowship for study of June 2004 and Research Initiative Fund water resources (TRIF) Water Sustainability Program (WSP) Graduate Student Fellowship Award Aregai Tecle Fellow, Arizona Nevada Exceptional service to the April 2004 Academy of Science Arizona Nevada Academy of Science Aregai Tecle President's Award for For exemplary and exceptional April 2004 Diversity services to diverse groups and for promoting diversity at Northern Arizona University Rien van Honorary Doctorate Degree, For outstanding research April 2004 Genuchten Hannover University, achievements on water and solute Germany transport in the unsaturated zone, and their significance for the agricultural, environmental, and engineering sciences. Arun Wahi First Place Poster – Natural Poster presented at 2nd Annual Oct. 2004 Sciences ISPE-Fest Poster Competition, Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, Univ. of Arizona David Breshears Outstanding achievements in Shirley O’Brien Diversity Award, Nov. 2005 promoting diversity within the UA College of Agriculture and College Life Sciences

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Jessica Cable AGU Fall Meeting Outstanding Student Paper, UA- Dec. 2005 competition HWR Julio Canon Best student poster Hargis Award for best poster March 2005 Barriga Karletta Chief UA Marshall Foundation Dec. 2005 Dissertation Fellowship Jaime Garratuza Scientific excellence Member, Mexican Academy of Nov. 2005 Sciences Alfredo Granados Scientific excellence National Researcher Candidate, Fall 2005 Olivas (former CONACyT UACJ collaborator) Felipe Ip For previous work on flood Software of the year (co-winner), Sept. 2005 water classification through NASA the Autonomous Sciencecraft experiment

Laura Klasner Scholarship for fall 2005 UA-HWR Graduate Scholarship Fall 2005 tuition Knowledge Honors makers of USGS- Shoemaker Awards for Aug. 2005 Transfer team related information products. Communication Product Two awards received for Excellence, USGS Sabino Canyon project, one for the exhibit and one for the website Tasha Lewis coached the 1st place team in National Science Olympiad May 2005 water quality competition Joseph McConnell To lecture and conduct Fullbright Scholar, U.S. Dept. of Feb. 2005 research on ice core and alpine State snow hydrology in Argentina. Gretchen Oelsner Presentation at 15th Annual El Departmental award for best March 2005 Dia del Agua poster, UA-HWR Fred Phillips Kirk Bryan Award for Award for Oct. 2005 Research Excellence, Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Division, Geological Society of America Aleix Serrat- Best student presentation Montgomery Prize for best March 2005 Capdevila presentation, 15th Annual El Dia del Agua Aleix Serrat- Third best poster ISPE-fest, UA Oct. 2005 Capdevila John Madden Outstanding science teaching Presidential Award for Excellence May 2006 in Mathematics and Science Teaching, National Science Foundation and White House W. James For outstanding international International Hydrology Prize, April 2006 Shuttleworth contributions to hydrology HIS

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Soroosh “for his distinguished record in NASA Distinguished Public 2005 Sorooshian providing scientific leadership Service Medal for global water cycle research and assuring that NASA science is well integrated into international programs” Southwest Regional award Award of Excellence, Dec. 2005 Hydrology team Publications, Art, and Online competition of the Society for Technical Communication Rien For outstanding achievements Dionys Stur Medal of Honor, April 2005 VanGenuchten in the natural sciences Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Michelle Walvoord Annually awarded to a woman GSA-Subaru Outstanding Woman Oct. 2005 who has greatly impacted the in Science field of geosciences based on her PhD research Chris Watts Scientific achievement Member, Mexican Academy of Dec. 2005 Science Matt Weber Presentation at 15th Annual El Public speaking award, UA-HWR March 2005 Dia del Agua Gary Woodard and Outstanding water resources UCOWR Education and Public July 2005 Don Davis education program Service Award in Water resources Rosalind Bark Outstanding research paper Award for Water Research, Summer Central Arizona Project 2006 Rosalind Bark Student poster competition President’s Poster Prize, Arid Dec. 2006 Lands Division, UA Graduate Interdisciplinary Program Rosalind Bark Best poster in division First prize poster, Business, Nov. 2006 Public Administration, and Economics Graduate Div., Graduate and Professional Student Council Showcase, Univ. of Arizona Dave Breshears Re-elected for 2nd term to Board of Professional Dec. 2006 evaluate applicants for Certification, Ecological Society certification in biology of America Craig Broadbent Research and scholarship Dean’s dissertation fellowship May 2007 Paul Brooks Excellence in reviewing AGU Award for Excellence in Summer Reviewing, American 2006 Geophysical Union Karletta Chief Research and academic record 2006 Marshall Foundation Jan. 2006 Dissertation Fellowship Karletta Chief Poster competition at annual Honorable mention, poster, Spring 2006 conference Minority Graduate Association at Mountain States Alliance Karletta Chief Teaching assistant award Outstanding Graduate Teaching May 2007 Assistant Award, UA College of Engineering

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Lissette De la Cruz Travel grant Travel grant to attend June 2006 International Summer Camp in China Lissette De la Cruz Poster competition 1st prize, Hargis Award, UA Mar. 2007 HWR 17th annual El Dia del Agua Francina Academic achievement and Glenn & Helen Stout Award, April 2006 Dominguez research Civil and Env. Eng. Dept., U. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Ali Farid Outstanding student paper CAP Award for Water Research, Sept. 2006 Central Arizona Project Eden Fierstein Student poster presentation One of two students recognized Nov. 2006 competition for outstanding student poster, American Water Resources Association 2006 Fall Conference Dave Goodrich Superior performance in US-EPA, EPA Bronze Medal Oct. 2006 developing, applying and providing innovative watershed analysis tools to the public, regulatory, & scientific communities Dave Goodrich Contribution in hydraulics, 2007 Arid Lands Hydraulic May 2007 hydrology, planning, irrigation Engineering Award, American and drainage, hydroelectric Society of Civil Engineers power development, or navigation applicable to arid or semi-arid climates. Hoshin Gupta Named Prof. of Technology, Salt River Project 2006 Public Policy, and Markets, 2006-2009 Holly Hartmann Named as editor and elected to International Environmental 2006 board of directors Modelling and Software Society John Madden Excellence in teaching Presidential Award for Excellence May 2006 in Science Teaching – Arizona Taufique Mahmood Student water research Project selected for funding, New Dec. 2006 competition Mexico Water Resources Research Institute 2006 competition Mohammed Academic achievement, AWPCA Scholarship April 2007 Mahmoud understanding of a pertinent Arizona water issue, writing ability, and creativity Mohammed Competition ISPE Travel Grant, Institute for Sept. 2006 Mahmoud the Study of Planet Earth, UA Joe McConnell Cumulative research results 2006 Regents’ Researcher Award, March 2006 over recent years (the highest Nevada Board of Regents award within the Nevada System of Higher Education)

149

Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Jesse Roach Oral presentation competition Best oral presentation, 16th March 2006 Annual El Dia del Agua, UA HWR Aleix Serrat Scholarship Arizona Hydrological Society Sept. 2006 Scholarship, AHS Aleix Serrat Academic achievement Water Sustainability Program 2006-2007 Fellowship, UA WSP Aleix Serrat Competition Graduate College Scholarship, 2006-2007 UA Aleix Serrat Competition Beijing Complex Systems Summer Summer School (acceptance and 2006 travel scholarship) W. James Innovative, international International Hydrology Prize, July 2006 Shuttleworth leadership over more than International Association of thirty years, contributing to the Hydrological Science/UNESCO growth of hydrology into a International Hydrology major discipline of earth Program/World Meteorological system science Office Hydrology and Water Resources Program Soroosh significant contributions for Robert E. Horton Memorial 2006 Sorooshian estimating precipitation from Lectureship, American space-based imagery and for Meteorological Society application to semi-arid region hydrology and water resources management Soroosh Contributions to science Award, Japan Society for the 2006 Sorooshian Promotion of Science Carlos Soto Fellowship competition National Science Foundation April 2006 Graduate Research Fellowship Southwest Excellence in magazine Tucson Chapter, Intl. Assoc. June 2006 Hydrology publication Business Communicators Southwest Technical communication Excellence in Technical Jan. 2007 Hydrology excellence Communication, Society for Technical Communication Southwest Publication excellence Publication Excellence: Magazine April 2006 Hydrology or Journal, Communications Concepts APEX Anna Tyler Poster competition Honorable mention, Billings Best Aug. 2006 Poster Award, Physiological Ecology Section, 2006 Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Thorsten Wagener Significant contributions to Biennial Early Career Research 2006 environmental modeling and Excellence Prize, International software Environmental Modeling and Software Society Thorsten Wagener Named editor International Environmental 2006 Modelling and Software Society

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date John Wilson Outstanding contributions to Hydrologic Sciences Award, Dec. 2006 the science of hydrology American Geophysical Union Juan Valdes Election to board of directors CUAHSI 2006 Juan Valdes Election to Scientific Advisory InterAmerican Institute for Global 2006 Committee Change Research Enrique Vivoni Research Visiting Scientist, Ntl. Ctr for Aug. 2006 Atmospheric Res. Enrique Vivoni Student research support Langmuir Award, New Mexico May 2006 Tech Soni Student travel competition ISPE Graduate Student Travel Fall 2006 Yatheendradas Award, University of Arizona Koray Yilmaz Research poster competition 1st prize, Graduate Nov. 2006 Interdisciplinary Program poster competition, University of Arizona Caitlan Zlatos Poster competition 2nd prize, Hargis Award, UA Mar. 2007 HWR 17th annual El Dia del Agua Julio Canon Poster presentation at the 2007 Third place poster presentation, Oct. 2007 Barriga SAHRA Annual Meeting SAHRA Annual Meeting Lissette De la Cruz To present a poster at the AGU Travel Grant, UA Graduate and Nov.2007 Fall 2007 Meeting Professional Student Council Craig Broadbent Jay Raymond Stuart Award, May 2006 Economics Dept., Univ. NM Craig Broadbent Outstanding dissertation Dean’s Dissertation Fellowship, May 2006 College of Arts and Sciences, UNM Craig Broadbent Talk/poster competition Best NM talk or poster at AWRA Nov. 2007 Annual Meeting, AWRA New Mexico Section Karletta Chief Teaching assistant award Outstanding Graduate Teaching May 2007 Assistant Award, UA College of Engineering Greg Barron- Scholastic Achievement Emily Krauz Staff Endowment, June 2007 Gafford University of Arizona Staff Advisory Council Lissette De la Cruz Poster competition 1st prize, Hargis Award, UA March 2007 HWR 17th annual El Dia del Agua David Goodrich “consistently outstanding 2007 Arid Lands Hydraulic May 2007 research work advancing the Engineering Award, American state of the art and Society of Civil Engineers understanding of precipitation – runoff processes in the arid and semi- arid regions of the United States” Andy Hale Poster competition 3rd place student poster prize, Oct. 2007 SAHRA Annual Meeting

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Joseph Gustafson Outstanding poster at 2nd place student poster prize, Oct. 2007 SAHRA’s Annual Meeting. SAHRA Yuqiong Liu To attend meeting in Perugia, IUGG 2008 Travel Award, May 2007 Italy International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Mohammed Academic achievement, Arizona Water and Pollution Spring 2007 Mahmoud understanding of a pertinent Control Association (AWPCA) Arizona water issue, writing Scholarship ability, and creativity Mohammed To attend conference GPSC Travel Grant, Univ. of Summer Mahmoud Arizona 2007 Mohammed To attend conference GPSC Travel Grant, Univ. of Fall 2007 Mahmoud Arizona Mohammed Academic excellence Doctoral Fellow in Surface Fall 2007 Mahmoud Hydrology, Salt River Project Mohammed Academic excellence Graduate College Fee Scholarship 2006 - 2007 Mahmoud Award, UA HWR Fred Phillips Distinguished efforts to Named Fellow, Amer. Assoc. for Oct. 2007 advance science or its the Advancement of Science applications Fred Phillips Scientific achievement Fellow of the American Jan. 2008 Geophysical Union SAHRA and CHRS "For their action in Great Man-made River Prize, Nov. 2007 (UCI Center of strengthening the capacity to UNESCO Hydro-meteorology manage the water resources of and Remote arid and semi-arid areas Sensing) around the globe through a network of international and regional cooperation." Andrew Schneller Excellence in Research in Erasmus Circle Scholarship, UA Sept. 2007 Environmental Education College of Education Jirka Simunek Academic excellence Named ESR International Fellow, 2006 Institute of Environmental Science & Research, Christchurch, New Zealand Jirka Simunek Academic excellence. Visiting Fellow, CRCIF July 2007 (Cooperative Research Center Irrigation Futures, Australia) Soroosh Academic achievement Elected Member, Intl. Academy 2007 Sorooshian of Astronautics Juan Valdes Elected to CUAHSI Executive Jan. 2008 Committee William Veatch Academic achievement Graduate Fee Scholarship Award, Nov. 2007 Univ. of Arizona Betsy Woodhouse Excellence in publishing Award of Merit, magazine June 2007 (Southwest publica-tion, Tucson Chapter, Hydrology) Intl. Assoc. of Business Communicators

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Betsy Woodhouse Excellence in publishing Publication Excellence: Magazine April 2007 (Southwest or Journal, Communications Hydrology) Concepts APEX Betsy Woodhouse Excellence in publishing Excellence in Technical Jan.2007 (Southwest Communication, Society for Hydrology) Technical Communication, New Mexico Kachina Chapter Betsy Woodhouse Excellence in Technical Jan. 2008 (Southwest Communication, Society for Hydrology) Technical Communication, New Mexico Kachina Chapter Koray Yilmaz Travel support for attending GPSC Travel Grant, Univ. of Nov., 2007 AGU Fall Meeting 2007 in Arizona San Francisco, CA Koray Yilmaz Travel support for attending GPSC Travel Grant, Univ. of June 2007 IAHS Scientific Assembly in Arizona Perugia, Italy Caitlin Zlatos Poster competition 2nd prize, Hargis Award, UA March 2007 HWR 17th annual El Dia del Agua Hoori Ajami Academic excellence WSP Graduate Fellowship 2008 Hoori Ajami Outstanding paper presented at AGU Outstanding Student Paper March 2008 Spring meeting Award, American Geophysical Union Hoori Ajami Environmental Systems Research 2008 Institute, Student Assistantship Award, ESRI 2008 International User Conference Javier Aparicio research National Researcher, 2008-2011, 2008 Conacyt Greg Barron- For travel Institute for the Study of Planet 2008 Gafford Earth Travel Grant Brittney Bates Support of studies Antoinette Lierman Medlin Oct. 2008 Scholarship Award, GSA Coal Division Brian Billy Research award given to Research Participation Award, Oct. 2008 graduate students who American Indian Science & presented their research. Engineering Society Patrick Broxton Visualization of scientific CUAHSI Hydrogra/f/(X) 2008 concepts Competition, 1st prize, technical/professional Francina Outstanding presentation Outstanding Student Paper Dec. 2007 Dominguez Award, 2007 Fall AGU Francina Scientific achievement CUAHSI 2007 Early Career Dec.2007 Dominguez Fellowship Award, CUAHSI Marty Frisbee best oral presentation at the Best Student Presentation Award, Nov. 2008 2008 New Mexico Water New Mexico Water Resources Research Symposium Research Institute

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Hoshin Gupta Outstanding full professor, 2008 Aquaman Teaching Award March 2088 HWR Hoshin Gupta Lifetime contributions to Fellow of the American Jan.2009 hydrological Science Geophysical Union Hoshin Gupta Appointed editor Dec 2008 of Water Resources Research with a term ending Dec 31 2012. Kathy Jacobs Scientific achievement Appointed chair, NAS Panel on 2008 Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change Yuqiong Liu Excellence and to encourage Early Career Research 2008 further work in modeling and Excellence, IEMSS software Binayak Mohanti Outstanding research across Ruth and William Neely ‘52/Dow 2008 disciplines Chemical Fellow, Texas A&M Engineering Prafulla Pokhrel Outstanding paper Outstanding student paper award, Feb. 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, 2008 Russ Scott awarded to the individuals and 2008 Department of the Interior March 2008 member agencies of the Upper Cooperative Conservation Award, San Pedro Partnership. U.S. Dept. of the Interior Jim Shuttleworth Named University of Arizona Feb. 2009 Regents Professor Scott Simpson Named EPA STAR Fellow 2008 Carlos Soto-Lopez Student research Honorable Mention, Ford April Foundation Diversity Fellowship, 2008 National Research Council of the National Academies Betsy Woodhouse Excellence in magazine Excellence in Technical April (Southwest design, content, and Communication, 2008 Hydrology) production Communications Concepts APEX Betsy Woodhouse Magazine production Excellence, magazine publication, June (Southwest Tucson Chapter, International 2008 Hydrology) Association of Business Communicators Betsy Woodhouse Magazine production Excellence, magazine publication, Nov. (Southwest Pacific Plains Region, 2008 Hydrology) International Association of Business Communicators Enrique Vivoni residency at the University of U.S. Fulbright Garcia-Robles 2008-2009 Sonora for “US-Mexico Grant Award, U.S. Dept. of State Studies on Ecohydrological Interactions during the North American Monsoon”.

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Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor Date Enrique recognizes ''his innovative and Presidential Early Career Award Dec. 2008 Vivoni integrative for Scientists and Engineers, hydrometeorological research sponsored by DOD Army to characterize and model land Research Office surface conditions and their influence on hydrologic and atmospheric processes in southwestern North America; and for his commitment to student development and role in advising students at all levels, including visiting students." Caitlin Zlatos Best Student Poster The Hargis Award, Hargis + March 2008 Presentation: 1st Place, El Dia Associates del Agua Caitlin Zlatos outstanding svc to El Dia del UA HWR Award of Excellence March 2008 Agua

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3. M.S. and Ph.D. Graduates

Yrs. to First Name Last Name Degree(s) Placement Degree Faculty position at University of 1 Hoori Ajami Ph.D. 6 Melbourne, Australia 2 Ken Bagstad MS 3 Unknown Ph.D. program, University of Victoria, 3 Matt Baillie MS 2 B.C. National Resource Conservation Service, 4 Tim Bardsley MS 2 SLC, UT 5 Rosalind Bark PhD 4 Postdoc, UA, Ag/Econ 6 Katherine Bass MA 2 Unknown 7 Luis Bastidas Postdoc Faculty position, Utah St. 8 Elizabeth Bastien MS 3 hydrologist, consulting firm 9 Brittney Bates MS 2 Unknown 10 David Bedford Ph.D. 6 USGS, Menlo Park Environmental consulting, senior 11 Farid Boushaki PhD 5 engineer assistant professor position, Illinois 12 Craig Broadbent PhD 6 Wesleyan University 13 Deirdre Brosnihan MS 2 Environmental consulting firm, Tucson Asst. Prof., Indiana Univ., Bloomington 14 Constance Brown postdoc (Sept. 2004) 15 Kyle Brown MS 2 Unknown Continuing for Ph.D., atmospheric 16 Patrick Broxton MS 2 sciences 17 Gunhui Chang PhD Consulting firm, Pasadena, CA 18 Ji Chen postdoc Asst. Prof., Univ. of Hong Kong 19 Karletta Chief PhD 6 Postdoc, DRI 20 Jason Dadakis M.S. 2 Orange County Water Dist. 21 Jacob Davis MS 2 Michigan Dept. of Water Resources 22 Amy Defreese M.Eng. 2.5 continues at ACE in Salt Lake City 23 Eleonora Demaria Ph.D. 6 Unknown 24 Sharon Desilets PhD 7 Maternity Faculty research hydrologist, Penn State 25 Kevin Dressler Ph.D. 5 U. Continue to Ph.D. Hydrology degree 26 Jessica Driscoll MS 2 program 27 Jennifer Druhan MS 2 Uncertain; may pursue Ph.D. 28 Eric Edwards MS 3 Unknown 29 Scott Estergard MEng 3 Continues with ACE, Phoenix, AZ 30 Jeanette Estes MS 2 Unknown 31 Mary Ewers Ph.D. 5 Postdoc at LANL Practical training, UA Department of 32 Zufeng Fang MS 2 Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences 33 Ali Farid Ph.D. 4 uncertain 34 Eden Feirstein MS 2.5 Unknown 35 Marty Frisbee Ph.D. 6 Unknown

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Agricultural Research Organization 36 Alex Furman Ph.D. 5 (ARO), Israel Errol L. Montgomery & Associates 37 Erika Gallo Ph.D. 6 Consulting, Tucson, AZ 38 Jesus Gastelum Ph.D. 4.5 unknown 39 Charles George M.Eng. 3 continues as TV meteorologist Goncalvez de 40 Gustavo Ph.D. 5 National Research Council postdoc Concalves Pacific Gas & Electric, San Francisco, 41 Teri Gorham MS 2.5 CA 42 Kristin Green MS 2 uncertain Postdoctoral fellowship, UNESCO, 43 Maria Teresa Guardiola Claramonte Ph.D. 6 Syria 44 Jennifer Hamblen MS 3 US Forest Service 45 Chawn Harlow Ph.D. 5.5 Postdoc, UA HWR 46 Andrew Hinnell M.S. 2.5 Continuing on at UA for Ph.D. 47 Sung-ho Hong MS 4 Pursuing Ph.D., NMT 48 Yang Hong Ph.D. Research Assoc., UC Irvine 49 Kevin Hultine MS, Ph.D. 3 Postdoc, Univ. of Utah, Dept. of Biology 50 Anne Huth Ph.D. 3 51 Felipe Ip PhD 7 Staff position, UA, HWR 52 Jiming Jin Postdoc L. Livermore National Lab 53 George Kalli M.Eng. 3 continues with ACE, Anchorage, AK Faculty position, Appalachian State 54 Gabrielle Katz postdoc University 55 Newsha Khodatalab MS 2 Pursuing Ph.D., UC Irvine Postdoc, Ntl. Park Service, Homestead, 56 Tae-Woong Kim Ph.D. 3.5 FL 57 Laura Klasner MS 2 Seeking position as consultant Ph.D. program, Univ. of Colorado- 58 Josh Koch MS 2 Boulder 59 Jen Kostrzewski MS 2 Lab at Univ. of Michigan Ntl. Pa18rk Service, Grand Teton Ntl. 60 Jamie Krezelok M.S. 2 Park 61 Srinivasa Raghava Krishnamurthy MS 4 Unknown 62 Shirley Kurc PhD 5.5 Asst. prof., UA, School of Nat. Res. 63 Geneva L’Abbe MEng 4 IRS, in water infrastructure Considering offers for consultant 64 Heather Lacey MS 3 position 65 David Lawler MS 3 USGS, Tucson D.B. Stephens consulting firm, 66 Michelle Lemon M.S. 2 Albuquerque, NM 67 Tasha Lewis MEng 2 Continues work with CH2M Hill 68 Melanie Lindsey MS 2 Unknown 69 Joe Little Ph.D. 4 Unknown SAHRA postdoc at UA (integrated 70 Yuqiong Liu Ph.D. modeling) 71 Viviana Lopez-Burgos MS 2 Unknown 72 Mohammad Mahmoud PhD 5 Teaching at community college 73 Kazungu Maitaria Ph.D. 6 Project scientist, UCAR

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74 Guillermo Martinez Baquero Ph.D. 6 Unknown 75 Rose-Marie McAndrew MS 2 Unknown 76 Kathleen McHugh MS 1.5 Hargus & Assoc. 77 Suzanne Mills M.S. 2 Unknown 78 Phoolendra Mishra Ph.D. 6 Unknown 79 Noah Molotch Ph.D. Postdoc, U. Colo. Working at Lawrence Livermore 80 Keara Moore M.S. 2 National Laboratory through August 2004 81 Hamid Moradkhani Ph.D. 4 asst. scientist, CHRS, UCI 82 Sheila Morrissey MS ?? unknown 83 Keith Musselman NS 2 Mountain guide, Glacier Ntl. Park 84 Andy Neal Ph.D. 6 Unknown 85 Gretchen Oelsner PhD 4 EPA, Corvallis, OR Postdoctoral fellow, Duke University, 86 Stephen Osborn Ph.D. 6 North Carolina 87 P. Phillips MS 2.5 88 Daniel Potts Ph.D. 3.5 Postdoc at UC Irvine Working for hydro consulting firm in 89 Yizhong Qu Ph.D. 5 Boston Schlumberger Water Services, Tucson, 90 Amy Rice MS 2 AZ 91 Steve Rice MS 2 Research scientist, Grand Canyon Ntl Pk 92 Jesse Roach PhD 5 Sandia National Laboratories 93 Candice Rupprecht (Adkins) MS 2 USGS, Idaho Water Science Center 94 Tyler Rychener MS 4.5 Environmental consulting firm, Phoenix 95 George Saliba MA 2 Environmental NGO, Baltimore, MD 96 Renee Sandvig MS 3 Enriron environmental onsulting firm Postdoctoral fellow, University of 97 Mehmet Sarikaya Ph.D. 6 Nebraska at Omaha 98 Wolfgand Schmid Ph.D. 4 Position with USGS MS, Ph.D., 99 Aleix Serrat-Capdevila 5 ICIWaRM, SAHRA Postdoc 100 G. Seymour MS 2.5 Unknown 101 Jennifer Shepherd MS 3 Technical writing in Vermont 102 Scott Simpson MS 2 Continuing at UA for Ph.D. 103 Andrew Somor MS 2 Unknown 104 Carlos Soto-Lopez MS 2 Continuing for Ph.D. 105 Savyasachi Srinivas MS 2 Lockheed Martin 106 Leah Stauber MA 3 Pursuing Ph.D., UA 107 Timothy Thomure M.Eng. 2 Unknown 108 Samantha Treece MS 2 unknown 109 John Villinski Postdoc Pursuing career as photographer 110 Thorsten Wagener postdoc Faculty position, Penn St. Univ. D.B. Stephens consulting firm, 111 Arun Wahi MS 2 Albuquerque, NM 112 Michelle Walvoord Ph.D. 5 USGS – Lakewood, CO 113 Matt Weber PhD 5 Environmental NGO in Portland, OR 114 Jonathan Whittier M.S. 3 Hargis & Assoc. consulting firm,

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Tucson, AZ 115 Alison Williams MS 2 decision support modeling at Sandia 116 Kat Wilson MA 2 Staff position, SAHRA Accepted into Ph.D. program at 117 Mary Yaeger MS 2 University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign 118 Soni Yatheendradas MS, PhD 5 Postdoc, NMT 119 Enrico Yepez MS 2 Pursuing Ph.D., UA 120 Koray Yilmaz PhD 5.5 Postoc, UA 121 Ann Youberg-Czaja Ph.D. 6 Arizona Geological Society 122 Huiling Yuan Ph.D. NOAA/ESRL, GSD Division Hydrologist for Army Corps of 123 Caitlan Zlatos MS 2 Engineers

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5. Participants and Affiliates

Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 1 Irana Abibova Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UNM 2 Stephen Ackroyd Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA 3 Steve Acquafreda Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat White US Citizen UA HWR 4 Beery Adams Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 5 John Adams Other participant M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen B2 6 Elizabeth Adams Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 7 Mary Adams Undergrad. student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 8 Roya Adeli Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian Permanent Resident 9 Moji Agha Other participant M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen 10 Hoori Ajami Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR B/African Alero Akporiaye Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. other non-US Citizen 11 American 12 Aisha Al Suwaida Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident TAMU- Martin Alcala Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen 13 Kingsville 14 Tomas Alvarez Support staff M None Hispanic or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 15 Jaron Andrews Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT Margaret Ann Other research F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 16 Moote scientist 17 Javier Aparicio Research scientist M None Hispanic or Latino White other non-US Citizen 18 Steve Aquafreda Undergrad. student M none Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen UA HWR 19 Barb Austin Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Edu 20 Ken Bagstad Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU 21 Matthew Baillie Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 22 Kate Baird Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 23 Roger Bales Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UCM Env. Eng. 24 Tim Bardsley Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI 25 Rosalind Bark Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA Arid Lands 26 Francisco Barrios Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 27 Rechel Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. Bartholomew 29 Luis Bastidas Postdoctorate M None Hispanic or Latino White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 30 Elizabeth Bastien Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 31 Brittney Bates Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 32 David Bedford Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 33 Peter Beeson Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen PSU CE 34 Majid Behabadi Other participant M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian Permanent Resident 35 Stephen Bernier Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM 36 Eric Bhark Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CU Geo. Sci American Brian Billy Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen UA CE 37 Indian 38 Carla Bitter Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 39 Mary Black Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA Other research Kyle Blasch M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen USGS Hydro 40 scientist 41 Ayelet Blattstein Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 42 Hana Blumenfeld Graduate student F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR Portland State Aomar Boum Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 43 U Farid Ishak Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UCI 44 Boushaki 45 Sheila Bowen Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 46 Douglas Boyle Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI Hydro Sci 48 Arriana Brand Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR Gayle Brickert- Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen TUSD 49 Albrecht 50 Lindy Brigham Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Plant Sci 51 Craig Broadbent Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM Econ. 52 Jim Broermann Support Staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 53 Paul Brooks Faculty M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UA HWR 54 David Brookshire Faculty M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UNM Econ 55 Deirdre Brosnihan Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. B/African Constance Brown Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. other non-US Citizen UA HWR 56 American Anne Browning- Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Udall 57 Aiken 58 Patrick Broxton Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 59 Nate Bryant Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 60 Mike Buffington Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 61 Stuart Burness Faculty M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UNM Econ 62 Shea Burns Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 63 Ian Burns Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 64 Natalie Burris Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen U of KS 65 Marianne Butler Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 66 Greg Butler Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 67 William Cable Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Cesar Canon Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA CEEM 68 Barriga 69 Julio Canon Barriga Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 70 Lolita Caperon Undergrad. student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 71 Kyle Carpenter Support staff M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UA SAHRA Alejandro Visiting faculty M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen 72 Castellanos Julio Cesar del Graduate student M none Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UACJ CIG 73 Hierro 74 Ann Chanecka Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 75 Alison Charney Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 76 Ji Chen Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UCSD 77 Janet Chen Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UA EEB 78 Janie Chermak Faculty F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UNM Econ American Karletta Chief Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen UA HWR 79 Indian Singaiah Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UTSA Env. Eng. 80 Chintalapudi

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 81 Gunhui Chung Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA CEEM Maria Guardiola Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 82 Claramonte 83 Bonnie Colby Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Ag Econ 84 Martha Conklin Faculty M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UCM Env. Eng. 85 Neva Connolly Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 86 Erin Connor Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Notre Dame 87 Jeremy Cook Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM 89 Keely Costigan Research scientist F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 90 Wylie Cox Support staff M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UA SAHRA 91 Mike Crimmins Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SWES 92 Nancy Crocker Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA WSP 93 Patrick Crowley Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 94 Yifeng Cui Postdoctorate M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 95 Jason Dadakis Graduate student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 96 Allison Davis Graduate student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Udall 97 Jacob Davis Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 98 Amy Defreese Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 99 David Delgado Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 100 Benjamin Degain Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 101 Elenora Demaria Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 102 Mike Derby Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNReno 103 Gina deRosa Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 104 Richard DeSimone Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 105 Bill DeStefano Teacher M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen MUSD 106 Mark Dixon Postdoctorate M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU Plant Biol 107 Avraham Dody Visiting faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen 108 Dan Dolmar Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES Francina Postdoctorate F None Hisp. or Lat. White other non UA HWR 109 Dominguez

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 110 Brad Donaldson Teacher M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen AUSD 111 John Dracup Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 112 Carolyn Dragoo Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 113 Kevin Dressler Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 114 Jessica Driscoll Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 115 Jennifer Druhan Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 116 Christopher Duffy Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen PSU CEE SAHRA - Matej Durcik Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non UA 117 HWR 118 Robert E Davis Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 119 Christopher Eastoe Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident UA GeoSci 120 Eric Edwards Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Sharon Einloth Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 121 Desilets 122 Brenda Ekwurzel Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR B/African Almoutaz El Hassan Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Permanent Resident UTSA Env. Eng. 123 American 124 James Elliott Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 126 Patrick Ellsworth Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 127 Mona Eskandari Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UA HWR 128 Ernesto Esparza Graduate student M none Hisp. or Lat. White other non UACJ 129 Scott Estergard Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 130 Mary Ewers Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM 131 Quanfu Fan Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 132 Zufeng Fang Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 133 Ali Faridhosseini Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR Other research Patricia Fasel F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 134 scientist 135 Steven Fassnacht Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 136 Abigail Faust Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 137 Eden Feirstein Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 138 Paul Ty Ferre Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 139 Shannon Ferrell Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES Anna Fischer De Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 140 Leon 141 Steve Fletcher Teacher M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen AUSD 142 Luke Fletcher Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 143 Tracy Flores Support staff F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 144 Dana Flowers Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA WSP 145 Shiloe Fontes Support staff F None Hispanic or Lat. White Permanent Resident UA SAHRA 146 Rannie Fox Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 147 Alex Frank Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Boston U 148 Valerie Frazier Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 149 Ronn Fredlander Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Rutgers 150 Marty Frisbee Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 151 Patrick Fritchel Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI HydroSci 152 Alexander Furman Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 153 Erika Gallo Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 154 Jeffrey Gamlin Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 155 Philip Ganderton Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident 156 Xiaogang Gao Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UCI CE 158 Jaime Garatuza Faculty M None Hispanic or Latino White other non-US Citizen 159 Matthew Garcia Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA AWI 160 Chris Garner Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI Hydro Sci 161 Michelle Garrison Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 162 Jesus Gastelum Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 163 Janet Gemmill Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 164 Chuck George Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 165 Jill Gibson Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 166 Alisha Gibson Undergrad. student F M/OI Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen UA 167 Channa Gilan Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. American US Citizen CSLA Geo. Sci

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. Indian 168 Erin Gleeson Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 169 Lyssa Goins Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 170 Kathy Goodhart Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 171 David Goodrich Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen USDA-ARS 172 Laurel Goodwin Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 173 Teri Gorham Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI EES 174 Damian Gosch Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 175 Kyle Goss Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA ChEE 176 Alfredo Granados Faculty M None Hispanic or Latino White other non-US Citizen 177 Jake Grandy Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM 178 Cecilia Granillo Undergrad. student F None Not-Hispanic Asian US Citizen 179 Jack Grantham Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA EE 180 Warren Grantham Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 181 Kristin Green Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 182 Nancy Grimm Faculty F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen ASU EEES 183 Cindy Grooms Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 184 Ailiang Gu Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 185 Huade Guan Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen B/African Jessica Guggi Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen UA 186 American Other research Alberto Guitron M None Hispanic or Lat. White other non IMTA Hydro.Tech. 187 scientist 188 Hoshin Gupta Faculty M None Not-Hispanic Asian US Citizen UA HWR 189 Joseph Gustafson Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR Luis Gustavo De B/African Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. other non-US Citizen UA 190 Goncalves American 191 Hugo Gutierrez Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen NMT EES 192 Jesse Gutierrez Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 193 Maria Gutierrez Undergrad. student F None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen 194 Peter Haas Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 195 Andy Hale Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Arid Lands

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 196 Emlen Hall Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM Law 197 Jennifer Hamblen Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 198 J. Han Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UCSD 199 Elizabeth Hancock Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 200 Virginia Hargrave Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 201 Chawn Harlow Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 202 Tamara Harms Graduate student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU 203 Geneva Hartbarger Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White N/A UA HWR 204 Holly Hartmann Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SNRE 205 John Hawley Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 206 Jan Hendrickx Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT ESS 207 Barry Hibbs Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CSLA Geo 208 Melissa Higgins Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 209 Andrew Hinnell Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 210 Adam Hobson Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI 211 James Hogan Postdoctorate M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 212 Sung-ho Hong Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen NMT EES 213 Yang Hong Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 214 Kuo-lin Hsu Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UCI HWR 215 Kevin Hultine Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 216 Travis Huxman Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA EEB 217 Matthew Iles-Shih Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Udall Anth. Other research IRI-Columbia Amor Ines M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non 218 scientist University 219 Lauren Ingegneri Undergrad. student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Smith 220 Filipe Ip Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 221 Katharine Jacobs Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA AWI 222 Bradley James Support Staff M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 223 Erika Jamro Undergrad. student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM Biol & Ag Raghavendra Jana Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non TAMU 225 Eng

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 226 Alba Jaramillo Undergrad. student F None Hispanic or Latino White Permanent Resident UA 227 Jessica Jensen Pre-college student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 228 Jiming Jin Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA 229 Tracy Johns Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 230 Dean Jones Support Staff M O Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 231 Madeline Jones Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Cornell H2O Mgt& Champa Joshi Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non TAMU 232 Hydro Sci 233 Pamela Justice Support staff F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA CALS 234 George Kalli Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 235 Aaron Kaminsky Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM 236 Doo Sun Kang Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 237 Gabrielle Katz Postdoctorate F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU Plant Biol. 238 Jonathan Katz Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 239 Nicholas Kawa Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 240 Thijs Kelleners Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non USDA-ARS USSL 241 Mehrdad Khatibi Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non NAU NAU 242 Newsha Khodatalab Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 243 Tae-woong Kim Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 244 Christine Kirick Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI 245 Laura Klasner Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 246 Joshua Koch Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 247 Cathy Kochert Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 248 Helen Kong Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UCLA Jennifer Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 249 Kostrzewski 250 Jacob Krall Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Cornell 251 Anne Kramer-Huth Graduate student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 252 Kate Krause Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM Econ Thomas Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen 253 Kretzschmar 254 Jamie Krezelok Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 255 Mukesh Kumar Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen PSU Navin Kumar Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non UCR Env Sci 256 Twarakavi 257 Shirley Kurc Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 258 Heather Lacey Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES Other research White River Laurel Lacher F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 259 scientist Apache 260 Devendra Lal Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen Scripps Phys-ics Rachel Lambeth- Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 261 Beagles 262 David Lane Support Staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 263 Danielle Lang Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 264 Kevin Lansey Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA CE 265 David Lawler Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 266 John Lawrence Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NAU 267 Christopher Laws Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Other research Stanley Leake M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen USGS Hydro 268 scientist Other research George Leavesley M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen USGS 269 scientist 270 Dennis Lee Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 271 Feike Leij Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident 272 Michelle Lemon Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 273 Tasha Lewis Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 274 David Lewis Postdoctorate M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 275 Shujun Li Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UT State U 276 Guanghui Lin Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 277 Melanie Lindsey Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 278 Sharon Lite Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU 279 Brad Litin Teacher M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 280 Joseph Little Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM 281 Zhongmei Liu Graduate student F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 282 Yuqiong Liu Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 283 Fengjing Liu Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian Permanent Resident UCM Eng 284 Diana Liverman Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA IE 285 Austin Long Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Geos 286 John Loomis Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 287 Gabriel Lopez Support staff M None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen UA SAHRA 288 Melissa Lopez Undergrad. student F None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen UA HWR Viviana Lopez- Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 289 Burgos Marcela Lopez- Undergrad. student F None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen UA 290 Coreas 291 Evan Lue Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UA HWR 292 Julie Luft Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU Edu 293 John Madden Support Staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA Thomas Maddock Faculty M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 294 III 295 Shayesteh Mahani Postdoctorate F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 296 Taufique Mahmood Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen NMT EES Mohammed B/African Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. other non-US Citizen UA HWR 297 Mahmoud American B/African Kazungu Maitaria Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. other non-US Citizen UA HWR 298 American 299 Candice Marburger Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR Other research Steve Markstrom M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 300 scientist 301 Dean Martens Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 303 Alexis Martinez Undergrad. student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT Guillermo Felipe Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 304 Martinez Baquero 305 Mike Mason Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA RNR 306 Cara McCarthy Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 307 Joseph McConnell Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen DRI Hydro.Sci

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 308 Joshua McCord Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 309 Louise McDermott Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA WSP 310 Douglas McGhee Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 311 James McGill Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 312 Kathleen McHugh Graduate student F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 313 James McPhee Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UCLA CE 314 Tom Meixner Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 315 Leo Meli Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 316 Mercedes Merino Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CSLA 317 Luis Migoni Undergrad. student M none Hispanic or Latino White other non UA Udall 318 Norm Miller Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen LLNL 319 Suzanne Mills Graduate student F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES Other research Susan Mniszewski F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 320 scientist 321 Ben Moayyad Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 322 Binayak Mohanty Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian Permanent Resident Celso Moller Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 323 Ferreira 324 Noah Molotch Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 325 Dan Montoya Teacher M None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen SVUS 326 Keara Moore Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 327 Kiki Moore Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CFSD 328 Hamid Moradkhani Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 329 Denise Moreno Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 330 Jean Morrill Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 331 Sheila Morrissey Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CSLA 332 Helena Mosser Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 333 Pallob Mozumder Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 334 Reagan Murray Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen LANL 335 Keith Musselman Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 336 Andrew Neal Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 337 Mansel Nelson Teacher M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NAU ITEP 338 Paul Neville Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 339 Bart Nijssen Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident UA HWR 340 Emily Novick Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UC -Berkeley 341 Amy Novotny Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 342 Gretchen Oelsner Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 343 Catherine O'Reilly Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident 344 Ginger Paige Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen USDA-ARS American Cheryl Pailzote Graduate student F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen UA SWES 345 Indian 346 Charles Paradzick Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 347 Amy Parsons Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 348 Nancy Patterson Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Mitchell Pavao- Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA EEB 349 Zuckerman 350 Vanetta Perry Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 351 Jonathan Petti Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 352 Fred Phillips Faculty M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen NMT EES 353 Patrick Phillips Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NAU 354 Danielle Pierce Research scientist F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 355 William Pockman Faculty M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM EEB 356 Boris Poff Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Guillermo Ponce- Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non UA HWR 357 Campos 358 Evan Posdamer Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT 359 Ari Posner Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 360 Daniel Potts Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Geo sci 361 Yizhong Qu Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen PSU Other research Laura Rademacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CSLA Geo. Sci 362 scientist 363 Srinivasa Raghava Graduate student M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen TAMU 364 Chelsi Remme Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 365 Palafox Rene Undergrad. student M None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen 366 Marissa Reno Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM Victor Resco De Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen U of WY 367 Dios 368 Amy Katherine Rice Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 369 Steve Rice Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NAU 370 Alex Rinehart Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES Other research Reid Rivenburgh M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 371 scientist 372 Jesse Roach Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 373 John Roach Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU 374 John Roads Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 375 Keith Rodgers Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Graciela Rodriguez- Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen NMT EES 376 Marin 377 Marisa Rogdriguez Support Staff F None Hispanic or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 378 Carlos Rojas Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non Udall Hisp. or Lat. or Naomi Rosenau Graduate student F None White US Citizen NMT EES 379 Latino 380 Jill Rubio Teacher F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Coop Ext 381 Candice Rupprecht Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 382 Tyler Rychener Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU Life Sci 383 Seth Saavedra Undergrad. student M None Hispanic or Latino White US Citizen UNM Econ. 384 George Saliba Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 385 Scott Salmond Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non UA HWR 386 Charlene Saltz Support staff F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA CALS 387 Bert Sanchez Support Staff M None Hispanic or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 388 Renee Sandvig Graduate student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 389 Justin Sawyer Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UNM Econ. 390 Marcel Schaap Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident 391 John Schade Postdoctorate M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU 392 Wolfgang Schmid Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 393 Andrew Schneller Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Edu 394 Steve Schroeder Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 395 Andrea Schwander Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen PSU 396 Kerry Schwartz Teacher F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen WRRC 397 Russell Scott Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen USDA-ARS 398 Karsten Sedmera Graduate student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen PSU 399 Pavla Senkyrikova Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident UA Aleix Serrat- Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 400 Capdevila 401 Geoffrey Seymour Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NAU 402 Louise Shaler Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 403 Timothy Shanahan Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR B/African Hatim Sharif Visiting faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Permanent Resident UTSA Env. Eng. 404 American 405 Elissa Shaw Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 406 Jennifer Shepherd Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Udall 407 June Sherlock Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 408 Pete Shouse Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen American Jinabah Showa Pre-college student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen UA 409 Indian American Nanibah Showa Pre-college student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen UA 410 Indian 411 Grant Shreve Pre-college student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA William J. Faculty M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 412 Shuttleworth 413 Vilma Sielawa Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. unk US Citizen UNM 414 Scott Simpson Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 415 Jirka Simunek Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident 416 David Sinclair Support staff M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 417 Timur Siqin Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian Permanent Resident UA SAHRA 418 Eric Small Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CU Geos 419 Andrew Somor Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 420 Soroosh Sorooshian Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian Permanent Resident UCI CE 421 Carlos Soto-Lopez Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 422 Gretchen Sprehe Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 423 Everett Springer Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen LANL 424 Savyasachi Srinivas Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 425 Rahul Srivastava Undergrad. student M none Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non UA 426 Leah Stauber Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 427 Derek Stauffer Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 428 Steven Stewart Postdoctorate M none Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 429 Jeff Stone Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen USDA-ARS 430 Juliet Stromberg Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 431 Matt Stroud Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 432 Derya Sumer Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non UA CEEM 433 Sam Swift Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 434 Timothy Swindle Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 435 Matt Switanek Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 436 Annisa Tangreen Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 437 Guzel Tartakovsky Graduate student F Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 438 Aarin Teague Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen TAMU B/African Aregai Tecle Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. US Citizen NAU Forestry 439 American 440 Thomas Thedinga Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 441 Corrie Thies Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 442 Tim Thomure Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 443 John Thorson Other participant M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 444 Vincent Tidwell Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Sandia 445 Melissa Tom Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 446 Claire Tomkins Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Other Andrew Toussaint Undergrad. student M Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen 447 Disability 448 Nina Townsend Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 449 Samantha Treese Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 450 Peter Troch Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident UA HWR 451 Jill Truitt Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 452 Tony Truschel Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen CU Other research Peng-Hsiang Tseng M None Not-Hispanic Asian other non-US Citizen 453 scientist 454 Anna Tyler Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA EEB 455 Jessica Ubry Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 456 Jacqueline Unangst Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 457 Steven Uyeda Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UA Edu 458 Juan Valdes Faculty M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 459 Tim Valenzuela Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA 460 Remke Van Dam Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen NMT EES 461 Rien van Genuchten Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UCR 462 Joost Van Haren Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Columbia U 463 Robert Varady Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Udall 464 Alejandra Vargas Undergrad. student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT 465 Kyle Varvel Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 466 Monica Vasquez Graduate student F None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 467 Ramon Vazquez Support Staff M None Hispanic or Lat. White Permanent Resident UA SAHRA 468 William Veatch Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR Other research Roland Viger M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen 469 scientist 470 Juan Villegas Graduate student M None Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA 471 John Villinski Postdoctorate M None Not-Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 472 Enrique Vivoni Faculty M None Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT EES 473 Gerd von Glinski Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 474 Tracy Wagber Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 475 Thorsten Wagener Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen UA HWR 476 Tracy Wagner Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 477 Arun Wahi Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UA HWR

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. 478 Niamh Wallace Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 479 Michelle Walvoord Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen NMT ESS 480 Bei Wang Graduate student F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 481 Alan Wang Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UA 482 Arthur Warrick Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SWES 483 James Washburne Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 484 Chris Watts Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White other non-US Citizen 485 Erik Webb Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen Sandia 486 Matthew Weber Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 487 Ada Welsch Undergrad. student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 488 Shawn Wheelock Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 489 Martha Whitaker Research scientist F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 490 Jacqueline White Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen ASU Life Sci 491 Amanda White Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen LANL EES 492 Loren White Visiting faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White Permanent Resident Jackson State Geo sci 493 Jonathan Whittier Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 494 Suwonk Wi Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA CE 495 Margaret Wilder Faculty F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen 496 David Williams Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA, Wyo SWES 497 Alison Williams Graduate Student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen indep Hydro-logy 498 Margaret Wilsh Teacher F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen TUSD 499 Paul Wilson Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Ag Econ 500 John Wilson Faculty M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen NMT EES 501 Kathleen Wilson Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 502 Larry Winter Research scientist M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR 503 Gary Woodard Support staff M None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UA SAHRA 504 Betsy Woodhouse Postdoctorate F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR Other research Jianjun Xu M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non NOAA/NCEP JCSDA 505 scientist 506 Derya Yalcin Graduate student F none Not Hisp. or Lat. unk unk UA CEEM

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Participant Category M/F Disability Ethnicity Race Citizenship Institution Dept. Judith-Anne Support staff F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA SAHRA 507 Yandow 508 Zong-Liang Yang Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA Atmo 509 Soni Yatheendradas Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen NMT EES 510 William Yeh Faculty M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UCLA CE 511 Umur Yenal Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA Hisp. or Lat. or Enrico Yepez Graduate student M None White other non-US Citizen 512 Latino 513 Koray Yilmaz Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA HWR 514 David Yin Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen NMT EES 515 James Yoon Undergrad. student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian US Citizen UCLA CEE 516 Deborah Young Faculty F None Not-Hispanic White US Citizen UA CALS 517 Huiling Yuan Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UCI CEE 518 Banafsheh Zaharie Postdoctorate F None Not-Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 519 Hong Zhao Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen UA ChEE 520 Xiaobing Zhu Graduate student M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen NMT EES 521 Jianting Zhu Postdoctorate M none Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen TAMU 522 Julian Zhu Postdoctorate M None Not Hisp. or Lat. Asian other non-US Citizen 523 Caitlan Zlatos Graduate student F None Not Hisp. or Lat. White US Citizen UA HWR

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Institutional Affiliation Key ACE = Army Corps of Engineers Sandia = Sandia National Laboratory AGF = Arizona Game and Fish TUSD = Tucson Unified School District App SU = Appalachian State University UA = University of Arizona ASU = Arizona State University UACJ = Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad CSU = Colorado State University Juarez CSU-LA = California State University, Los U Chi = University of Chicago Angeles UCI = University of California, Los Angeles CUNY = City University of New York UCLA = University of California, Los DRI = Desert Research Institute Angeles GSI = Geosystems Analysis, Inc. UCLM – University of Castilla La Mancha IMADES = Instituto del Medio Ambiente y UCM = University of California, Merced Desarrollo Sustenable del Estado de Sonora U Colo = University of Colorado, Boulder IMTA = Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del UCR = University of California, Riverside Agua Udall = Udall Center for Studies in Public Ind U = Indiana University Policy ITSON = Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora U Ida = University of Idaho ISPE = Institute for the Study of Planet Earth Unison = University of Sonora LANL = Los Alamos National Laboratory UNM = University of New Mexico LBNL = Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory UNR = University of Nevada, Reno M&A = Montgomery & Associates USD = University of South Dakota MUSD = Marana Unified School District USDA-ARS = Agricultural Research MVHS = Mountain View High School Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture NAU = Northern Arizona University USGS = U.S. Geological Survey NMSU = New Mexico State University USON = Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo NMT = New Mexico Institute of Mining and USSL-ARS = U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Technology Agricultural Research Service, USDA NOAA = Ntl Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin USU = Utah State University NPS = National Park Service UT = University of Texas, Austin PCW = Pima County Wastewater UTEP = University of Texas, El Paso PSU = Penn State University UTSA = University of Texas, San Antonio SNR = School of Natural Resources WRRC = Water Resources Research Center TAMU = Texas A&M

Department Key ARE = Agricultural and Resource Economics Coop Ext = Cooperative Extension ARLS = Arid Lands Resource Sciences Curr Inst = Curriculum and Instruction AWI = Arizona Water Institute DRN = Dirección de Recursos Naturales BAE = Biological and Agricultural Engineering ECPC = Experimental Climate Prediction BMB = Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Center, Scripps CALS = College of Agriculture and Life Science EDAC = Earth Data Analysis Center CEE = CEE EEB = Ecology and Evolutionary Biology CEEM = Civil Engineering and Engineering Env Sys = Environmental Systems Mechanics FWB = Fishery and Wildlife Biology CES = Center for Environmental Studies Flandrau = Flandrau Science Center ChEE = Chemical and Environmental GBPTB = General Biology Program for Engineering Teachers Biophysics CIG = Centro de Información Geográfico GLOBE -= Global Learning and CLAS = Center for Latin American Studies Observations to Benefit the Environment CLIMAS = Climate Assessment for the HSPPS = Harris School of Public Policy Southwest Studies

179

HWR = Hydrology and Water Resources SNR = School of Natural Resources ITEP = Institute for Tribal Environmental SWES = Soil, Water, and Environmental Professionals Sciences JCSDA = Joint Center for Satellite Data SWRC = Southwest Watershed Research Assimilation Center KREC = Kimberly Research and Extension TTE = Teacher Training and Education Center WMHS = Water Management & Hydrologic PC = Politics and Culture Science RNR = Renewable Natural Resources WSP = Water Sustainability Program

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6. Other Institutional Partners

OVER ORGANIZATION PROJECT IDs CONTACT CITY ST TYPE NATURE 160? 1 AZ Audubon 81007 Tice Supple Phoenix AZ NGO Ed, Res 2 AZ Cooperative Extension Yes 60904 Deb Young Tucson AZ State govt. KT, ed 3 AZ Department of Environ. 77205, 78405 Wayne Hood Phoenix AZ State govt. Res Quality 4 AZ Department of Water Yes 77205, 78405, Jeff Tannler, Susan Tucson, AZ State govt. Res, KT Resources 78105 Craig Phoenix 5 AZ Game and Fish 81007, 61004 Eric Proctor, Karen Tucson AZ State govt. Res, Ed Schedler 6 AZ Geological Survey 77205 Lee Allison Tucson AZ State govt. Res, KT 7 AZ NEMO 77805, 61004, Kristine Uhlman Tucson AZ Other Res, Ed 81007 8 AZ Project WET 61004 Kery Schwartz Tucson AZ Other Ed 9 AZ State University, AHIS Yes 77205 Corinna Gries Tempe AZ State govt. Res, KT Project 10 AZ State Univ., Decision Ctr 50304, 76905 Pat Gover Tempe AZ State govt. Res for Desert City 11 AZ Water Institute yes 77205, 78405 Kathy Jacobs Tucson AZ State govt. Res, KT, Ed 12 Biosphere 2 yes 78105, 82008, Matt Adamson, Tucson AZ State govt. Res, KT, Ed 10104, 77305, Travis Huxman 81007 13 British Department for 71404 Mike Edmunds Oxford Eng Intl acad Res, KT International Development 14 Centro Regional de 73404 Alberto Aristarain Mendoza, MEX Intl acad Res Investigaciones Cientificas y Cuyo Tecnologicas 15 City of Albuquerque 50404, 50104 Janie Chermak Albuquerque NM Local govt. Res 16 City of Phoenix 78105 Steve Rossi Phoenix AZ Local govt. Res 17 Cochise County, AZ 51204 Kevin Lansey Sierra Vista AZ Local govt. Res 18 Colegio de Sonora 79605 Jose Maria Martinez Hermosillo, MX Intl acad. Res, KT, Ed 181

OVER ORGANIZATION PROJECT IDs CONTACT CITY ST TYPE NATURE 160? Son 19 Comision Nacional del Agua 79605 Roberto Salmon Hermosillo, MX Intl acad. Res Son 20 CUAHSI-HIS 78405 David Maidment Austin TX Fed govt. Res, KT 21 Desert Botanical Gardens 61004 Julie Blake Phoenix AZ Other Ed 22 Digital Media Collaboratory, 51304 Will Cain Austin TX State govt. Res IC2 Institute, U of Texas 23 Elephant Butte Irrig. Dist. 51704 Gary Esslinger Albuquerque NM Local govt. Res 24 ERC Summer Teacher 81007 Kim Ogden Tucson AZ State govt. Ed Institute 25 Friends of Sabino Canyon 82308 Dave Bushell Tucson AZ NGO Ed 26 GEM 60704 Keith Oden Savannah GA Other Ed 27 Hawks Aloft, Inc. 50404 Arriana Brand Albuquerque NM NGO Ed, Res 28 IAEA – Isotope Hydrology 20704 Tomas Vivitar Vienna AUS Other Res Section 29 IMTA 50504 Javier Aparicio Jiutepec, MX Intl acad Res Morelos 30 Institute for the Environment 70504, 80906 Gregg Garfin Tucson AZ Other Res, KT and Society (formerly CLIMAS) 31 KOLD-TV 78105 Michelle Germano Tucson AZ Other KT 32 Los Alamos Ntl Lab Yes 20804, 73604, Everett Springer Los Alamos NM Ntl lab Res 73304 33 Maricopa Community College 81007 Phil Pope, Elena Phoenix AZ State govt Ed Ortiz 34 Maricopa County Flood 78105 Steve Waters Phoenix AZ Local govt. Res, KT Control District 35 Maricopa County Water 61004 Nancy Crocker Tucson AZ State govt Ed, KT Extension 36 Master Watershed Stewards 78105, 82308, Candice Rupprecht Tucson AZ State govt. Ed 61004

182

OVER ORGANIZATION PROJECT IDs CONTACT CITY ST TYPE NATURE 160? 37 Metro Water District 51804 Mark Stratton Tucson AZ Other KT, Res 38 Mimbres Water Users Group David Brookshire NM Other Res 39 Museum of Natural History 77905 New York NY Other KT, Ed 40 National Center for 73604, 79005 Dave Gochis Boulder CO Fed govt. Res Atmospheric Research 41 National Center for Earth 77905, 60704 Karen Campbell, St. Paul MN Ntl acad Ed, KT System Dynamics Paul Morin 42 National Ecological 80606 Dave Breshears Tucson AZ Fed govt. Res Observatory Network (NEON) 43 National Phenology Network yes 82408 Jake Wilson Tucson AZ Fed govt. KT, Res (NPN) 44 Ntl Science Foundation 60704 Shirley McBay Washington DC Fed govt. Ed Quality Education for Minorities 45 Ntl Science Foundation SRC 60904 Kim Ogden Tucson AZ Fed govt. Res ERC for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Mfring 46 Nature Conservancy Yes 81007, 77305, Jeanmarie Haney, Tucson AZ NGO Res, KT 50404, 70504 Jim Cook, Holly Richter 47 NM Interstate Stream 51704, 76705, Rolf Schmid- Albuquerque NM State govt. Res Commission 20704 Peterson 48 NM Office of the State yes 76705, 20704 Nabil Shafik Santa Fe NM State govt. Res Engineer 49 Northern Arizona Univ., Yes 77205 Dieter Otte Flagstaff AZ State govt. Res Computer Sci. Department 50 Northern Arizona Univ., 81007 Joe Shannon, Charlie Flagstaff AZ State govt. Ed Watershed Research and Ed Schlinger Program 51 Phoenix Water 50304 Steve Rossi Phoenix AZ Local govt. Res 52 Phoenix Zoo 61004 Gabby Hebert Phoenix AZ Other KT, Ed 53 Pima County Regional Flood 78105, 77305 Kathy Chavez Tucson AZ Local govt. Ed, KT 183

OVER ORGANIZATION PROJECT IDs CONTACT CITY ST TYPE NATURE 160? Control District 54 Pima County Natural 61004 Wendy Burroughs Tucson AZ Local govt. Ed Resources, Parks & Rec 55 Rio Salado 81007 Heather Watson Phoenix AZ Other Ed 56 Sabino Canyon Volunteer 82308 Mark Hengesbaugh Tucson AZ Other Ed Naturalists 57 Salt River Project 77205, 78105 Charlie Ester Phoenix AZ Other Res, KT 58 Sandia Ntl Lab yes 30804, 51304 Vince Tidwell Albuquerque NM Ntl lab Res, KT 59 Science Museum of MN 77805, 77905 Pat Hamilton Minneapolis MN Other KT 60 Sonoran Institute 79706 Tom Maddock Tucson AZ NGO Res 61 Southwest Environmental 80606 Chris Zou Tucson AZ Fed govt. Res, KT Observatory Network 62 Superfund Center 60904 Raina Mayer Tucson AZ State govt. Res, Ed 63 Tucson Audubon Society 81007 Kendall Kroesen Tucson AZ NGO Ed 64 Tucson Water 50304, 77305 Tom Arnold, Tucson AZ Local govt. Res, KT, Ed Fernando Molina 65 Udall Center for Studies of 60704 Anne Browning- Tucson AZ State govt. Ed Public Policy Aiken 66 UNESCO, GWADI yes 77104, 71404 Mike Edmunds Paris FR Intl KT 67 USACE Institute of Water 81908 Robert Pietrowski, Arlington VA Fed govt KT, Ed Resources Eugene Stakhiv 68 USACE, Albuquerque 50404 Steve Stewart, Mark Albuquerque NM Fed govt. Res Dixon, and Arriana Brand 69 US Army Electronic Proving 75504 Kyle Molloy Ft. Huachuca AZ Fed govt. Res Ground 70 US Bureau of Land 73504 Steve Gallegos Saguache CO Fed govt. Res Management 71 USDA-ARS-Salinity Lab 10504 Rien van Genuchten Riverside CA Fed. govt. Res 72 USDA-ARS-Southwest Water yes 78105, 77205, David Goodrich, Tucson AZ Fed govt. Res, KT Research Center 75504, 50404 Russ Scott 184

OVER ORGANIZATION PROJECT IDs CONTACT CITY ST TYPE NATURE 160? 73 US Forest Service 82308 Josh Taiz Tucson AZ Fed govt. Ed 74 US Geologic Survey – Ft. 40404 George Leavesley Ft. Collins CO Fed govt. Res Collins Sci Ctr 75 US Geologic Survey – Reston 51704 David Brookshire Reston VA Fed govt. Res 76 US Geologic Survey – Tucson 77205, 78405, Jon Hoffman Tucson AZ Fed govt. Res 75504 77 Universidad Autonoma de 79706 Jorge Ramirez- Mexicali, BC MX Intl acad. Res Baja California Hernandez 78 Universidad de Sonora 79605 Who? Hermosillo, MX Intl acad. Res Son. 79 UA Cooperative Extension Yes 78105 Mike Crimmins Tucson AZ State govt. KT, Ed 80 UA Department of 82208 George Frisvold Tucson AZ State govt. Res Agricultural Economics 81 UA Department of Chemical 80906 Glenn Schrader Tucson AZ State govt. KT and Environmental Engineering 82 UA Department of Geography 50304 Paul Robbins Tucson AZ State govt. KT 83 UA Department of Soil, 77305 Jim Riley Tucson AZ State govt. KT, Ed Water, and Env Sciences 84 UA General Biology Program 61004 Lisa Elfring Tucson AZ State govt. Ed for Teachers 85 UA Sustainability Committee 61504 Glenn Schrader Tucson AZ State govt. Ed, KT 86 UA Interdisciplinary Program 81007 Michele Lanan Tucson AZ State govt. Ed in Insect Science 87 UC Berkeley Sagehen Creek 73404 Jeff Brown Truckee CA Other Res Field Station 88 UC Irvine – CHRS Center 71404 Bisher Imam Irvine CA State govt. Res, KT 89 UC Los Angeles – CENS 60704 Wesley Uehara Los Angeles CA Other Res 90 Univ. NM, Geo-ecology 30804, 20804 Cliff Dahm Albuquerque NM State govt. Res Group 91 Univ. TX, Austin 75504 David Maidment Austin TX Fed govt. Res

185

OVER ORGANIZATION PROJECT IDs CONTACT CITY ST TYPE NATURE 160? 92 Upper San Pedro Partnership Yes 51204 David Goodrich Sierra Vista AZ Other Res, Ed, KT 93 Valles Caldera Ntl Preserve Yes 73304, 73604, Bob Parmenter Jemez Springs NM Fed govt. Res, Ed 79005, 10204, 61004, 75504 94 Water Quality Center 60904 Ian Pepper Tucson AZ Fed govt. Ed, KT 95 Water Resources Research Ctr 60904, 61004 Sharon Megdal AZ State govt. Ed, KT Tucson 96 Water Sustainability Program yes 78105, 60904 Jackie Moxley Tucson AZ State govt. Ed, KT 97 Watershed Management 77305 Elena Rotondi Tucson AZ Other KT Group 98 Wizbang Designs Yes 51804 Tom Deutschman Spokane WA Other Res

The National Phenology Network and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers International Hydrology Program are major new partners.

Also new: Arizona Audubon, ERC Summer Research Institute, Hawks Aloft, Friends of Sabino, Maricopa County Flood Control District, Ntl Science Foundation Quality Education for Minorities, Sabino Canyon Naturalists, UA Sustainability Committee, UA Interdisciplinary Program in Insect Science, UA Superfund Center, US ACE Albuquerque office.

186

7. Summary Table

1 The number of participating institutions (all academic institutions that participate in activities at the Center). This value should

match the number of institutions listed in Section I, Item 1 of the report plus other additional academic institutions that participate in Center activities as listed in the table above. 9

2 The number of institutional partners (total number of non- academic participants, including industry, states, and other

federal agencies, at the Center). This value should match the number of partners listed in the table in Section VIII, Item 6 98 (above).

3 The total leveraged support for the grant period (sum of funding for the Center from all sources other than NSF-STC) [Leveraged

funding should include both cash and in-kind support that are related to Center activities, but not funds awarded to individual Total Cash $4,666,614.57 PIs.] This value should match the total of funds in Section X, Total In-Kind $7,275,252.12 Item 4 of “Total” minus “NSF-STC” for cash and in-kind support. Total $11,941,866.69

4 The number of participants (total number of people who have utilized center facilities; not just persons directly supported by

NSF). Please EXCLUDE affiliates (click for definition). This value should match the total number of participants listed in Section 523 VIII, Item 5 (above).

8. Media Publicity

Print

Deborah Baker, “User-fee supporters: N.M. water too cheap,” Santa Fe New Mexican, Jan. 28, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on price of water and impact on water conservation)

John Bianchini, “San Juan School District revisits snowmaking on San Francisco Peaks,” The Observer, http://www4.nau.edu/eeop/summerscholars/ss2003/news/sjsd_revisits.html

John Bianchini, “‘To’ bee iina’’ Water is life,” Navajo-Hopi Observer, July 23, 2003, http://www4.nau.edu/eeop/summerscholars/ss2003/news/Navajo-Hopi%20Observer.htm

“Bill introduced to boost water supplies and promote conservation,” news release, State of New Mexico, House of Representatives, Jan. 27, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on cost of water and conservation)

“Camp WildFire studies fire’s effect on local ecosystems,” UA News services release, June 21, 2004.

Kylee Dawson, “Flandrau’s Camp WildFire entertains, instructs children in fire prevention,” Arizona Summer Wildcat, July 14, 2003.

187

“Distant mountains influence river levels 50 years later,” press release, National Science Foundation, May 18, 2004. (describes Chris Duffy’s work on recharge and the Rio Grande)

Tim Ellis, “Monsoon won’t cure six-year ills,” Arizona Daily Star, July 11, 2004. (Gary Woodard, Kathy Jacobs, and Gregg Garfin on Tucson’s water resources during a possibly extended drought)

“Exchanging hydrological software in PUB,” IAHS Newsletter 79, Jan. 2004. (describes Hydroarchive)

Felicia Fonseca, “New project helps conservation plans,” Daily Lobo, Jan. 28, 2004. (describes economics research on water at UNM and SAHRA in general)

Jeff Harrison, “Cool, clear water: dealing with a scarce commodity in our desert environment,” Report on Research, University of Arizona, Office of the Vice President for Research, Jan. 2004. (describes water research efforts at the University of Arizona, including SAHRA)

David Huff, “Collaboration connection,” Tech Connect 1(2): pp. 20-24, Summer 2004. (talks about water resources research at SAHRA and UA, quoting Woodard and Shuttleworth)

“No end in sight for heat wave,” Arizona Daily Wildcat, Dec. 2, 2003. (quotes Kathy Jacobs on SW drought)

“Our forests are the main victim,” Star Roundtable on Drought, Arizona Daily Star, July 11, 2004. (panel of experts, including Woodard, Jacobs, and Garfin talk about effects of drought on S. Arizona water resources, conservation efforts, cost of water, and impact of monsoon rains)

“Researchers improve snowpack prediction,” CLIMAS Update, 6(4): Nov. 2003. (describes SAHRA work on improving snow water equivalence predictions)

“SAHRA provides UNM economists with avenue to promote management of water resources and public policy,” press release, Office of Public Affairs, UNM, Jan. 15, 2004. (describes SAHRA’s mission related to public policy)

Tania Soussan, “Fees for all water users proposed,” Albuquerque Journal, Jan. 28, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on price of water)

Tania Soussan, “1950s drought may be to blame for low Rio, aquifer,” Albuquerque Journal, July 6, 2004. (describes Chris Duffy’s research on impact of past droughts on recharge to Rio Grande)

“Splashy headlines,” Science, v. 303, Jan. 16, 2004. (announces availability, scope, and URL for Global Water News Watch).

Mitch Tobin, “Walkup, Volgy pipe up about water,” Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 28, 2003. (quotes Gary Woodard and Kathy Jacobs on water issues related to mayoral election)

David Watson, “Get real,” National Erosion Control Association, News to Use, v.11, no. 6, Nov. 2003. (describes GLOBE soil testing program)

“UNM Economics Department to Present Research at 2004 UCOWR Annual Conference,” UNM press release, June 30, 2004.

188

“Arizona’s tech game plan,” Arizona Republic, Apr. 12, 2005. (mentions UA’s water programs as primary resources for Arizona’s sustainable systems industries)

Deborah Baker, “User-fee supporters: N.M. water too cheap,” Santa Fe New Mexican, Jan. 28, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on price of water and impact on water conservation)

“Bill introduced to boost water supplies and promote conservation,” news release, State of New Mexico, House of Representatives, Jan. 27, 2004. (quotes Brookshire on cost of water and conservation)

“Camp WildFire studies fire’s effect on local ecosystems,” UA News services release, June 21, 2004.

Tony Davis, “San Pedro River is running dry,” Arizona Daily Star, July 13, 2005. (cites Tom Maddock’s 1993 research that indicated the San Pedro would run dry in 10 to 15 years)

Kyle Dawson, “Flandrau’s Camp WildFire entertains, instructs children in fire prevention,” Arizona Summer Wildcat, July 14, 2004.

“Distant mountains influence river levels 50 years later,” press release, National Science Foundation, May 18, 2004. (describes Chris Duffy’s work on recharge and the Rio Grande)

“Drought in distant mountains affect Rio Grande,” Associated Press, Sept. 14, 2004. Tim Ellis, “Monsoon won’t cure six-year ills,” Arizona Daily Star, July 11, 2004. (Gary Woodard, Kathy Jacobs, and Gregg Garfin on Tucson’s water resources during a possibly extended drought)

Juliet Ellperin, “Livelihoods die as Arizona gets drier,” Washington Post, Feb. 6, 2005. (quotes Kathy Jacobs on management challenges of drought and climate change)

“Exchanging hydrological software in PUB,” IAHS Newsletter 79, Jan. 2004. (describes Hydroarchive)

Howard Fischer, “Napolitano wants mandatory state water conservation authority,” Arizona Daily Sun, Nov. 2, 2004. (quotes Gov. Napolitano on importance of San Pedro River conservation and highlights SAHRA as a leading national center)

Felicia Fonseca, “New project helps conservation plans,” Daily Lobo, Jan. 28, 2004. (describes economics research on water at UNM and SAHRA in general)

Jeff Harrison, “Cool, clear water: dealing with a scarce commodity in our desert environment,” Report on Research, University of Arizona, Office of the Vice President for Research, Jan. 2004. (describes water research efforts at the University of Arizona, including SAHRA)

David Huff, “Collaboration connection,” Tech Connect 1(2): pp. 20-24, Summer 2004. (talks about water resources research at SAHRA and UA, quoting Woodard and Jim Shuttleworth)

Jim Kizer, “Extreme drought dripping Arizona, West nothing to sneeze at,” Arizona Daily Star, Nov. 10, 2004. (quotes Woodard on effects of continued drought)

Jim Kizer, “University makes good use of Proposition 301 funding,” Arizona Daily Star, Feb. 25, 2005. (editorial that cites TRIF funding of water programs at UA as a good investment)

Jane Larson, “Gary Woodard: Water research may branch into larger industry,” Arizona Republic, Apr. 13, 2005. (role of water research in the state economy)

189

Naomi Lubick, “New water model for southwest,” Geotimes, Aug. 2004. (talks about Duffy’s work on role of mountains in sustaining mountain-front groundwater levels and long-term baseflow conditions to the Rio Grande)

Shaun McKinnon, “Napolitano aims to make state world’s drought guru,” The Arizona Republic, Oct. 31, 2004. (on virtual water university; cites SAHRA as one reason UA is world-renowned in water research)

Anne Minard, “3 schools seek clout in ‘virtual university’,” Arizona Daily Star, Dec. 15, 2004. (describes potential contributions of the three Arizona universities with respect to the proposed virtual water university)

Anne Minard, “Flora, fauna last in line for water,” Arizona Daily Star, June 20, 2005. (quotes David Goodrich on impacts of groundwater pumping on San Pedro riparian area)

“New study tracks N.M. mountain moisture,” The Associated Press, July 6, 2004. Published in Denton (Texas) Record Chronicle, Lexington (Kent.) Herald-Leader, the Sarasota (Fla.) Herald-Tribune, the Fort Worth (Tex.) Star Telegram, Newsday, Los Angeles Times, Seattle Post Intelligencer, and online at SiliconValley.com and yahoo.com.

Elva K. Osterreich, “Hydrogeologist speaks Monday on findings,” Alamogordo News, Jan. 22, 205.

“Our forests are the main victim,” Star Roundtable on Drought, Arizona Daily Star, July 11, 2004. (panel of experts, including Woodard, Jacobs, and Garfin talk about effects of drought on S. Arizona water resources, conservation efforts, cost of water, and impact of monsoon rains)

B. Poole, “Misters: Cool solution or waste of water?” Tucson Citizen, June 2, 2005. (cites earlier study by Gary Woodard on water use of outdoor misting systems)

Adam Rankin, “Scientists trying to figure out how long it takes snow to get into the ground water supply,” Santa Fe Journal, July 18, 2005.

“SAHRA provides UNM economists with avenue to promote management of water resources and public policy,” press release, Office of Public Affairs, UNM, Jan. 15, 2004. (describes SAHRA’s mission related to public policy)

Tania Soussan, “Fees for all water users proposed,” Albuquerque Journal, Jan. 28, 2004. (quotes Brookshire on price of water)

Tania Soussan, “1950s drought may be to blame for low Rio, aquifer,” Albuquerque Journal, July 6, 2004. (describes Duffy’s research on impact of past droughts on recharge to Rio Grande)

“Splashy headlines,” Science, v. 303, Jan. 16, 2004. (announces availability, scope, and URL for Global Water News Watch).

Thomas Stauffer, “Sierra Vista’s fluid outlook,” Arizona Daily Star, Sept. 26, 2004.

Mitch Tobin and Howard Fischer, “Napolitano wants ‘virtual water university’,” Arizona Daily Star, Nov. 2, 2004. (quotes Shuttleworth on SAHRA’s and UA’s expertise in water)

“Transboundary Waters Symposium,” Udall Center Update, Nov. 2004.

190

“UNM Economics Department to Present Research at 2004 UCOWR Annual Conference,” UNM press release, June 30, 2004.

Charles K. Wilson, “El Pasoans could be hurt by drought for decades,” El Paso Times, Sept. 13, 2004.

Associated Press, “Researchers to study monsoon formation,” published in various papers, including The New York Times and Arizona Daily Star, June 8, 2006. (on CuPIDO experiment in the Santa Catalinas in which SAHRA is participating)

Lee Basnar, “Water recharge figures are too optimistic,” Sierra Vista Herald, May 26, 2006. (cites research by Arin Wahi, Matt Baillie, and James Hogan on sustainability of resources in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed aquifer)

Tom Beal, “Volunteers sought for tree count,” Arizona Daily Star, April 30, 2006 (quotes Gary Woodard on water use of trees)

Tom Beal, “We need monsoon soon,” Arizona Daily Star, June 10, 2006 (on Rainlog.org and water harvesting project based at The Nature Conservancy, quotes Gary Woodard)

Julie Cart, “Groundwater use, drought tap out lush river,” The New Mexican, Aug. 26, 2005. (Tom Maddock’s research on groundwater pumping in Upper San Pedro watershed)

Tony Davis, “Direct CAP delivery may return,” Arizona Daily Star, Nov. 4, 2005 (quotes Kathy Jacobs on public perception of Central Arizona Project water use)

Tony Davis, “San Pedro River is running dry,” Arizona Daily Star, July 13, 2005 (Tom Maddock on effects of groundwater pumping on the river)

Tony Davis, “Water use up sharply here,” Arizona Daily Star, Feb. 11, 2006. (front page story, quotes Gary Woodard and other speakers at media briefing hosted by SAHRA)

“Don’t cut firefighting money,” opinions column, Tucson Citizen, Feb. 11, 2006. (cites statistics from Sarah Davis at previous day’s media briefing)

Chris Hawley, “World Water Forum aims to avert thirsty future,” Arizona Republic, March 16, 2006 (quotes Kathy Jacobs on Arizona universities’ participation)

Jim Kaiser, “Let’s put growth, water in same conversation,” Arizona Daily Star, Aug. 26, 2005. (cites Grady Gammage’s article published in Southwest Hydrology)

Debbie Kornmiller, “Risk called key factor in pool-gun death debate,” Arizona Daily Star, June 26, 2005. (quotes Gary Woodard on use of statistics in science)

Shaun McKinnon, “Water institute tackles new ground,” Arizona Republic, April 10, 2006. (front page story on new AWI, quotes Kathy Jacobs extensively)

B. Poole, “UA site answers water questions,” Tucson Citizen, Aug. 8, 2005 (announces Arizonawater.org site, quotes G. Woodard)

191

“Rainfall trackers wanted for Maricopa County,” Arizona Repubic, July 8, 2006 (solicits Rainlog.org participants)

Adam Rankin, “Underground mystery: Scientists trying to figure out howlong it takes snow to get into the ground water supply,” Albuquerque Journal, July 18, 2005. (Valles Caldera research)

Art Rotstein, “Panel: Drought may bring Arizona problems,” AP, Feb. 10, 2006. (Story following SAHRA media briefing was picked up by a number of print and online news outlets, including the Arizona Republic, Washington Post, Tucson Citizen, Boston Globe, CBS News.com, ABC news.com, federalnewsradio.com, comcast.net, Yahoo news, and other sources.

Ariel Serafin, Hydrology prof. gets prestigious award,” Daily Wildcat, April 14, 2006. (International Hydrology Prize to Shuttleworth)

Eric Swedlund, “UA professor wins international prize in hydrology,” Arizona Daily Star, April 5, 2006.

Eric Swedlund, “UA professor to head Water Institute,” Arizona Daily Star, Dec. 29, 2005. (Kathy Jacobs’ selection as AWI head)

“Tops in his field,” Tucson Citizen, April 10, 2006. (on Shuttleworth’s International Hydrology Prize)

UA Foundation Report, University of Arizona Foundation, special edition, Fall 2005. (highlights Kristin Green, MS student in hydrology and SAHRA participant)

“UA professor to head Arizona Water Institute,” UA news.org press release, Jan. 4, 2006.

“Water conservation grants awarded by Bureau of Reclamation,” press release, Bureau of Reclamation Phoenix Area Office, 2005. (announces $10.000 grants to SAHRA for rainwater harvesting project)

Michael Wilson, “In Phoenix, even cactuses wilt in clutches of record drought,” New York Times, March 10, 2006 (front page article, quotes Gary Woodard)

“Arizona universities taking lead in sustainability movement.” Tucson Citizen, Arizona Republic, and AP distribution, Sept. 10, 2007. www.azcentral.com/news/articles/0910green-campuses0910-ON.html

“Arizona Wells,” Arizona Cooperative Extension, Backyards and Beyond 1(1); 19.

Beal, T., “By e-mail, get rainfall data for your own neighborhood,” Arizona Daily Star, July 10, 2007. www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/191084.php

Beal, T., “Form on water agrees: Plan now,” Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 27, 2007 (quotes Kathy Jacobs on drought planning) www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/208487.php

Beal, T., “Sustainability drive,” Arizona Daily Star, Sept. 10, 2007. (Sustainability web site SAHRA created for UA) http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/metro/200554.php

Beard, B., “Can we keep our blue pools and still be green?” Arizona Republic, July 16, 2007. (front page, on residential pools and evaporation)

192

Beard, B., “Backyard retreats suck water, energy,” Tucson Citizen, July 17, 2007. www.tucsoncitizen.com/daily/local/57514.php

Branom, M., “Service sends rain totals to your e-mail,” East Valley- Scottsdale Tribune, June 28, 2007. (RainMapper) www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/92365

“Cactus Quill winners listed,” Arizona Daily Star, July 2, 2007.

Davis, T., “Experts can’t agree on why Tucson’s water use fell,” Arizona Daily Star, May 11, 2007.

Everett-Haynes, L.M., “Research on ecology, global warming focus of huge project,” Tucson Citizen, June 26, 2007.

Everett-Haynes, L.M., UA: Public can watch Biosphere 2 research, Tucson Citizen, June 27, 2007.

Fischer, H., “Regents VP grills universities on lack of issue-based classes,” East Valley Tribune, Nov. 26, 2007. (SAHRA-sponsored conference) http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/102801

“Four Tucson-based science programs get grants,” Arizona Daily Star, June 1, 2007. (Arizona Rivers)

Gerther, J., “The future is drying up,” cover story in New York Times Magazine, Oct. 21, 2007 (cites Hoerling and Eischeid article in Inconvenient Hydrology issue of Southwest Hydrology, Jan./Feb. 2007).

Graf, E., “UA, ASU, NAU presidents discuss climate change,” Arizona Republic and Cronkite News Service, Nov. 26, 2007. (SAHRA-sponsored conference) www.azcentral.com/news/articles/1126cns-climate1126-ON.html

“Great Man-Made River International Hydrology Prize,” UNESCO website, www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/laureate_2007.shtml (SAHRA and CHRS share prize)

Harrison, J., “UA researcher to address UNESCO forum on water,” UA News, June 26, 2008, http://uanews.org/node/20362.

How’s your hydrologic literacy?” Profile of SAHRA in NSF’s Profiles in Team Science

Howshow, L., “Minds merge for climate: State universities talk about global warming,” Arizona Wildcat, Nov. 27, 2007. (SAHRA-sponsored conference) http://media.wildcat.arizona.edu/media/storage/paper997/news/2007/11/27/News/Minds.Merge.For.Clim ate-3116869.shtml

McKinnon, S., “UA project offers reports of rainfall in your area,” Arizona Republic, July 10, 2007. (Rainmapper) www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0710rain0710.html

“News Q&A,” The Oregonian, Aug. 30, 2007 (answers a question about water conservation, based on SAHRA’s Residential Water Conservation website)

“NSF Science and Technology Center wins United Nations prize,” National Science Foundation press release 07-167 www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=110625&org=NSF&from=news

Ory, L., “Interactive site allows multiple points of rainfall data gathering,” Sierra Vista Herald, July 26, 2007. (RainMapper) www.svherald.com/articles/2007/07/26/news/doc46a8cad8e0947907570508.txt

193

Poole, B., “Leaders: Cooperation a must to solve water problems,” Tucson Citizen, Oct. 27, 2007. (Kathy Jacobs on dealing with growth and water issues)

Poole, B., “Symposium to review water use, allocation,” Tucson Citizen, Aug. 29, 2007. www.tucsoncitizen.com/ss/local/61453.php

Poole, B., “UA-based scientists make water data easy to find on Net,” Tucson Citizen, March 14, 2008. (Arizona Wells database)

Power, M., “Peak water,” Wired, May 2008, pp. 132-141, 150. (Gary Woodard on water-energy nexus and water scarcity in the West) www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-05/ff_peakwater

Schalau, J., “Rainlog.org: A cooperative rainfall monitoring network,” Arizona Cooperative Extension, Backyards & Beyond, 1(1): 17.

“Southwest Hydrology: Special issue on evapotranspiration,” WaterWired, posted Jan. 16, 2008, http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/01/southwest-hydro.html

“Southwest Hydrology: Water-energy nexus issue,” WaterWired, posted Sept. 15, 2007, http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2007/09/southwest-hydro.html

Spitz, A., “Integrating information to manage water sustainability: Arizona Water Institute’s on-line information system,” Backyards & Beyond, Winter 2007, pp. 13-14.

“Symposium focuses on water quantity, quality, and policy,” UA News release, July 27, 2007. (SWH/AHS symposium) http://uanews.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/UANews.woa/wa/MainStoryDetails?ArticleID=14068

Toms, J., “Conserving water: How rain gauges aid vital effort,” The Glendale Star, Aug. 16, 2007.

“UA receives $830K grant to aid in K-12 education effort,” UA News release, May 31, 2007. http://uanews.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/UANews.woa/wa/MainStoryDetails?ArticleID=13934

UA News Service, “UA Water Center Wins UNESCO Prize for Arid Zone Hydrology Work,” Nov. 7, 2007.

“Volunteers sought to measure rainfall,” Arizona Daily Star, July 8, 2007. (RainLog.org) www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/190837.php

“Water News,” The Watershed Moment, Spring 2007 (about Southwest Hydrology’s climate change issue, Jan./Feb. 2007) www.watershedmg.org/newsletter/watershedmoment_sp07.htm

“What’s New: Invasive Species (Nov./Dec. 2007),” National Invasive Species Information Center, USDA National Agricultural Library (announces SWH invasive species issue) http://weblogs.nal.usda.gov/invasivespecies/archives/2007/12/southwest_hydro.shtml

Young, T., “Arizona university presidents: Global warming real,” Phoenix Business Journal, Nov. 26, 2007. (SAHRA-sponsored conference) www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2007/11/26/daily10.html?sur

194

Young, T., “Global warming expert calls on Arizona to take lead as state could be hit hard,” Phoenix Business Journal, Nov. 26, 2007. (SAHRA-sponsored conference) http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2007/11/26/daily6.html?s

Beal, T., “Citizens sought to gather data on science of nature,” Arizona Daily Star, Jan. 25, 2009, http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/277396 (quotes G. Woodard on National Phenology Network effort and RainLog)

Beal, T., “Unofficially, it was a wet monsoon,” Arizona Daily Star, Sept. 28, 2008 (3/4 page, B1 with large, informative map of Tucson region and other data points in southern Arizona, based on RainLog data).

Branom, M., “Valley cleans up after Sunday’s record storm,” East Valley Tribune, July 14, 2008 (cites Rainlog data from UA)

Davis, T., New cistern promotes rain harvesting,” Arizona Daily Star, Aug. 9, 2008.

Doughton, S., “Climate researchers seek citizen scientists,” Seattle Times, March 11, 2009. (National Phenology Network roll-out)

“Economists research real-time water rights market,” Albuquerque Journal and Associated Press, Nov. 17, 2009.

Gelt, J., “Clean, green solar power falls short in achieving water efficiency,” Arizona Water Resource, 17(1), Sept./Oct. 2008. (interviews Woodard on relationship of solar power and water use)

Harrison, J., “Taking the pulse of the planet,” UA News, March 3, 2009, http://uanews.org/node/24364 (on new NPN website)

Hess, B., “Minimal storm damage reported,” The [Sierra Vista] Herald, July 21, 2008. http://www.svherald.com/articles/2008/07/21/news/doc4884481ec75f3148918376.txt

Higgins, A., “Study calls on ‘citizen scientists’ to tap their inner Thoreau,” Washington Post, Jan. 29, 2009. (NPN network and website revamp)

Matlock, S., “Water market model could be the future,” Santa Fe New Mexican, Nov. 13, 2008.

McKinnon, S., “'08 monsoon one of Valley's wettest - in places,” Arizona Republic, Oct. 6, 2008. (Draws on summary of RainLog data for Phoenix metro area)

McKinnon, S., “Legislature to water institute: dry up,” in his Waterblogged blog on the Arizona Republic website, Feb. 10, 2009, www.azcentral.com/members/Blog/ShaunMcKinnon/45873.

Morris, T., “Skies expected to bring rain, snow during holiday week, forecasters say,” [Sierra Vista] Herald Review, Nov. 26, 2008. (cites weather station manager at Ft. Huachuca, who looks at rainlog data)

Poole, B., “Drier, warmer weather predicted locally through Dec.,” Tucson Citizen, Oct. 3, 2008. (gives rainlog summary for monsoon season)

Poole, B., “Giant reed clogging Sabino Canyon,” Tucson Citizen, Sept. 26, 2008 (front page), http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/daily/frontpage/97785.php

195

Poole, B., “UA-based scientists make water data easy to find on Net,” Tucson Citizen, March 14, 2008. (Arizona Wells database)

Poole, B., “Volunteers needed to pull non-native plants at Sabino Canyon, Tucson Citizen, Oct. 22, 2008. Power, M., “Peak water,” Wired, May 2008, pp. 132-141, 150. (Gary Woodard on water-energy nexus and water scarcity in the West) www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-05/ff_peakwater

Randall, S., “Local drought impact group needs volunteer weather watchers,” Tri-Valley Dispatch, Oct. 7, 2008.

“Southwest Hydrology: Special issue on evapotranspiration,” WaterWired, posted Jan. 16, 2008, http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/01/southwest-hydro.html

UA University Communications, “Nature Conservancy, UA develop site for rainwater harvesting,” UA News, Aug. 7, 2009. http://uanews.org/node/20875

Ho, C., “Help scientists track plant and animal cycles,” LA Times Greenspace, March 3, 2009 (National Phenology Network roll-out)

“Paper from cross-RISA drought project appears in Southwest Hydrology,” June 10, 2009, homepage of NOAA’s Climate Program Office, http://www.climate.noaa.gov/

Podcast: Interview with Paul Allvin and Gary Woodard, UA News, on UA campus sustainability tour, uanews.org/node/25232

Spotlight on Sept./Oct 2008 Southwest Hydrology issue on “Water Projects Writ Large,” Water Wired, Sept. 14, 2008. http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/09/septemberoctober-2008-southwest- hydrology-water-projects-writ-large.html

Beal, T., "Arizona's water future is cloudy, worried experts agree." Arizona Daily Star, September 24, 2009, http://azstarnet.com/news/science/article_d18f07e9-99df-58e3-82a0-9c7a01248aaa.html.

Beal, T., “Citizens sought to gather data on science of nature,” Arizona Daily Star, Jan. 25, 2009, http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/277396 (quotes G. Woodard on National Phenology Network effort and RainLog)

Doughton, S., “Climate researchers seek citizen scientists,” Seattle Times, March 11, 2009. (National Phenology Network roll-out)

“Economists research real-time water rights market,” Albuquerque Journal and Associated Press, Nov. 17, 2009.

Everett, L., “UA professor earns White House appointment.” UA News, January 4, 2010, http://uanews.org/node/29058.

Faherty, J., "Valley is too dry to shed tears for monsoon." Arizona Republic, October 1, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2009/10/01/20091001monsoonover1001.html. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2009/10/01/20091001monsoonover1001.html

196

Harrison, J., “Taking the pulse of the planet,” UA News, March 3, 2009, http://uanews.org/node/24364 (on new NPN website)

Higgins, A., “Study calls on ‘citizen scientists’ to tap their inner Thoreau,” Washington Post, Jan. 29, 2009. (NPN network and website revamp)

Jensen, M., "UA awarded $4.35 million to study Earth's Critical Zone." UA News, September 23, 2009. http://uanews.org/node/27571.http://uanews.org/node/27571

Nellans, J.D., "Well owners now have resources for help." The (Prescott) Daily Courier, February 3, 2009. http://www.dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=64376&TM=50674.56

“NSF celebrates world-class research at five U.S. centers.” Environmental Protection online magazine, February 9, 2010. http://eponline.com/articles/2010/02/05/nsf-celebrates-worldclass-research-at-five-u.s.- centers.aspx?admgarea=ht.energyclimatechange.http://eponline.com/articles/2010/02/05/nsf-celebrates- worldclass-research-at-five-u.s.-centers.aspx?admgarea=ht.energyclimatechange

Serviss, L., “Project SAGE Special Report: Leading the way in water research.” UA News, August 26, 2009. http://uanews.org/node/27041.

Serviss, L., "Project SAGE: SAHRA floods the zone." WaterWorld, August 26, 2009. http://www.waterworld.com/index/display/article-display/5034485656/articles/waterworld/drinking- water/water-resources/groundwater/2009/08/project-sage__sahra.html.

Stolte, D., “NSF honors achievements of UA-led water research center.” UA News, February 5, 2010. http://uanews.org/node/29967.

UA University Communications, "Vanishing water and shifting climate." UA News, February 10, 2010. http://uanews.org/node/29902.http://uanews.org/node/29902

Allison, L. "'Southwest Hydrology' ceases publication." in his blog: Arizona Geology: Blog of the State Geologist of Arizona., January 4, 2010. .http://arizonageology.blogspot.com/2010/01/southwest- hydrology-ceases-publication.html

Garcia, M. "Farewell to an icon: Southwest Hydrology suspends publication." Hydro-Logic: Hydrology and Water Resources in the News and Science Media, January 6, 2010. http://hydro- logic.blogspot.com/2010/01/farewell-to-icon-southwest-hydrology.html.

Ho, C., “Help scientists track plant and animal cycles,” LA Times Greenspace, March 3, 2009 (National Phenology Network roll-out)

McKinnon, S., "Funding issues silenced valued water voice," in his Waterblogged blog on the Arizona Republic website, November 19, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/members/Blog/ShaunMcKinnon/tag/3709

McKinnon, S., “Legislature to water institute: dry up,” in his Waterblogged blog on the Arizona Republic website, Feb. 10, 2009, www.azcentral.com/members/Blog/ShaunMcKinnon/45873.

Podcast: Interview with Paul Allvin and Gary Woodard, UA News, on UA campus sustainability tour, uanews.org/node/25232

197

Podcast: Low-flush toilets, interview with Gary Woodard. Science Netlinks, Science Update, May 17, 2010. http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/sci_update.php?DocID=106.

198

Publicity From SAHRA Media Briefings

From Tucson 11/12/03 briefing: • Bill Hess, “Expert: Drought likely to get worse,” Sierra Vista (AZ) Herald, Nov. 13, 2003. • Blake Morlock, “Will winter rains wash away Arizona’s 6-year drought?” Tucson Citizen, Nov. 13, 2003. • Mitch Tobin, “Wet weather falling far short,” Arizona Daily Star, Nov. 13, 2003. • Kendrick Wilson, “Humans may be responsible for desert’s drought,” Arizona Daily Wildcat, Nov. 17, 2003. From Tucson 5/25/04 briefing: • Jimmy Stewart, “Ask Jimmy,” Arizona Daily Star, May 27, 2004. The 12/7/04 briefing was covered by: • Arizona Daily Star • KNXV-TV, Channel 15 Phoenix (ABC)

TV/Radio Coverage

The 11/12/03 briefing was covered by: • KUAT, Channel 6 Tucson (PBS) • KGUN, Channel 9 Tucson (ABC) • KOLD, Channel 13 Tucson (CBS) • KUAT/KUAZ Radio Tucson • UA News Services

The 5/25/04 briefing was covered by: • The Arizona Daily Star • KGUN, Channel 9 Tucson (ABC) • KUAT, Channel 6 Tucson (PBS) • KAET, Channel 8 Phoenix (PBS) • KOLD, Channel 13 Tucson (CBS) • KJZZ 91.5 FM, Phoenix • Water Resources Research Center

• Interview of Gary Woodard on ArizonaWater.org website on KUAZ-FM radio, Tucson, Aug. 30, 2005. • Interview of media briefing panelists by Mike Rappaport, KUAT/KJZZ radio, Tucson, Feb. 10, 2006. • Interview of Gary Wodard on Rainlog.org on KUAT/KJZZ radio, Tucson, July 7, 2006. • Interviews of media briefing panelists aired by Chuck George, KOLD-TV (CBS affiliate), and Len Johnson, KGUN-TV (ABC affiliate), Tucson, Feb. 10, 2006. • Story on ECOSTART field trip with Pima Vocational School students to San Pedro House and River. Event, Nov. 14, 2005. • Story on SAHRA research at the Valles Caldera on “The Desert Speaks,” PBS, May 10, 2006. (Interviewed Dave Parmenter) • Interview of Gary Wodard on Rainlog.org on KUAT-TV, Tucson, July 6, 2006. • Interview of media briefing panelists by Mike Rappaport, KUAT/KJZZ radio, Tucson, Feb. 10, 2006. • Interview of Gary Woodard on Rainlog.org on KUAT/KJZZ radio, Tucson, July 7, 2006. • Interview of Gary Woodard on NPR regarding drought in Southwest, Sept. 8, 2006 • Interview of Gary Woodard on KUAZ-AM radio (Tucson) on rainlong.org, Sept. 7, 2006

199

• Interviews of media briefing panelists aired by Chuck George, KOLD-TV (CBS affiliate), and Len Johnson, KGUN-TV (ABC affiliate), Tucson, Feb. 10, 2006. • Story on SAHRA research at the Valles Caldera on “The Desert Speaks,” PBS, May 10, 2006. (Interviewed Dave Parmenter) • Interview of Gary Woodard on KUAT-TV (Tucson) program, Arizona Illustrated, regarding rainlog.org,, July 6, 2006 • Promotion of ralinlog.org by KOLD-TV (Tucson) meteorologist Chuck George, Sept. 4, 2006 • Interview of Gary Woodard on KUAT-TV (Tucson) program, Arizona Illustrated, regarding rainlog.org, Sept. 7, 2006 • Screenshot and coverage of rainlog.org on 10 pm news by meteorologist Chuck George, KOLD- TV, Feb. 19, 2007 • 7/16/07 - KUAT shot a story on RainLog and RainMapper today that is to air on Arizona Illustrated tonight. It also will run on KUAZ radio today and/or tomorrow. And there should be something on their web site as well. • 7/16/07 – Woodard filmed interview with KGUN-Ch. 9 on swimming pools, to be aired at 6:00 and on their web site. Also talked with KGUN about RainMapper, but not sure what if anything they'll do with that. • 7/16/07 – Press release by Flood Control District of Maricopa County, on their partnership with us on RainLog, with a quote from Woodard. • 7/16/07 – KUAT story on Arizona Illustrated on rainlog.com (http://kuat.org/misenplace.cfm?ID=712) • 8/14/07 – Piece on RainLog and RainMapper on channel 12, Phoenix. The state climatologist, Nancy Selover, was interviewed on our behalf. • Paniagua, T., numerous announcements of christening oft ne 19-foot cistern and demonstration site at Tucson campus of Nature Conservancy, KUAT/KUAZ radio news, Aug. 6-7. • Jake Weltzin interview on NPR’s Science Friday, March 6, 2009, on National Phenology Network, which SAHRA helped to revamp and roll out the previous Monday. • “American Southwest: Are We Running Dry?” DVD debuting at the Phoenix Science Center, Nov. 10, 2008. Also shown on KUAT HD and KUAT Ch. 6, Tucson, Nov., 13 and Nov. 16; and KUAT - UA Channel, Tucson, Nov. 20 and Nov. 23. Promo is at http://www.runningdry.org/americansouthwest/america.html. (includes an interview with Kathy Jacobs) • Paniagua, T., “Arizona Rivers: Teens learning about hydrology and riparian habitats,” Arizona Public Media report, KUAT – UA, summer 2008. • Holst, W., “Nature Conservancy dedicates 19-foot cistern,” video on UA News site, August 12, 2008. (dedication of new cistern and water harvesting demonstration site) • “Invasive species: A studio discussion,” Arizona Illustrated, KUAT-UA, Oct. 21, 2008 (interview with Jim Washburne on Arundo donax eradication efforts)

200

IX. INDIRECT/OTHER IMPACTS & INTERNATIONAL

1. International Activities

For management purposes, international activities are considered part of our Knowledge Transfer macrotheme.

1a. U.S./Mexico Collaborations

Modeling for Sustainable Irrigation in the Yaqui River Basin Led by Juan Valdes Organizations Involved Name Address 1 Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA) Hermosillo, MX

SAHRA former director Juan Valdés worked with several representatives of CONAGUA (including Roberto Salmón-Castelo, director of the Mexican section of the International Boundary Water Commission) to develop a multiyear simulation-optimization model for sustainable irrigation in Chihuahua. The district has experienced falling farm income and water deficits in the reservoir system arising from a severe and sustained drought combined with intensive agricultural practices. Included in the long-term model are sustainable criteria such as productivity, reliability, resilience, vulnerability and equity. The model can be used for elaborating the annual irrigation plan for the irrigation district, under different management scenarios in the long-term framework, and to identify possible practices or decisions that can put at risk the sustainability of the system. In addition, the model can be used to evaluate water management practices and decisions that have been taken in the past and possible conflicts for water in the future.

Transboundary Collaborations for IWRM in the San Pedro Led by various Organizations Involved Name Address 1 Comisión de Cuenca del Rio San Pedro Cananea, MX 2 Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA) Hermosillo, MX 3 Comisión Estatal del Agua Hermosillo, MX 4 Reserva Biológica Ajos-Bavispe Sonora, MX 5 Comisión de Ecologia y Desarrollo Hermosillo, MX Sustentable del Estado Sonora (CEDES) 6 Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas Nogales, AZ (CILA) 7 Elected representatives of Ejido Jose Maria Morelos and Union de Ejidos Jacinto Lopez

In past years U.S./Mexico transboundary collaborative efforts have led to new outcomes. Such efforts contributed to the establishment of a multi-stakeholder Basin Council in the Mexican portion of the San Pedro Basin, to whose creation we were invited, and to subsequent meetings. Representatives of the different water user groups in the basin were invited (municipal, agricultural, ranching, mine, and environmentalists) and included in the commission. At early meetings, stakeholders’ water problems were enumerated and openly discussed. A decision support system has been developed, and its user interface was translated into Spanish.

201

DSS for the Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Led by Juan Valdes Organizations Involved Name Address 1 National Heritage Institute San Francisco, CA 2 University of Texas Austin, TX 3 Comisión Nacional del Agua Mexico DF, MX 4 Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez Ciudad Juarez, MX 5 IBWC Austin, TX 6 CILA Ciudad Juarez, Chih., Mex. 7 Fundación Javier Barros Sierra Mexico DF, MX 8 USGS Austin, TX 9 World Wildlife Fund Washington, DC 10 Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua Jiutepec, Morelos, MX (IMTA) 11 Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, MX Monterrey

Based on a meeting held in 2005 at the headquarters of Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas (CILA) that SAHRA co-organized, SAHRA was asked to join the Steering Committee of the Physical Assessment Project of the Lower Rio Grande/Bravo. The National Heritage Institute and the University of Texas lead the project. As part of this SAHRA developed optimized reservoir operating policies into the physical assessment model of the reach between the two international reservoirs, Amistad and Falcon.

Research continued on improving water management under drought scenarios in the Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin. Objectives were: 1) to evaluate the impact of droughts on the basin in terms of both their stochastic characteristics (spatial distribution, severity, and temporal persistence); and 2) to evaluate the driven effect of increasing water demands on the vulnerability of the communities to droughts. The project is on hold due to funding limitations.

Alternative Futures for Changing Landscapes Led by Thomas Maddock Organizations Involved Name Address 1 Harvard University Cambridge, MA 2 Desert Research Institute Reno, NV

Based on a study conducted in the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Harvard University, the Desert Research Institute, and SAHRA have developed a methodology to link land cover, surface water, groundwater, and economic development models with alternative futures scenarios to create a decision-support tool for decision makers and the general public for water resources planning. Consequences of various development paths are visualized, and impacts on water resources are quantified.

SAHRA has participated in the Alternative Futures methodology been successfully applied in La Paz and Loreto, two fishing villages on the gulf coast of Baja California Sur. Additional applications in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, and elsewhere are pending waiting for funding. The completed projects have resulted in several publications, including a bilingual book, a comic book for the general public, and an article in Environment.

202

TIES Grant and Associated Research on Colorado River Delta Groundwater Led by Thomas Maddock Organizations Involved Name Address 1 Sonoran Institute Tucson, AZ 2 Environmental Defense Fund New York, NY 3 U.S. AID Washington, DC 4 Pronatura Noroeste Ensenada, Baja California

A $620K grant was awarded in early 2007 to SAHRA researchers Thomas Maddock and Juan Valdes (UA share is $290K) and the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California at Mexicali (Mexico), from the U.S.-Mexico Training, Internships, Exchanges, and Scholarships (TIES) partnership program of U.S.- AID. The grant brought Mexican graduate students to the UA and involved research on the Colorado Delta. Activities included faculty and student exchanges between the two institutions, short courses and workshops on the use of community-based collaborative conservation for watershed management, and workshops on hydrological and ecological modeling in support of restoration activities. The Sonoran Institute and Pronatura were collaborators on the project.

Quantification of groundwater flow dynamics and of the interactions among groundwater, surface water, and riparian vegetation represent key components in the development of a balanced restoration plan for functional riparian ecosystems. The goal of this research was the development of a groundwater model, using MODFLOW 2000, in support of riparian restoration along the Colorado River Delta in Baja California, Sonora, Mexico. Groundwater requirements determined in this research will be used by two international non-profit organizations, the Sonoran Institute and Environmental Defense, to implement large-scale planting activities within the riparian corridor and to secure instream flow rights for the Colorado River Delta from the Mexican Government.

1b. Other International Collaborations

G-WADI / UNESCO Collaboration Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved Name Address 1 UNESCO Paris, France 2 International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, Austria 3 Regional Centre on Urban Water Management Tehran, Iran 4 Regional Centre for Training and Water Cairo, Egypt Studies of Arid and Semi-arid Zones 5 Water Centre for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions La Serena, Chile of Latin America and the Caribbean 6 UNESCO IHE Institute for Water Education Delft, Netherlands 7 CHRS, University of California at Irvine Irvine, California

UNESCO’s G-WADI program attempts to identify scientific tools and technologies that are underutilized by water managers in arid and semi-arid developing countries, and to encourage their use through workshops, short courses, conferences, and development of web-based tools. The program relies on SAHRA for all aspects of developing Web and print materials.

203

The G-WADI website (www.gwadi.org/) was further developed in partnership with UNESCO. This included additional information and tools on chemical tracers and isotopes, including posting dozens of case studies. A number of new flyers and pamphlets were also produced, and a larger print publication was drafted.

Level Two UNESCO Center (ICIWaRM) Led by Juan Valdes Organizations Involved Name Address 1 UNESCO Paris, France 2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Alexandria, VA Water Resources

SAHRA collaborated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) in creating the first U.S.-based center to work in support of UNESCO’s International Hydrology Program, which was formally approved, and an agreement signed in October 2009; the Center was formally stood up at a meeting in January 2010. The new center, the International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (ICIWaRM), focused initially on Latin America and the Caribbean, although recent activities have expanded the geographic scope to Africa and the Middle East. The center had received funding via ACE, to support an ICIWaRM post-doctoral fellow, as well as posting an Army Corps employee and former UA graduate student to SAHRA for six months. Additional funding from ACE has supported SAHRA’s management of the participation by U.S. academic institutions nationwide in training and project activities undertaken by ICIWaRM, as well as KT development of ICIWaRM’s web site. Two workshops in Peru in fall 2009 and summer 2010 provided assistance and capacity building for the proper implementation of a Water Resources Modernization Project funded by the World Bank and for integrated water resources management in Peru. ICIWaRM also has formally agreed to serve as Secretariat for G-WADI.

Global Water News Watch and Email News Tracker Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved Name Address 1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Alexandria, VA Water Resources

SAHRA developed a water news watch service for water professionals around the world in 2002 that provides summaries of news stories and reports gleaned from about 180 websites, translated from eight languages. The website allows users to see recent highlighted stories and the most recent stories in 13 different subject categories. In addition, all items can be searched by any combination of key word, subject, geography, and time frame. A related web service, Email News Tracker, allows people to sign up for free personalized newsletters, on the subjects and geographic area of interest to them. To date, over 20,000 articles have been summarized and entered in the database from 190 countries. The site averages 200,000 page views per month and there are nearly 1,000 subscribers to Email News Tracker service.

International Meetings Transboundary Symposia – SAHRA has participated in the organization of the four International Transboundary Symposia since the first held in Monterrey (Mexico) in 2001. SAHRA hosted the second symposium in Tucson in 2003. The other two were in Ciudad Real (Spain) in 2005 and Thessaloniki (Greece) in 2008. The symposia have been widely attended and SAHRA former director is in the technical committee of the 5th symposium to be held in Slovenia in the fall of 2011.

204

World Water Forum - Several SAHRA members attended the week-long World Water Forum and Exhibition in Mexico City in May 2006, with a booth cosponsored by Sandia National Laboratories, the UA Water Sustainability Program, and the Arizona Water Resources Research Center. Participation also included a panel session and an event sponsored by UNESCO’s G-WADI.

In addition G-WADI co-hosted a regional workshop in Valparaiso, Chile in December 2010, with participation from SAHRA and ICIWaRM.

MOUs with Other International Institutions SAHRA researchers led the effort to the signing of Memoranda of Understanding with institutions in Brazil and Spain that will ensure the continued exchange of talented graduate students from those countries. MOUs were signed with Universidad da Santa Catarina (Brazil) and University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), which resulted in participation in SAHRA research by Celso Moller Ferreira (Brazil) and Miguel Moreno. (Spain). In addition two undergraduate students from Spain are currently at the UA as part of the MOU.

205

X: BUDGET

The total award from the National Science Foundation for SAHRA was $33,079,839 (Table 1). Of this amount, $24,636,457 (74.5%) was spent at University of Arizona and $8,443,382 (25.5%) was award to other institutions as subcontracts (Table 2). Subcontracts were issued to collaborators who brought critical expertise needed the successful accomplishment of SAHRA’s mission.

Table 1. Distribution of expenditures by major category for NSF award 9876800 for the Science and Technology Center for the Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA); Values are rounded to the nearest whole dollar.

Capital Indirect Personnel ERE Operations Travel Equipment Stipend Costs Total

$10,429,572 $2,531,337 $10,704,564 $723,182 $687,988 $7,542 $7,995,654 $33,079,839

Table 2. The following institutions and individuals received subcontracts during NSF-STC funding for SAHRA.

Institution Location New Mexico Institute of Mining & Socorro, NM Technology (New Mexico Tech) University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM University of Colorado Boulder, CO University of California, Merced Merced, CA Desert Research Institute Reno, NV Arizona State University Phoenix, AZ Pennsylvania State University State College, PA Utah State University Logan, UT University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA University of California, San Diego, Scripps San Diego, CA Institute of Oceanography Columbia Biosphere 2 Oracle, AZ

Individuals Discipline Leslie Arriana Brand Ecology Roger Smith Hydrology Emlen Hall Law Howard Grahn Hydrology Austin Long Geochemistry Alison Williams Hydrology

206 During the 11 years of the award, the University of Arizona and subcontractors on the award contributed $15,171,767 in cost sharing and total center support from all sources was $48,251,606 (Table 3). A detailed breakdown is provided on NSF form 1030 (appended).

Table 3. SAHRA center support from all sources from 1999 through 2010.

Award Source Cash In-Kind NSF core funding $33,079,839 Other NSF funding $0 Total cost share $15,171,767.37 Total $48,251,605.37

The center contributed $8,672,058 in operations cost share and $6,499,709 in personnel cost share. Cost share during the early portion of the award was dominated by operations as facilities, observations, and data sets were developed; during the later phases of the center personnel costs were a larger portion of cost share (Table 4).

On behalf of the University of Arizona, I certify that the following accurately represents University cost share for NSF award 9876800

Time Period Cash In-Kind

Cumulative (1999-2010) $15,171,767.37

6/24/2011

Paul D. Brooks, Director SAHRA Date

207

Table 4. Details of cost-sharing on NSF award 9876800; Total cost share is the sum of personnel and operations; Personnel costs include ERE rates; Sub-categories under operations are provided for reference.

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Personnel $368,546 $572,761 $736,276 $334,283 $161,070 $708,379 $724,313 $551,689 $373,980 $535,753 $710,877 $6,499,709

Operations Direct $49,600 $145,117 $82,156 $378,831 $450,519 $84,120 $70,402 $59,543 $24,112 $35,983 $33,913 $1,537,394 Costs Sub‐ $207,246 $268,935 $291,382 $305,101 $327,032 $263,399 $241,939 $201,053 $244,998 $144,098 $ 0.00 $2,586,092 Awards Other $40,750 $130,315 $171,159 $69,397 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $24,260 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $435,881 IDC For‐ $199,415 $315,688 $414,284 $364,410 $314,969 $408,136 $421,939 $314,784 $244,998 $294,444 $384,512 $4,112,691 bearance Total $497,011 $860,055 $958,981 $1,117,739 $1,092,520 $755,655 $758,540 $575,380 $514,108 $474,525 $418,425 $8,672,058 Operations

Grand Total $865,557 $1,432,817 $1,695,257 $1,452,022 $1,253,591 $1,464,034 $1,482,853 $1,127,069 $888,088.46 $1,010,278 $1,129,302 $15,171,767

208 University of 1/1/99 to 12/31/10 Total Award Actual Estimates of Cost Share Arizona Expenditure Projected Expenditures Paul D Brooks

.

List each separately with name and title. (A.7. Show number in brackets)

1 Paul Brooks, Director $188,772 $188,772 $0 $27,937

2 Juan Valdes, Co-PI $218,279 $218,279 $0 $241,125

4 Kathy Jacobs, Co-PI $53,645 $53,645 $0 $0

3 Thomas Maddock III, Co-PI $141,535 $141,535 ($0) $201,039

5 Hoshin V. Gupta, CO-PI $131,266 ($0) $54,573 $131,266 6. OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE) $3,478,217 $3,478,217 ($0) $283,589

7. TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-6) $4,211,713 $4,211,713 ($0) $808,263

B. OTHER PERSONNEL $0 $0 $0

1. POSTDOCTORAL ASSOCIATES $1,773,304 $1,773,304 $0 $50,963

2. OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) $1,733,493 $1,733,493 ($0) $955,447

3. GRADUATE STUDENTS $2,073,295 $2,073,295 ($0) $312,954

4. UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS $289,493 $289,493 $0 $76,766 5. SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) $348,273 ($0) $86,678 $348,273 6. OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE) $0 $0 $0 $0

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) $10,429,571 $10,429,571 ($0) $2,291,071

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) $2,531,337 $2,531,337 ($0) $830,937

TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) $12,960,908 $12,960,909 ($1) $6,499,709

D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.) DATA STORAGE SERVERS TOTAL EQUIPMENT $687,988 $687,988 $0 $155,344

E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS) $530,038 $530,038 $0 $16,933

2. FOREIGN $193,144 $193,144 ($0) $12,238

F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT $247,211 $247,211 ($0) $3,219

1. STIPENDS $0 $0 $0

2. TRAVEL $0 $810

3. SUBSISTENCE $0

4. OTHER $0

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS $0 $1,158,097

1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES $1,697,181 $1,697,181 $0 $178,671

2. PUBLICATION/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION $13,442 $13,442 ($0) $676

3. CONSULTANT SERVICES $256,790 $256,790 ($0) $1,048

4. COMPUTER SERVICES $46,558 $46,558 ($0) $10,358

5. SUBAWARDS $8,443,382 $8,443,382 $0 $2,586,092.14

6. OTHER Stipends $7,542 $7,542 $0 $435,881

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS $12,123,276 $12,123,276 $0 $4,559,367

H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) $25,084,184 $25,084,184 ($0) $11,059,076

I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE) Rate 51.5000 $7,995,654 $7,995,654 $0 $4,112,690.92

J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) $33,079,838 $33,079,838 ($0.00) $15,171,767.37

K. RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $

M. COST SHARING: PROPOSED LEVEL $ 13,785,594.43 FOR NSF USE ONLY

PI/PD TYPED NAME AND SIGNATURE DATE INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION 6/24/11 Date Checked Date Checked Date Checked Paul D Brooks ORG REP TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE DATE

NSF form 1030 (10/99) Supersedes All Previous Editions *SIGNATURES REQUIED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPGII.C) In addition to individuals listed on NSF form 1030, a total of 523 individuals, including 222 graduate and 94 undergraduate students, were supported by and contributed to the success of SAHRA during its 11-year tenure as an NSF-funded STC. Senior personnel include four directors (Soroosh Sorooshian, W. James Shuttleworth, Juan Valdes, and Paul D. Brooks), 21 executive committee members (Table 5), and 20 PI’s of subcontracts (subcontracts listed in Table 2).

Table 5. The SAHRA Executive Committee consisted of the leaders of the five SAHRA macro- themes and senior administration (including the Director/Deputy Director and Associate Director). There have been a few changes over the years, but listed below are all persons who have served on the SAHRA Executive Committee during the grant period.

Name Affiliation 1 Soroosh Sorooshian U. California, Irvine 2 Roger Bales U. California, Merced 3 Stan Leake USGS 4 Diana Liverman UA 5 Julie Luft ASU 6 Victor Baker UA 7 Larry Winter UA 8 David Brookshire Univ. of New Mexico 9 David Goodrich USDA-ARS 10 Hoshin Gupta UA 11 Thomas Maddock III UA 12 Fred Phillips New Mexico Tech 13 W. James Shuttleworth UA 14 Everett Springer Los Alamos Nat’l Lab 15 Juan Valdés UA 16 James Washburne UA 17 Gary Woodard UA 18 Kathy Jacobs UA 19 Paul Brooks UA 20 James Hogan UA 21 Peter Troch UA

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APPENDIX A Center Organization Chart e d r ne . s r f r n f on a oda t i Di t o a S c

Leade r u W soc. Washburn d s ry Washbu Educati o E A a Co - m i G J ***Jim Senior

h y er s g d o HRA c t r d l r e r o o e t . r A i n oj r ans f d ar r d y ale r ors g k r -Aiken i y d S o P E Outreac s

dge oda H Di

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e ac odhouse l ch D t iga t W cial Rile a nin g c wl e e W S B i Leade r Maddock , Staff W o p r y soc. h m i e S p s / ry M. wsw J r a ar ansfer / Int’l. r s h A ouise S h e Kn o o Co - nves t i r t wledge T I i G Graphic Designer Graphic G N L Shiloe Fontes bl Tom Cindy Grooms T G a * d * SAHRA E Betsy W o Pu A. Bro w Kn o

t y d

t r s s s lis r k s u i h a b b c c ge c i ors o o e o ld e n c c r oda i p rtmann a cob S ement Dep

iga t Tr Dur J Ja Ja ector Leade r s e Leade r Staff W o Spr ba Di r ry ta Co - nves t Co - Peter Stakeh o Matej a I Enga g Gregg Garfin Abe Kathy Kathy Kathy G a D Holly H a SAHRA atabase Activities D or Direc t ner om R A y anty ell le H ors hian ringer o ng o y i p Paul D. Brooks a rkst r aldes ansey ated SA aders e l Du ff S iga t oo s G i s Maddock ue Vivoni o r q X. i h r shin Gupta yak Mo h o-L e Mo d S Integ r uan V C nves t Doug B C Peter Troch J I Vince Tid w Don Coursey orsten Wag e Kevin L H o S. Tom En r Everett Steve M a Bin a T h e e en e at g h s i r s n ci ap t s s er cienc n ors e ot so r x S liam c s l stem

enuch t Brand e r y ooks h S Hoga iga t rombe r Watt A t h A F Wi S Mei Leade r Goodric c y S an G T ar HR ver avis Huxman Russ i nves t Chris Co - e I Tom A James Jirka Simunek Dave Ariann a R Marcel Sch a Dave T r Juli e e s S David B r Rien v R e s s s l y nell on bs les ip ors ale l b il s e ogu ade r H i Du ff iga t

Smal H Phil Brook i i s l in Sc r u h r ter Balance ed o-L e a s oger B a e r r ohn W Eric C nves t Barr y C B T Pa J R F I Chris East o Noah Molotch W a Joe McCo n . in ort m d ort A

A Sup p Admin Sup p AHR (Paul D. Brooks) Annisa Tangreen Administrative Assistant S

nn s A t m M.

R ’s t e ys l s A W and oerm a A U am Sy ouse Ana rt for SAH R in ent; SAHRA Sr. / ead ity *Jim B r R d responsibility ppo ology and Wate r u ation with Sandia W d r pation ) i y t to SAH R S sibility for H ept. H t ic H ts r t A manage m llabo r

H WR pervision of L ez t s pa ( s e and shar e t lis A a r Join n a er om M eixner l v a g s u nclair t ces i T r eci tment of H rmott SA HR A un S r Sustainability Prog ss Office di n o Sp notes responsibi l

: . a s g. Cou r SAHR Busines tivity in c o ovides suppo r enotes respo n nded stude n r Acc epa r at. Lab; Mana g Interm HWR D cct c o m A D E n Resou incl u fo Wat e a N f u McD e ote s Sr. David Judith Yandow ** D N * P r *** D e Busin e * T

A-1

Appendix B

Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in this Report

ACE – Army Corps of Engineers ADEQ – Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality ADWR – Arizona Dept. of Water Resources AGEP – Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (at NMT) AGU – American Geophysical Union AHIS – Arizona Hydrologic Information System AMA – active management area ASTA – Arizona State Teachers’ Association ASU – Arizona State University AWI – Arizona Water Institute AWRA – American Water Resources Association BLM – Bureau of Land Management BOR – Bureau of Reclamation BSWB – Basin-Scale Water Balance (macro-theme) CAP – Central Arizona Project CATTS – Collaboration to Advance Teaching Technology and Science (UA) CEA-CREST – Center for Environmental Analysis, a CREST program at Cal State L.A. CEEM – Dept. of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, UA CENS – Center for Embedded Networked Sensing CEOP - Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (of GEWEX) CIAD – Centro de Investigaciones en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, UNISON CILA – Comisión Internacional de Limites y Aguas CLIMAS – Climate Assessment for the Southwest CNA – Comisión Nacional del Agua COLSON – Colegio de Sonora CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CONAHEC – Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration CPC – Climate Prediction Center of NCEP CPM – conceptual physical model CREST – Center of Research Excellence in Science and Technology (NSF program) CSLA – California State University at Los Angeles CUAHSI – Consortium of Universities for Advancement of Hydrologic Science CV-RASA – Central Valley Regional Aquifer System Analysis DCDC – Decision Center for a Desert City (at ASU) DICTUS – Dpto. De Investigaciones Cientifico Tecnicas, UNISON DOE – U.S. Dept. of Energy DRI – Desert Research Institute DSS – decision-support system EBID – Elephant Butte Irrigation District EEB – Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UA EEOP – Environmental Education Outreach Program, NAU EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ET – evapotranspiration ETR arrays – instrumentation related to evaporation, transpiration, and recharge FEHM – Finite Element Heat and Mass transfer code (developed at LANL)

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FUNDEA - Fundacion Mexicana para la Educacion Ambiental GCM – global climate model GEM – Ntl. Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering and Science GEWEX – Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment GIS – geographic information systems GLOBE – Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment G-WADI – Water and Development Information for Arid Lands – a Global Network GWSI – Ground Water System Index (wells database) HIS – Hydrologic Information System (of CUAHSI) HWR – Hydrology and Water Resources Dept. (UA) IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency IBWC – International Boundary and Water Commission IMTA – Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua ISC – Interstate Stream Commission (New Mexico) ISPE – Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, UA ITEP – Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals IWI – Inquiry and Water Issues KT/INT – Knowledge Transfer/International macro-theme LANL – Los Alamos National Laboratory LIDAR – Light Detection and Ranging MDITR – Materials and Devices for Information Technology Research (an STC) MESA – Mathematics Engineering Science Achievement MMS-PRMS – Modular Modeling System/Precip. Runoff Modeling System (USGS) MODFLOW – the widely used 3D finite-difference groundwater flow model MODIS – Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MRM – medium-resolution model NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASQAN – National Stream Quality Accounting Network NAU – Northern Arizona University NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research NCED – National Center for Earth-Surface Dynamics (an STC) NCEP – National Centers for Environmental Prediction NEMO - Non-point Education for Municipal Officials. NEON – National Ecological Observatory Network NESDIS – National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (of NOAA) NIGEC – National Institute for Global Environmental Change NMT – New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRCEN – NSF’s Research Centers Educators Network NRP – National Resaerch Program of USGS OEDG - Opportunities for Enhancing Diversity in the Geosciences (NSF Program) OMB – Office of Management and Budget OMS – Online Management System OSE- Office of the State Engineer (New Mexico) PAG – Pima Association of Governments PERSIANN – Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks PRMS – Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System PRP – Precipitation Runoff Project of USGS PSU – Penn State University RDBMS – Oracle Relational Database Management System

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RESACCA – A CREST center at TAMU, for Research on Environmental Sustainability of Semi-Arid Coastal Areas REU – Research Experiences for Undergraduates (NSF Program) RGB – Rio Grande Basin RNR – Dept. of Renewable Natural Resources, UA RSS – Really Simple Syndication; allows customized syndication of a product SACNAS – Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans SEBAL - Surface Energy Balance for Land SGD – SAHRA Geo-Database SPLASH – Student-centered Program for Learning About Semi-arid Hydrology SPDSS – San Pedro Decision Support System SPNRCA – San Pedro National Riparian Conservation Area SRP – Salt River Project STATSGO – State Soil Geographic database STC – Science and Technology Center (a type of NSF-supported program) STC – Society for Technical Communication SWEON – Southwest Ecological Observatory Network SWES – Dept. of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, UA TAMU – Texas A&M University TDN – total dissolved nitrogen tRIBS – TIN-based Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator UA – University of Arizona UCOWR – Universities Council on Water Resources UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNISON – Universidad de Sonora UNM – University of New Mexico USGS – U.S. Geological Survey USPP – Upper San Pedro Partnership UTEP – University of Texas, El Paso WATER – Water in Arizona, Teaching Resources (water kits) WRRC – Water Resources and Research Center (UA) WRRI – Water Resources Research Institute (NMSU) WSP – Water Sustainability Program (University of Arizona) WWTP – Wastewater treatment plant

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