DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Fansub As One of the Audiovisual Translation Methods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding Fansub As One of the Audiovisual Translation Methods KEMANUSIAAN Vol. 25, No. 2, (2018), 109–127 Understanding Fansub as One of the Audiovisual Translation Methods LIEW ZHE RONG1,2 *HASURIA CHE OMAR1 1School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Current affiliation: 2Thomson Reuters Penang, Bandar Bayan Baru, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Published online: 26 September 2018 To cite this article: Liew, Z.R. and Che Omar, H. 2018. Understanding fansub as one of the audiovisual translation methods. KEMANUSIAAN the Asian Journal of Humanities 25(2):109–127, https://doi. org/10.21315/kajh2018.25.2.6 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2018.25.2.6 Abstract. The advancement of multimedia and internet technologies has led to the development of a new form of communication known as fansubbing that connects anime fans from around the globe. Fansubbing can be regarded as a form of collaborative practice because it provides anime fans the opportunity to explain the infusion of foreign cultural elements in local culture, thus enabling the target audience to better understand the anime shows that they are watching. As a translation method, fansubbing also allows anime fans to share their knowledge and interests through a free digital network. In relation to this context, this paper aims to discuss the position of fansubbing as a community’s contribution towards understanding anime in a different culture. The discussion is mainly centred upon the ideas posited by Hatcher (2005) and O’Hagan (2009) on fansub for Japanese anime and technology, Diaz-Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez’s (2006) and Pérez-González’s (2007, 2012) on the conventional subtitling and fansubbing approaches, and Chiaro’s (2008) on viewers experience. Despite the differences between fansub activities and the conventional subtitling practices, this new experience somehow illustrates a practical combination of these two subtitling approaches. This paper is expected to contribute to a more in-depth understanding of fansub as an avenue for viewers to share their cultural knowledge with the target audience who have minimal knowledge about the source language, culture and the background of the anime. In addition, the paper will also seek to understand the potential reception for anime amongst the target audience due to the effects of fansubbing. Keywords and phrases: anime, audiovisual translation, fan subtitling, semiotic channel, subtitling © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2018. This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 110 Liew Zhe Rong and Hasuria Che Omar Introduction “Fansub” is a portmanteau of the word “fan”, referring to fan(atics) and “sub” which is an abbreviation of subtitling or subtitles.1 As gleaned from this portmanteau, fansub refers to subtitles produced by fans themselves for television programmes that they are interested in. The development of fansub can be attributed to the global spread of anime pop culture, i.e., Japanese language animation series from Japan vis-a-vis the development of multimedia and internet technologies. The fansub movement is believed to have begun in the 1980s in the United States by anime fans who had produced subtitles (using rented subtitling equipment) for original Japanese language anime shows on video home system (VHS) tapes that were directly imported (Hatcher 2005, 549). These subtitled self-produced copies were mainly shared among anime club members in the universities or during special screenings at anime fairs or other related activities in the United States (ibid.). Apart from being the sole medium in which anime fans could enjoy original anime series in the Japanese language, one of the major factors that drove the development of fansub during that time was the fans’ dissatisfaction with the local distribution/marketing companies who had used dubbing or voice-overs for the Japanese anime series. Studies have reported that these companies had also edited or censored elements that were deemed as inappropriate or unsuitable for local culture before the products were sold or circulated in the domestic market (Pérez- González 2007, 263; O’Hagan 2009, 100). Disillusioned with such practices, anime fans who desired a more authentic viewing experience began to produce their own subtitles for anime series on VHS tapes that they had bought from Japan. Fansub which had rapidly gained popularity since the 1990s has become more widespread today due to the advancement of multimedia, latest computer software as well as new broadband internet technologies (Hatcher 2005, 550; O’Hagan 2009, 94–102). More importantly, the borderless world of the internet has successfully connected groups of anime fans across the globe, turning anime pop culture into a global phenomenon. Hence, every piece of information and material related to anime is easily accessed by anime fans across the globe who connect and share information and experience with one another through forums, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), chatgroups, social media portals, etc. This eventually has led to the establishment of fansub groups which primarily exist to create subtitles for popular anime series, using open source subtitling softwares that are available online. Eventually, these subtitled digital video files are distributed freely to other fans through peer-to-peer (P2P) networks or BitTorrent. These fans paved the way for a collaborative relationship of “prosumers” (Toffler 2006 as cited in Bold 2011), a term used to refer to groups of consumers that craft their own products or provide services based on their own requirement, needs and preferences. Meanwhile, other Fansub as Audiovisual Translation Method 111 anime fans who are not involved in providing the subtitles can also voice their opinion or post comments directly to the fansub groups through forums, IRC and other social media platforms (Rush 2009, 6–13). In such a business platform, products and services are freely shared among members. Based on current developments, fansubbing is believed to have the potential to form its own unique approach in the production of subtitles for anime series in future. Key Features of Fansub Fansub is vastly different from conventional or professional subtitling with differences being easily observable from the onset of the workflow2 until the final product. It also diverges from the norms and practices of conventional subtitling3 by featuring a combination and harmonisation of different subtitling approaches within a fansub framework (Diaz-Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez 2006, 51). Workflow in the production of fansub The production of fansub often involves group collaboration and distribution of tasks among members of fansub groups depending on their skills and capabilities in language or technical knowledge. A number of previous works (Diaz-Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez 2006, 38–43; Pérez-González 2007, 266–269) have elaborated on the various tasks and roles within a fansub group as well as the workflow in a typical fansub production. A fansub group commonly consists of: 1. Raw/source material provider: The provider of raw/source material recording is involved in obtaining source material, for example, recording of episodes of anime series from television or DVD, in which its audio is in the source language. If the raw or original material is in Japanese (which is always the case for anime series), English language subtitles are inserted after the translation process by fansub groups. Raw/source material providers often obtain their source materials using digital video recorders which are connected directly to television. The video will record the anime series broadcasted on the television leading to the production of digital copies. Direct recording from the television channel is carried out for most of the latest anime series currently broadcasted on both terrestrial and satellite television locally. Digital recording can also be obtained from DVDs particularly for full-length animation movies that are released in the DVD form after having been screened in cinemas. Original video animations (OVA), especially anime series, are generally not broadcasted on television; instead they are marketed in the form of DVD. Anime series that have been broadcasted on television could also be re-released in DVD 112 Liew Zhe Rong and Hasuria Che Omar form after they are remastered with better visual or audio quality (such as using high definition, HD) as well as other additions that differ from television broadcasts. 2. Translator: The translator in a fansub group plays the same role as any conventional subtitlist, namely to produce target language translation from the source language to be used as subtitles. However, at this particular moment, knowledge of technical skills is not considered mandatory for a translator in a fansub group. For them, the primary focus is to produce subtitles. The translators will normally watch the digital source recording that has been obtained from raw/source material provider a number of times, so that they are able to produce a complete transcription of the characters’ dialogues within the recording. Simultaneously, they would also try to identify non-verbal elements that may exist in the selected scenes in the recordings. The translator who is involved in producing the English version is normally not a native speaker of English. Translating work is usually undertaken by native speakers of Japanese (Diaz-Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez 2006, 45).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Practical Transcription and Transliteration: Eastern-Slavonic View 35-56
    GOVOR 32 (2015), 1 35 Pregledni rad Rukopis primljen 20. 4. 2015. Prihvaćen za tisak 25. 9. 2015. Maksym O. Vakulenko [email protected] Ukrainian Lingua‐Information Fund, Kiev Ukraine Practical transcription and transliteration: Eastern‐Slavonic view Summary This article discusses basic transcripition approaches of foreign and borrowed words in Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian; Ukrainian words in Latin script. It is argued that the adopted and foreign words should be rendered on different bases, namely by invariant transcription and transliteration. Also, the current problems of implementation of the Ukrainian Latinics as an international graphical presentation of Ukrainian, are analyzed. The scholarly grounded simple-correspondent transliteration system for Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian, is given in the paper. Key words: transcription, transliteration, Cyrillic script, latinization, foreign words 36 M. O. Vakulenko: Practical transcription and transliteration: Eastern-Slavonic view 35-56 1. INTRODUCTION Spelling of the words coming from another language is perhaps the most controversial issue in linguistics, so it is important to find a consistent scholarly approach to their proper rendering. There are two basic ways to do so: transcription and transliteration. Professionals should be able to render (transcribe) sounds, that is to know the "physics" (acoustics) of language. They need also to record the letters (phonemes) correctly – "literate" and transliterate – so to master the language "algebra". The subtleties of both approaches
    [Show full text]
  • Piracy Or Productivity: Unlawful Practices in Anime Fansubbing
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aaltodoc Publication Archive Aalto-yliopisto Teknillinen korkeakoulu Informaatio- ja luonnontieteiden tiedekunta Tietotekniikan tutkinto-/koulutusohjelma Teemu Mäntylä Piracy or productivity: unlawful practices in anime fansubbing Diplomityö Espoo 3. kesäkuuta 2010 Valvoja: Professori Tapio Takala Ohjaaja: - 2 Abstract Piracy or productivity: unlawful practices in anime fansubbing Over a short period of time, Japanese animation or anime has grown explosively in popularity worldwide. In the United States this growth has been based on copyright infringement, where fans have subtitled anime series and released them as fansubs. In the absence of official releases fansubs have created the current popularity of anime, which companies can now benefit from. From the beginning the companies have tolerated and even encouraged the fan activity, partly because the fans have followed their own rules, intended to stop the distribution of fansubs after official licensing. The work explores the history and current situation of fansubs, and seeks to explain how these practices adopted by fans have arisen, why both fans and companies accept them and act according to them, and whether the situation is sustainable. Keywords: Japanese animation, anime, fansub, copyright, piracy Tiivistelmä Piratismia vai tuottavuutta: laittomat toimintatavat animen fanikäännöksissä Japanilaisen animaation eli animen suosio maailmalla on lyhyessä ajassa kasvanut räjähdysmäisesti. Tämä kasvu on Yhdysvalloissa perustunut tekijänoikeuksien rikkomiseen, missä fanit ovat tekstittäneet animesarjoja itse ja julkaisseet ne fanikäännöksinä. Virallisten julkaisujen puutteessa fanikäännökset ovat luoneet animen nykyisen suosion, jota yhtiöt voivat nyt hyödyntää. Yhtiöt ovat alusta asti sietäneet ja jopa kannustaneet fanien toimia, osaksi koska fanit ovat noudattaneet omia sääntöjään, joiden on tarkoitus estää fanikäännösten levitys virallisen lisensoinnin jälkeen.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Developments in Translation Technology
    T21N – Translation in Transition 2011-09 Frank Austermühl (Auckland) On Clouds and Crowds: Current Developments in Translation Technology Editors: Viktorija Bilić Anja Holderbaum Anne Kimmes Joachim Kornelius John Stewart Publisher: Christoph Stoll Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier T21N – Translation in Transition ISSN: 2191-1916 www.t21n.com T21N – Translation in Transition 2011-09 Frank Austermühl (Auckland) On Clouds and Crowds: Current Developments in Translation Technology Abstract: This paper presents two recent developments in translation technology: statistical machine translation (MT) and massive online collaboration (MOC), and their impacts on the translation process in general, and on the working conditions of individual translators in particular. Considering machine translation, we will focus on online MT systems and the paradigm of statistical machine translation. Concerning massive online collaboration, the discussion will focus on both crowdsourcing and on Wiki resources for translators. Finally, potential ways of reacting to the challenges posed by MT and MOC for both translation research and teaching will be provided. Ziel des Artikel ist es, zwei jüngere Entwicklungen im Bereich der Übersetzungstechnologie – Statistik-basierte maschinelle Übersetzung (MÜ) und massive online collaboration (MOC) – und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Übersetzungsprozess im Allgemeinen und die Arbeitsbedingungen von professionellen Übersetzerinnen und Übersetzern im Besonderen zu diskutieren. Mit Blick auf die maschinelle Übersetzung liegt der Fokus der Diskussion auf Onlinelösungen sowie bei statistischen MÜ-Ansätzen. Beim Thema massive online collaboration stehen sowohl das Konzept des crowdsourcing als auch die kollaborative Entwicklung von Wiki-Ressourcen für Übersetzer im Vordergrund. Im Schlussteil des Artikels werden mögliche Wege aufgezeigt, wie in Forschung und Lehre im Bereich der Übersetzungswissenschaft auf die durch MÜ und MOC entstehenden Herausforderungen reagieren kann.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 ALTA Awards
    43rd Annual ALTA Sept. 30 – Oct. 18, 2020 Conference THE AMERICAN LITERARY TRANSLATORS ASSOCIATION 2020 ALTA Awards THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR ONLINE TRANSLATION CERTIFICATE INTERPRETATION has been one of the premier NCI now offers an online, non-credit Spanish/ providers of high quality interpreter training since English Translation Certificate with courses its inception in 1983. focused on legal translation, medical translation, and business translation. Contact us for more information: [email protected] More about the Certificate: nci.arizona.edu/online-translation-certificate WEBINARS Throughout the year, NCI offers a variety of COURT INTERPRETER TRAINING INSTITUTE webinars focused on essential aspects of (CITI) interpreting, from ethical considerations to Each summer, NCI offers its prestigious Court skill-building to specialized content such as Interpreter Training Institute (CITI). Now in its drug and weapons terminology. NCI offers both 38th year, the CITI is NCI’s most comprehensive Spanish/English webinars and language neutral training and is renowned nationally. The CITI webinars that are open to interpreters of all begins in June with online pre-testing followed languages. NCI’s webinar schedule changes by a series of webinars and online work, followed throughout the year, so check back often. You by two intensive weeks in July with the CITI’s can also join our mailing list to receive updates exceptional, federally certified instructors. It’s a as we post new trainings. once-in-a-lifetime experience! Webinar Schedule: More information about the CITI: nci.arizona.edu/workshop-schedule nci.arizona.edu/training/citi Congratulations to the translators on the 2020 Italian Prose in Translation Award shortlist! See what judges Jeanne Bonner, Richard Dixon, and Tony Italian Prose Shugaar had to say about each of the shortlisted titles (in alphabetical in Translation order by title).
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Fansubbers Into Corporate Capitalism on Viki.Com
    “A Community Unlike Any Other”: Incorporating Fansubbers into Corporate Capitalism on Viki.com Taylore Nicole Woodhouse TC 660H Plan II Honors Program The University of Texas at Austin Spring 2018 __________________________________________ Dr. Suzanne Scott Department of Radio-Television-Film Supervising Professor __________________________________________ Dr. Youjeong Oh Department of Asian Studies Second Reader ABSTRACT Author: Taylore Nicole Woodhouse Title: “A Community Unlike Another Other”: Incorporating Fansubbers into Corporate Capitalism on Viki.com Supervising Professors: Dr. Suzanne Scott and Dr. Youjeong Oh Viki.com, founded in 2008, is a streaming site that offers Korean (and other East Asian) television programs with subtitles in a variety of languages. Unlike other K-drama distribution sites that serve audiences outside of South Korea, Viki utilizes fan-volunteers, called fansubbers, as laborers to produce its subtitles. Fan subtitling and distribution of foreign language media in the United States is a rich fan practice dating back to the 1980s, and Viki is the first corporate entity that has harnessed the productive power of fansubbers. In this thesis, I investigate how Viki has been able to capture the enthusiasm and productive capacity of fansubbers. Particularly, I examine how Viki has been able to monetize fansubbing in while still staying competitive with sites who employee trained, professional translators. I argue that Viki has succeeded in courting fansubbers as laborers by co-opting the concept of the “fan community.” I focus on how Viki strategically speaks about the community and builds its site to facilitate the functioning of its community so as to encourage fansubbers to view themselves as semi-professional laborers instead of amateur fans.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies Used in Translating Into English Semiotic Signs in Hajj and Umrah Guides
    I An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Strategies Used in Translating into English Semiotic Signs in Hajj and Umrah Guides By Ahmad Saleh Shayeb Supervisor Dr. Sameer Al-Issa Co-Supervisor Dr. Ruqayyah HerzAllah This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Master Degree of Applied Linguistics and Translation, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2016 III Dedication To whom I proudly belong to, the Islamic nation whether they are Arab or non-Arab. To those who are deprived from their human rights and look for peace and justice. To whom those I am indebted for ever my mother and my late father (may Allaah have on mercy him). To my brothers, sisters and to all my relatives. To everyone who has done me a favor to pursue my education, and for whom I feel unable to express my great gratitude for their precious contribution to finalize this thesis, this work is dedicated. IV Acknowledgement It is a great moment in my life to highly appreciate my supervisors endurance to help in accomplishing this thesis, especially Dr. Sameer El-Isa and Dr. Ruqayyah Herzaallah whose valuable feedback and comment paved the way for me to re- evaluate my work and develop my ideas in a descriptive and an analytical way. They were open-minded and ready to answer my inquiries about any information and they were also assiduous to give advice and direct the work to achieve fruitful results. I am also deeply thankful to Dr. Nabil Alawi who has eminently participated in achieving this project and who is always ready to support me in many respects during working on this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Fansub and Auto-Generated Subtitle: Indication of Translation Popular Culture?
    Fansub and Auto-Generated Subtitle: Indication of Translation Popular Culture? Bayu Budiharjo1, Nur Saptaningsih2 {[email protected], [email protected]} Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta1, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta2 Abstract. Subtitling has been a common practice and it develops over time. Subtitle, along with the advancement of technology, enables more people to perform subtitling activities and involves more products of technology. Fan subtitle (fansub) emerges as subtitling softwares can be owned and used by anyone. Automatically-generated subtitle is also nowadays available. The former is characterized by variances as indications of elements of popular culture while the latter deals with contemporary aspects of people‘s lives and is highly technological. This study attempts to initiate the idea of popular culture within translation. The studied material takes form of subtitle texts in movie uploaded on YouTube entitled Big Stan. Analysis was done to uncover features of the two types of subtitling practices and link them up to features of popular culture. The result reveals that fansub and YouTube auto-generated subtitle show features of popular culture. Keywords: fansub, auto-translated subtitle, YouTube, popular culture. 1. Introduction Subtitling practices have long been carried out in many countries in the world. Over time, subtitling is no longer only done to meet the needs of institutions and television stations and is no longer done by professionals who work for such institutions. Subtitling developed from what was once (and is until now) the realm of professional to the one entered by dilettantes. Subtitling has long been a realm of fans, which began with the awakening of groups of anime fans known as fansubbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Fan Audiovisual Translation Academiaedu
    The University of Manchester Research Fan Audiovisual Translation Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Pérez-González, L. (2020). Fan Audiovisual Translation. In M. Baker, & G. S. (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (Third Edition ed., pp. 172-177). Routledge. Published in: Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:09. Oct. 2021 This is an author’s manuscript accepted for publication in: Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha (eds) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, 3rd edition, London and New York: Routledge, 172-177. https://bit.ly/2PxLkbp Fan Audiovisual Translation Luis Pérez-González Fan audiovisual translation (Dwyer 2018) encompasses three modes of mediation. Romhacking involves accessing a video game’s ROM (read-only memory) data to localize its spoken and written language components (Muñoz Sánchez 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Game On! Burning Issues in Game Localisation
    Game on! Burning issues in game localisation Carme Mangiron Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona _________________________________________________________ Abstract Citation: Mangiron, C. (2018). Game on! Game localisation is a type of audiovisual translation that has gradually Burning issues in game localisation. been gathering scholarly attention since the mid-2000s, mainly due Journal of Audiovisual Translation, 1(1), 122-138. to the increasing and ubiquitous presence of video games in the digital Editor: A. Jankowska & J. Pedersen society and the gaming industry's need to localise content in order Received: January 22, 2018 to access global markets. This paper will focus on burning issues in this Accepted: June 30, 2018 field, that is, issues that require specific attention, from an industry Published: November 15, 2018 and/or an academic perspective. These include the position of game Funding: Catalan Government funds localisation within the wider translation studies framework, 2017SGR113. the relationship between game localisation and audiovisual translation, Copyright: ©2018 Mangiron. This is an open access article distributed under the game accessibility, reception studies, translation quality, collaborative terms of the Creative Commons translation, technology, and translator training. Attribution License. This allows for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are Key words: video games, game localisation, audiovisual translation credited. (AVT), game accessibility, reception studies, quality, collaborative translation, technology, translator training [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6421-8581 122 Game on! Burning issues in game localisation 1. Introduction Over the last four decades, video games have achieved a ubiquitous role in the digital society. Not only have they become one of the most popular leisure options, they are also being used for purposes beyond entertainment, such as education, health, and advertising.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcreation: Intersections of Culture and Commerce in Japanese Translation and Localization
    TRANSCREATION: INTERSECTIONS OF CULTURE AND COMMERCE IN JAPANESE TRANSLATION AND LOCALIZATION by Dylan Reilly B.A. in Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, College of William and Mary, 2014 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Dylan Reilly It was defended on April 8, 2016 and approved by Carol M. Bové, PhD, Senior Lecturer Hiroshi Nara, PhD, Department Chair Thesis Director: Charles Exley, PhD, Assistant Professor ii Copyright © by Dylan Reilly 2016 iii TRANSCREATION: INTERSECTIONS OF CULTURE AND COMMERCE IN JAPANESE TRANSLATION AND LOCALIZATION Dylan Reilly, M.A. University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This study looks at text-heavy examples of translated Japanese popular media, such as recent video games and manga (Japanese comics) to explore the recent evolution of Japanese-English translation and localization methods. While acknowledging localization’s existence as a facet of the larger concept of translation itself, the work examines “translation” and “localization” as if they were two ends of a spectrum; through this contrast, the unique techniques and goals of each method as seen in translated media can be more effectively highlighted. After establishing these working definitions, they can then be applied as a rubric to media examples to determine which “translative” or “localizing” techniques were employed in the
    [Show full text]
  • Domestication and Foreignisation in Dubbing and Subtitling of Duncan Jones‟ English Movie Warcraft Into Persian [PP: 162-170] Dr
    Domestication and Foreignisation in Dubbing and Subtitling of Duncan Jones‟ English Movie Warcraft into Persian [PP: 162-170] Dr. Razieh Eslamieh Nillofar Javankhah Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch Iran ABSTRACT The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti‟s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target- language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place.
    [Show full text]
  • The Best of Both Worlds: from Volunteer Subtitling to Professional Subtitling
    transLogos 2020 Vol 3 Issue 2 Çavuşoğlu, Ebru, pp. 83–102 © Diye Global Communications https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/transLogos.28 diye.com.tr | [email protected] The Best of Both Worlds: From Volunteer Subtitling to Professional Subtitling * Ebru ÇAVUŞOĞLU The prevailing technological feasibility has enabled the rise of the digital era and has contributed to the seemingly changing nature of translation. One of the implications of this shift has been articulated in the area of Audiovisual Translation with the emergence of online communities of volunteer subtitle translators. This paper explores the emerging phenomenon of ‘volunteer subtitling’ and tries to shed light on its role in the transition to ‘professional subtitling.’ Volunteer subtitling platforms are broad communities of practice that consist of thousands of actively involved members. Despite the increasing interest in investigating various issues regarding online volunteer translation, not much is known about the process of transition from the volunteering world into the professional one. Using the most popular Turkish subtitling platforms (Turkcealtyazi.org and Planetdp.org) as a case study, this paper will present the very first insights into this transition through an analysis of a survey with translators who started their subtitling practice as volunteers and then moved into the professional world. Based on the analysis of the respondents’ experiences, it will be argued that the volunteer praxis and the active support of the online community strategically contribute to the improvement of a wide array of translation skills and open up the door for the move into the professional world. In doing so, this paper will also shed a light on both volunteer and professional environments from various perspectives like working conditions, the translation process, types of the work, and translator motivation.
    [Show full text]