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Coloured Pottery) Ware COPPER BRONZE AGE IN UPPER GANGETIC VALLEY DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF M^ittv of $l)iloiopl)p IN HISTORY BY NAZIM HUSAIN Ab JAFHI Under the Supervision of PROF. M. D. N. SAHI CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALiGARH (INDIA) 1991 f lA b\ CG^T^P*^* DS1985 IV1 _^\ CHECICED-a002 2 4 OCT 1392 M. D. N. SAHI Phones Resi:|gQ45 M.A..U£.,PGDA,PhD. Professor of Archaeology & Ancient History 223,ADARSHNAGAR Director, Jakhera Excavation Project MARRIS ROAD (U.G.C. Major Research P/oject) A L I G A R H-202 001 Department of History, A.M.U. Date. 09/12/1991 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "Copper Bronze Age in Upper Gangetic Valley" has been completed by Mr. Nazli Husain Al Jafri under my supervision. It is the original in nature and I have permitted the candidate to submit it in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in History. { Prof. N. Sahi ) COrfTENTS Chapter Page Introduction 01 I - -geography of the Upper Gangetic Plain 06 II - Eearly Colonisation of the Gangetic Valley and their Chronological Context 24 III - Excavated and Explored Settlements of Copper Bronze Age 41 IV - Copper Hoards and their Typology 91 V - The Authors of the Copper Branze Culture of the Upper Gangetic Valley 134 VI - Copper Bronze Culture of the Upper Gangetic Valley - Reconstruction of Material Life 154 Bibliography 183 - oOo - LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No> Title 1 - Map showing Indo-Gangetic Plain 2 - Map showing Upper Gangetic Valley 3 - Map showing rivers of the Gangetic Valley 4 - Map showing natural vegitation of Gangetic Valley 5 - Map showing excavated sites of Harappan Culture of Upper Gangetic Valley 6 - Pottery shapes from Alamgirpur 7 - Pottery shapes from Hulas 8 - Map showing excavated sites of OCP Culture in the Upper Gangetic Valley 9 - Pottery shapes from Hastinapur 10 - Pottery shapes from Ahichchatra 11 - Pottery shapes from Atranjikhera 12 - Pottery shapes from Baharia 13 - Pottery shapes from Lai Qilla 14 - Pottery shapes from Saipai 15(a) - Pottery shapes from Bahadrabad 15(b) - Pottery shapes from Bahadrabad 16 - Map showing excavated sites of late Harappan Culture of Upper Gangetic Valley 17 - Pottery shapes from Ambkheri 18(a) - Pottery shapes from Bargaon 18(b) - Pottery shapes from Bargaon 19 Map showing sites of the Copper Hoard in the Upper Gangetic Valley 20 Figure showing the use of Anthropomorphic LIST OF PUTES Plate N<> . Title I - Showing flate celts II - Showing various shouldered celts III - Showing Elongated, bar and miscellaneous celts IV( a) ~ Showing Hooked Sward, Separ head and Hooked Harpoon IV(b) - Showing Hooked Sword, Separ Head and Hooked Harpoon V - Showing Antennae Sword or Antinnae Harpoons VI(a) - Showing Harpoons VI(b) - Showing Harpoons VII(a) - Showing Anthropomorphic Figurine VII(b) - Showing Anthropomorphic Figurine VIII - Showing Copper Rings LIST OF TABLES Table No, Title I - Showing details of the copper tools II - Showing percentage elemental composition of copper Hoard artifact samples obtained through atomic absorption spectrophotometry - oOo - INTRODUCTION There always had been a close relationship between the cultures and geographical regions in which they florished with ail its vegitation^soil and natural resources. The archaeological evidence of civilizations in the Upper Gangetic plain have shown that the plaeolithic to neolithic settlements were absent in most part of the upper Gengetic plain, probably due to the dense forests in that age, and lack of stone material for their daily requirements. A large number of copper-bronze age settlements, however, came into existence in the upper Gangetic plain with the advent of a 'Ochre Coloured Pottery' (OCP) which was first recognised by B.B. Lai (Lai, 1951). Some of the upper Gangetic sites in the vici­ nity mainly of Yamuna river and its tributaries represent village settlements with Harappan and late Harappan affinities. Succeeding these cultures in the upper Gangetic plain have been identified, as the Black and Red ware culture, Painted Grey i/Vare cultures and other respectively related with Iron Age. A large number of excavated sites in the upper Gangetic plain have been studied and analysed to categorise the different cultural traits of the proto-historic era, to differentiate these from each other, to conclude their chro­ nological sequence, and to correlate these with the metal cultures. A few of these archaeological studies have shown] occasional use of implements made of copper. Besides this a large number of copper implements in collections (Hoards) have been discovered from the upper Gangetic plain as accidental finds, from fields, doubtful habitational sites, temples, and from custodians of temples, copper smiths and dealers. The Vedic literature though, have described the knowledge of copper (Smith, 1907), the shape and type of the tools above mentioned have not been described exactly in the literary accounts. These implements were of undoubtedly early or pre-historic significance (Anderson, 1983; Smith, 1907; Geldern, 1936 and Piggot, 1944). Lai (1951) for the first time pointed out that the large number of copper-hoards reported from the upper Gangetic plain had been peculiar in many aspects, namely typology of implements, their repetitive occurrence in different hoards and the metal used in making these implements. He also pointed out that, though, the hoards were not found in association with definite habitational sites, scanty sherds of a peculiar pottery, designated by him as OCP were always present in the vicinity the sites where from copper hoards were found. Lai, thus, for the first time pointed out that the copper-hoards represented a culture in the pre-history of upper Gangetic valley going back to pre-Iron and Pre-Aryan Age. SViaXTua \1*^'D'2) based on VA?. iiTidings at Ba'nadra'Daci, nowever. pointed out that the copper-hoards and its associated OCP was evolved from the Harappan culture and thus represented last phase of the decaying Harappan culture, extending into the Upper Gangetic Plain. The work on the copper-hoards was further extended by Gupta (1963 and 1965), K.N. Dikshit (1968), Lai (1972), Gaur (1980-81) etc. These scholars studied various aspects such as homogenity, stages of development, origin and dating copper metallurgy, technology and copper-hoard-reiated pottery and other associated habitational finds. However, controverisies exist among the scholars on the subject of authorship as to whether these were Aryans, Harappans, Pre-harappans or abori­ ginal tribes of India, Controversies also exist on the question of utility and purpose of these implements, their socio­ economic conditions, religion and pattern of life of the copper hoard people. Similarly the relationship of the pottery with copper hoards and vice-versa has been a controversial discussion (Lai, 1951; Gaur, 1981; Gupta, 1965; Sharma, 1952 and Dikshit, 1968). The present work was, therefore, under taken to study various aspects of the copper hoards, to examine if these re­ presented a pre-historic culture of the upper Gangetic plain and to reconstruct material life of the related people in the light of available evidence. The different chapters are laid out as given below. 4 The first chapter deals with the geography of the upper Gangetic valley. The character and quality of drainage, nature of soil, the seasons, the type of vegitation, the floyira and f»una of the upper Gangetic plain are discussed in details in this chapter. The second chapter describes the early colonisation of the Gangetic Valley in a chronological context. The third chapter deals with the excavation and explora­ tion of settlement!of copper Bronze Age. Out study indicates three distinct cultural groups viz, predominantly Harappan, Ochre Coloured Pottery and late Harappan traits with Ochre Coloured Pottery co-existing together. Chapter IV deals with the history of copper finds of Upper Gangetic Plain. Various pre-historic copper implements and tools are described and the culture with which various pre-historic copper hoard object of Gangetic Valley could be related, has been analysed. Chapter V describes the authors of the Copper Bronze Age cultures of the Upper Gangetic Plain. The last chapter deals with the reconstruction of the material life of the Upper Gangetic Valley. Attempt has been made to identify the implements for agriculture. Various types of houses constructed by these people, their festivals, religious faith and their community life etc. have been discussed. 5 I am greatly indebted to Prof. Zamiruddin Siddiqui, Chairman, Department of History for his help in various ways I have no words to express my gratitude to Prof. M.D.N. Sahi at whose advice I took-up this subject and whose constant and ungrudging supervision, help and inspiration has enabled me to compJete this thesis. I am also thankful to Dr. Absar Mustafa Khan, Director, Centre of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension, Prof. Akhtar Majeed, Director, Strategic Studies, Mr. J.M. Siddiqui, Reader, Department of History, Mr. Ehtashamul Huda, Lecturer, Department of History and Dr. Mohd. Nairn, Lecturer, Department of Pathology, J.N. Medical College for their help, guidance and encouragement in my studies. I have been assisted during the course of my research by my friends and colleagues in various ways. I would like in particular to thank Ms. Mah Seema Masood, Project Officer, Mr. Ziaul Hasan, Supervisor, Centre of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension, Mr. Mohd. Akbar and Mr. Abdul Jabbar. My thanks are also due to the Librarian and staff of the Research Library, Department of History, Aiigarh Muslim University, Aiigarh. In the last I wish to thank to Mr. Mohd, Rashid for his excellent typing of this manuscript and Mr. Mohd, Tausif for his help in preparing the maps, figures and plates. 6^ 7l_ 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96" MAP SHOWING INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN- PHYSICAL FEATURES -iS U - Upper M- M.ddia L - Lowar FIG-1 CHAPTER - I GEOGRAPHY OF THE UPPER GANGETIC VALLEY There had been a close relationship between the human activities and the geographical region.
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