Towards Safer and More Congruent Prison Environments for Male Aboriginal Prisoners a Southaustralian Study
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Towards Safer and more Congruent Prison Environments for Male Aboriginal Prisoners A SouthAustralian Study Elizabeth Grant A thesis submitted to the University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the requirernents of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design June2008 A Suulh Alisrra!iarl Table of Contents List of Figures .....................................................................................................................................................xi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... xv Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................. xvii Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................................................................ xix Abstract .......................................................................................................................... , ................................. xxi Declaration ..................................................................................................................................................... xxiii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................... xxv Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xxix 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................. ............... ................ .. ............. ............................. ............ .......... ..... .. .. .... ... ... ............. ...... ... .. ... ...... ... .. .......... ... .... .. .. ........ 6 Research Aims . .. .. .. .. .. .. The Dissertation Structure .......... ......... .... ......... ... ........... ............. .. .... .................... ...... ..... 7 Summary .. ............. .......... .................................... ......... ........... .............. .... ...... ..... .. .. .. ..... 8 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND & APPROACH TO THE RESEARCH TOPiC ......................... ....... .......... 9 . ........ ......... .. ........... .. ........ ....... ...................... ....... 9 Developing Research Ethics .. .. ..... ................. ...... ....... .............. ........... .............. ...... ..... .. ..... ..... 11 Ethical Processes . The Research Design... ............... ........................ ... ................. ....................................... 12 Literature Review .................. ............... ........................... .......... ............. .... .................... 13 ........ ....... .. .. ........ ..... ... ............ ............. .. .. ........ .. ...... 14 Literature Reviewed . .. .. ....... .... .. ... ..... ........ ..... ... ..... ................ ........ .... ... ... ..... .. 15 Terminology . .. .. ... .... ... .... .... ... .. .. .... ... ... ..... 20 Familiarisation with Prison Environments . .. .. .. .. .. The Research Settings .. ............ .............................. ................................... ..... .......... ..... 22 .... ... ...... .. ......... .. ....... ... .. .... ... ... .... ... ... ...... ... ... ......... 23 The Subject Group . ....... .. ............ ........... .......... .... ...... ... ... ..... .. ..... .. ... ...... .... .... 24 Observations . .. ... .. .. .. .. ..... .......... .... .......... ........... ... .... ....... ... .... ...................... ............. 26 Subject Interviews . .. First Interview......... ....... .................. .... ........... ............. ........ ....... ....................... ..... 30 ........... .. ................ ... .......... ........... .......... ............ ............ 30 Seond Interview . .. Third Interview ... .......................................... ............................................. ............. 32 Feedback to the Subject Group ............................................................................. 34 Data Analysis . ...................................................... ........ .................................................. 33 Summary .... ... ..... ......... ... ... ......... .... ... ....... ............. ... ...... ........ ... ... ....... .. .... .......... ..... 37 v CHAPTER THREE: THE PEOPLE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION .. ............... .................. ..... ..... .......... .... 37 . .. ........... ... ...... ... ........ .............. 38 Emotional and Behavioural Responses to the Prison . .. .. ... .. ....... ..... ......... ...... ... 40 Explanations of Emotional and Behavioural Responses .... ...................................................... .............. 43 Predicting Resistance Behaviours . ................................................................. 46 Suicide as Resistance Behaviour ........ ....... .. .... ... ........... ..... ......... .. ... 48 Factors affecting the People-Environment Interaction . .. ... ............ .. .... ......... ............ ... 48 Personal Factors in the People-Environment Interaction .... ... .... .. ... .. ............. ........ 50 Institutional Factors in the People-Environment Interaction .... ...... ..... .. ... ... ............ .......... ............ ....... ... 53 Environmental Factors of the Prison Setting .... ... .... ............ ... .. .... ..... ..... ........ ... ... .............. ... .. ...... ... .... ...... ... ..... 54 Crowding .. ... ........... ............................ 57 Sensory Deprivation and Social Isolation .................. .......... ............. ....... ......... ........................ ....... ..... ....... 59 Cultural Congruency .......... ........................................................ .............. 61 Other Environmental Factors ..... .... ................ ............. .... .... .. .... ......... ............ ......... ...... ... .... ..... .................. 63 Summary ...... CHAPTER FOUR: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN APPROACHES & INITIATIVES TO SHAPE THE PRISON EXPERIENCE ..................................................................................... ............................................... 67 ..................... ......... ...... ........... ................ ...................................... 68 Cultural Approaches . ........ ......... ........... .................. ........................... 73 Cultural Behaviour Approach .... .............. ............. ................... .... ............... 78 Cultural Representation Approach . ..... .......... .. ....................................... ............ .................. 84 Cultural Healing Approach .... .......... ............ ..................................... .............................. 94 Risk Reduction Approaches ....... ... ...... .... ............ .............................................................. 96 Observation Cells ... ...... ....... ........ ....... ..................... ........ ........... ... 99 Shared Accommodation ........ .... .. ......... ............ ...... ......... .. .. ............... .... .... 104 .. .. .......... ............... .... ..... Safe Cells ..... .... ..... ........... .. ... ... ..... ..... .... .... ... ....... .. .................. ... ... 105 Safe Cell Projects . ....... .... .. ........ .......... ..... .. .... ....... ......... .. ............. ........ ... .. ......... .. 109 Normalising Approaches ....... .. .. ...... ................................... .. ....... ............. .... ....... .... 109 Campus Planning ......... .... ............. ................................... ... ..... 111 Cottage Style Accommodation .. ....... ................... ........................ .............. .. 112 Third Generation Prison Design .... ....... ............ .................... ..................... .............. ............. .... .............. ... 115 Summary CHAPTER FIVE STANDARDS, GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRISON ENVIRONMENTS FOR ABORIGINAL PRiSONERS........ .... .............................. ... ........ ........... ................121 ...... .... .. ............. ......... ...... ..... ..... 122 Identifyinga Standard for Prison Accommodation .. ... ......... .......... ... ...... ....... .. & . ........ ...... ..... ...... .... ..... 123 International Rules Guidelines The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1980).......................... 126 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (1977)............................................................................. 126 ... ....... ............................................. 122 Obligations to the International Guidelines .. .... .. .... .................. ... .............. ............. ................ .... .... 123 National Correctional Guidelines The Revised Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia (2004) ................ 126 Standard Guidelines for Prison Facilities in Australia & New Zealand (1990) ..... 129 . ... ...... ............ ........ 129 Defining Correctional Philosophies as the Basis for Design .. .. .... & ... 130 Linking the Standard Guidelines to other Codes, Standards Guidelines .... ....... ..... .... ......... ....... .. .... 132 Obligation to the National Standards and Guidelines ................ ....... 134 Conditions