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Hydrogeology and Simulation of Ground-Water and Surface- Water Flow in Pinal Creek Basin, Gila County, Arizona

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Hydrogeology and Simulation of Ground-Water and Surface- Water Flow in Pinal Creek Basin, Gila County, Arizona Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water and surface- water flow in Pinal Creek Basin, Gila County, Arizona Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Neaville, Chris C. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 08:15:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192057 HYDROGEOLOGY AND SIMULATION OF GROUND-WATER AND SURFACE-WATER FLOW IN PINAL CREEK BASIN, GILA COUNTY, ARIZONA by Chris Condon Neaville A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN HYDROLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1991 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below. A /7/9:/ Thomas Maddock III, Professor of / /Date Hydrology and Water Resources 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Numerous individuals within the Arizona District of the U.S. Geological Survey deserve thanks for their assistance on this study. James H. Eychaner of the U.S. Geological Survey provided valuable insight and supervision in the development of the model and in completion of the report. Randall T. Hanson, Donald R. Pool, Stanley A. Leake, and Barbara O. Favor provided technical guidance and reviews of the manuscript drafts. Jon R. Sherrill also assisted in preparing figures, tables, and appendices for the report. Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program under the supervision of Steven P. Ragone. Professor Thomas Maddock III at The University of Arizona also provided essential support as thesis committee chairman. Thomas A. Conto, Senior Project Engineer, Cyprus Miami Mining Corporation, and Chris Erskine, Hydrologist, Pinto Valley Copper Division of Magma Copper Company, deserve special thanks for providing critical data and expertise on the study area. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 6 LIST OF TABLES 8 ABSTRACT 9 1. INTRODUCTION 10 Purpose and Scope 12 Relation to Previous Investigations 13 Approach 14 2. HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING 15 Climate 16 Vegetation 20 Geologic Units 21 Structure 28 Occurrence and Movement of Ground Water 30 Water Use 37 3. HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS 39 Aquifer Properties 39 Stream-Aquifer Interactions 41 Aquifer Responses to Stresses 51 4. WATER BUDGET 57 Inflow 57 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Outflow 60 5. SIMULATION OF FLOW 61 Flow Model 61 Discretization of the Flow System 64 Calibration 67 Sensitivity Analysis 84 6. SUMMARY 101 7. CONSIDERATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 105 APPENDIX A. PRECIPITATION DATA FROM GLOBE, MIAMI, AND PINAL RANCH 107 APPENDIX B. WELL INVENTORY 116 APPENDIX C. OUTFLOW FROM INSPIRATION DAM 124 APPENDIX D. CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN ALLUVIUM USING DARCY'S LAW 139 APPENDIX E. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATES USING THE BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD 142 LIST OF REFERENCES 146 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location of study area 11 2. Monthly precipitation and temperature in Pinal Creek basin 17 3. Major alluvial fans in Pinal Creek basin 24 4. Major tributaries in Pinal Creek basin 31 5. Observed water-level changes in the foothills of the Pinal Mountains, 1945-54 (data from Turner, 1955) 43 6. Streamflow measurement locations in Pinal Creek basin 47 7. Hydrographs showing observed water-level changes in USGS wells along Pinal Creek 48 8. Monthly mean discharges at Inspiration, water years 1980-88 52 9. Water levels and total pumpage in Kiser basin and annual precipitation at Miami, water years 1915-44 54 10. Model grid 65 11. Stream segment ordering for the streamflow routing package 68 12. Hydrographs for final calibration 71 13. Model water budget 76 14. (a) Contours of simulated water levels of February 1985 conditions in layer one 79 14. (b) Contours of simulated water levels of April 1989 conditions in layer one 80 7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued Figure Page 14. (c) Contours of simulated water levels of February 1985 conditions in layer two 81 14. (d) Contours of simulated water levels of February 1985 conditions in layer three 82 15. Mean deviation of head and percent difference in outflow at Inspiration Dam due to perturbing steady- state model input 85 16. Percent difference of fluxes resulting from perturbing general-head boundary conductance, streambed conductance, and evapotranspiration rate 89 17. (a) Hydrographs of transiently simulated water levels for hydraulic conductivity in layer 1 multiplied by 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 90 17. (b) Hydrographs of transiently simulated water levels for specific yield in layer 1 multiplied by 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 17. (c) Hydrographs of transiently simulated water levels for general-head boundary conductance multiplied by 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 94 17. (d) Hydrographs of transiently simulated water levels for streambed conductance multiplied by 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 96 17. (e) Hydrographs of transiently simulated water levels for evapotranspiration rates multiplied by 1, 2 98 Plate 1 Pocket 8 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Periods of Least and Greatest Precipitation in Pinal Creek Basin 19 2 Drainage Areas for Pinal Creek Basin Tributaries 32 3 Summary of Estimated Aquifer Properties in Kiser Basin 40 4 Streamflow Measurements and Estimates in Pinal Creek Basin, 1984-87 44 5 Estimated Water Budget for Pinal Creek Basin 58 6 Simulated Water Budget for Pinal Creek Basin 69 9 ABSTRACT Acidic water with elevated concentrations of metals has contaminated a stream and alluvial aquifer in a mining district near Globe, Arizona. The contami- nated aquifer is a narrow layer of unconsolidated alluvium along Miami Wash and Final Creek. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hydrogeology of this area and to simulate the surface- and ground-water flow. The alluvium overlies basin fill which extends throughout most of Final Creek basin. Together, the alluvium and basin fill comprise the primary aquifer in the basin. Horizontal hydraulic conductivi- ties have been estimated to be about 200 m/day in the alluvium, and average linear, ground-water flow velocities are on the order of 5 m/day. Flow was simulated by a three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model that maintains a streamflow water budget. Steady-state simulations were performed and adjusted to represent average annual water budget conditions. The transient simulation period covers September 1984 to April 1989, for which considerable data were available for model calibration. 1 0 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Acidic waters containing elevated concentrations of metals drain from areas disturbed by mining activities in Pinal Creek basin, Arizona, and have created a contamination plume about 15 km (kilometers) long in a stream and alluvial aquifer (Eychaner, 1988). Mining began in the study area in the early 1900s and has continued up to and during this study. From about 1940 to 1986, acidic waste solutions were disposed of in Webster Lake, which contributed seepage to the aquifer and provided one of the major sources of acid contamination. Contaminated ground water has long been recognized in the basin but was not investigated until 1983 (Envirologic Systems, Inc., 1983). Cleanup of the contaminated ground water began in 1987 under the supervision of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This study was undertaken to increase understanding of the plume movement by: (1) a comprehensive examination of the hydrogeology of the study area, and (2) simulation of the flow conditions. The area included in this study is shown in Figure 1. Sources of hydrogeologic data included published literature, USGS file data, and field examination. An analysis of these data indicated that the flow conditions change dynamically with rapid water-level responses to variable stresses, such as precipitation, pumping, and streamfloNv. Although the movement of the plume is primarily in ground water, stream-aquifer interactions are an important mechanism of the flow system. Thus, a ground-water model with the capability to also simulate surface water was chosen to perform the simulations. 11 JiJ HI A R ,Z.CM • . I 55' 4 5' io°4o. .... 33'40' r . Salt Apache Peaks 30— In.qops r.1` ChitL" ke • ' laihNs Dr.ar Atasin\in CfM1*_, ;11 :14 Garden& — —SolitudeY gs Pond .:faitr•t9 -4 • 4"..."-s-- Fl — IrtaF Basin Boundary _ •-• 33°15' I- 1Fac"."—: Base from U.S. Geological Survey o 5 MILES Mersa 1:250,000, 1954-69 r-, o 5 KILOMETERS CONTOUR INTERVAL zoo FEET NAT1ONAL GEOOETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1 929 12 Data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey and the mining companies active in the region were used to calibrate the simulations. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to describe the hydrogeology of Pinal Creek basin and to document simulations of surface- and ground-water flow which can be used in subsequent transport modeling.
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