DOCSLIB.ORG

Seasonal Variation in Flammability of Quercus Marilandica and Quercus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seasonal Variation in Flammability of Quercus Marilandica and Quercus Fire Ecology Volume 9, Issue 3, 2013 Weir and Limb: Seasonal Variation in Quercus Leaf Litter Flammability doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0903080 Page 80 RESEARCH ARTICLE SEASONAL VARIATION IN FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF QUERCUS MARILANDICA AND QUERCUS STELLATA LEAF LITTER BURNED IN THE LABORATORY John R. Weir1* and Ryan F. Limb2 1* Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 008C Ag Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA 2 School of Natural Resource Sciences, North Dakota State University, Department 7680, PO Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA *Corresponding author: Tel.: 001-405-744-5442; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMEN Historically, the Cross Timbers forest Históricamente, el bosque “Cross Timbers” de of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas burned Oklahoma, Kansas y Texas se quemaba fre- frequently. Fire managers in the region cuentemente. Los gestores del fuego en esta often have varied success when con- región han tenido un éxito desigual en la im- ducting prescribed fires, with one hy- plementación de quemas controladas, siendo pothesis being that fuel quality varies una de sus hipótesis que la calidad del com- with litter age. This study was designed bustible varia con la edad de la hojarasca. to determine the time-since-leaf-fall Este estudio fue diseñado para determinar la flammability characteristics of the two inflamabilidad de estos combustibles desde la dominant tree species in the Cross Tim- caída de la hoja para las dos especies domi- bers, Quercus marilandica and Q. stel- nantes en Cross Timbers, Quercus marilandi- lata. Principal components analysis in- ca y Q. stellata. Un análisis de componentes dicated that the burn characteristics of principales indica que las características de both species are strongly influenced by combustión de ambas especies están influidas time since the onset of leaf fall. The fuertemente por el tiempo transcurrido desde percent consumption of leaf litter and la caída de la hoja. El porcentaje de hojarasca flame time of the two species began to consumido y el tiempo de duración de la llama diverge at 123 days after leaf fall and de las dos especies comenzaron a divergir a continued throughout the remainder of 123 días de la caída de la hoja, manteniéndose the study. There was no difference be- durante el resto del estudio. No existieron tween the other flammability character- diferencias en otras características de flamabi- istics of ember time, total burn time, lidad, como duración de las pavesas, tiempo average temperature, and maximum total de consumo o temperatura media y máxi- temperature. Fuel consumption and fire ma. El consumo y comportamiento del fuego behavior in hardwood leaf litter fuels en la hojarasca de latifoliadas puede variar can vary considerably, possibly as re- considerablemente, posiblemente como resul- sult of fuel mass loss from decomposi- tado de la pérdida de masa debida a la descom- tion, which may due to a loss of flam- posición, lo que puede ser causado por la pér- mable material. Our results show that dida de material inflamable. Nuestros resulta- Fire Ecology Volume 9, Issue 3, 2013 Weir and Limb: Seasonal Variation in Quercus Leaf Litter Flammability doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0903080 Page 81 the longer the time period from leaf fall dos muestran que en estas especies de Quer- to burn, the greater the change in burn cus, la combustión varía más a medida que characteristics of these two Quercus pasa más tiempo desde la caída de la hoja. A species. By identifying these similari- través de la identificación de estas similitudes ties and differences between the leaf y diferencias entre la hojarasca de estas dos litter of dominant tree species, fire man- especies dominantes, los gestores del fuego agers can adjust fire prescriptions to pueden ajustar sus quemas controladas para better meet burn objectives. cumplir mejor con sus objetivos. Keywords: blackjack oak, litter consumption, prescribed fire, post oak Citation: Weir, J.R., and R.F. Limb. 2013. Seasonal variation in flammability of Quercus mari- landica and Quercus stellata leaf litter burned in the laboratory. Fire Ecology 9(3): 80–88. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0903080 INTRODUCTION 1995, Sparks et al. 2002). Information is needed to determine if there is a time of year Fire and human activity have affected the better suited to promote fire spread and con- past and present ecology of oak forests sumption of these fuels, two major objectives (Abrams 1992). With increased fire exclusion of fire management in the region. in the twentieth century, the majority of oak Little information is available on seasonal savannas and woodlands have transitioned to leaf litter flammability characteristics in the closed canopy forests with corresponding Cross Timbers forest or in other oak forest sys- shifts in species composition (Dey and Hart- tems. Some studies have investigated fire ef- man 2005, DeSantis et al. 2011). The Cross fects on oak leaf litter, showing the importance Timbers, or post oak (Quercus stellata Wan- of fuel moisture, leaf shape, and fuel loading genh.)-blackjack oak (Q. marilandica (Graham and McCarthy 2006, Schwilk and Muenchh.), forest contains about 19 million Caprio 2011); others reported results of fire in- ha of upland hardwood forest-tallgrass prairie, tensity, fire temperature, and total combustion, ranging from southeastern Kansas, through but not as an important component of the Oklahoma, and into north Texas (Engle 1994). study, leaving us with limited information on Historically this region was prone to frequent flammability (Boyer 1990, Masters and Engle fire (Stambaugh and Guyette 2006, Clark et 1994, Engle and Strizke 1995, Clinton et al. al. 2007, Stambaugh et al. 2009), but due to 1998, Boerner et al. 2000). Also, these and settlement, landscape fragmentation, and fire other studies only evaluated burning at a single suppression, the historic fire pattern has been time of the year, not throughout the entire year interrupted. (Kane et al. 2008, Engber and Varner 2012). As fire management personnel in the re- Several of these studies were also conducted gion reintroduce fire, they have experienced with fuels intermixed with pine or 10 hr varied success. The flammability and fire be- timelag fuels, which can change the overall havior in the leaf litter fuels seem to be unpre- flammability of the fuel bed. We could not dictable (Sparks et al. 2007). From other find any research that specifically addressed studies and personal experience of the senior the seasonal flammability of oak leaf litter, author, the traditional late winter to early specifically Q. stellata and Q. marilandica. spring fires often fail to spread or consume lit- Species-specific leaf flammability is an impor- tle of the leaf litter fuels (Engle and Strizke tant component of total flammability (Fonda et Fire Ecology Volume 9, Issue 3, 2013 Weir and Limb: Seasonal Variation in Quercus Leaf Litter Flammability doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0903080 Page 82 al. 1998). In this study, we removed all of the time; earlier in the sample period fuel beds field variation of temperature, relative humidi- were thicker and less compact due to leaf size ty, fuel moisture, additional fuels, and burning (3 cm to 4 cm deep). As time from leaf fall in- in only one season to determine if there was creased, leaves were often broken and more any variation in flammability throughout the decomposed, which made the fuel beds more year of these leaf litter fuels, as well as differ- compact and thinner (2 cm to 3 cm deep). ences in flammability between the two oak Each prepared sample was placed under a 62 species. Based on our past field observations cm × 98 cm laboratory fume hood with the we hypothesized that time-since-leaf-fall will vent running. Four 25 cm long pieces of 1.4 greatly affect the burn characteristics of both kg cotton string were soaked in xylene and Q. stellata and Q. marilandica, and will do so placed overlapping each other on top of the relatively similarly between species. This sample, and within 2 cm of the sample edge, to study increases the knowledge base of oak lit- achieve ignition. The string was ignited at a ter flammability from this region and poten- single point and the fume hood door closed. tially elsewhere, and increases the effective- Initially the twine was placed under the sam- ness and predictability of prescribed fire. ples, as described by Taylor and Fonda (1990), but consistent and even ignition of the samples METHODS could not be obtained using this method. A type K thermocouple of 24 AWG insulated Leaf samples were collected monthly from wire was positioned 10 cm above the center of leaf fall in November 2006 until the initiation the tray then attached to a ExTech™ of the next year’s leaf fall in October 2007, on EasyView15 thermometer datalogger (FLIR the Oklahoma State University Research Commercial Systems, Nashua, New Hamp- Range, located 13 km west of Stillwater, Okla- shire, USA) to record maximum and average homa, USA. Samples were randomly collect- burn temperatures (average of temperature ed each time from the surface layer of litter from ignition to extinction of last glowing em- within the same 50 m × 50 m area. The sam- ber). In the darkened laboratory, flame time ples were separated by species, Q. stellata and (time from ignition to extinction of last flame) Q. marilandica, and placed in paper bags to and total burn time (time from ignition to ex- facilitate drying. Leaves were oven dried at tinction of last glowing ember) was recorded 49°C for a minimum of 72 hr prior to burning with a stopwatch. From these two readings we in the laboratory to ensure consistent fuel determined ember time (time from the extinc- moisture content among all samples. To re- tion of last flame to the extinction of last glow- duce sample variation due to absorption of ing ember).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oak Diversity and Ecology on the Island of Martha's Vineyard
    Oak Diversity and Ecology on the Island of Martha’s Vineyard Timothy M. Boland, Executive Director, The Polly Hill Arboretum, West Tisbury, MA 02575 USA Martha’s Vineyard is many things: a place of magical beauty, a historical landscape, an environmental habitat, a summer vacation spot, a year-round home. The island has witnessed wide-scale deforestation several times since its settlement by Europeans in 1602; yet, remarkably, existing habitats rich in biodiversity speak to the resiliency of nature. In fact, despite repeated disturbances, both anthropogenic and natural (hurricanes and fire), the island supports the rarest ecosystem (sand plain) found in Massachusetts (Barbour, H., Simmons, T, Swain, P, and Woolsey, H. 1998). In particular, the scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.) dominates frost bottoms and outwash plains sustaining globally rare lepidopteron species, and formerly supported the existence of an extinct ground-dwelling bird, a lesson for future generations on the importance of habitat preservation. European Settlement and Early Land Transformation In 1602 the British merchant sailor Bartholomew Gosnold arrived in North America having made the six-week boat journey from Falmouth, England. Landing on the nearby mainland the crew found abundant codfish and Gosnold named the land Cape Cod. Further exploration of the chain of nearby islands immediately southwest of Cape Cod included a brief stopover on Cuttyhunk Island, also named by Gosnold. The principle mission was to map and explore the region and it included a dedicated effort to procure the roots of sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) which were believed at the time to be medicinally valuable (Banks, 1917).
    [Show full text]
  • Quercus Acutissima (Sawtooth Oak)
    Green Gone Bad Featured Ornamental Plant: Quercus acutissima (Sawtooth Oak) Some exotic ornamental plants behave badly when they escape from the place they are planted. Infestations of these plants have negative impacts on natural environments. One of these plants is Quercus acutissima; common name: Sawtooth oak. Quercus acutissima is medium to large deciduous tree in the family Fagaceae. It is native to Asia but has been widely planted in the United States as an ornamental and as food for wildlife. Particular varieties have been developed for the abundant production of acorns early in the life of the tree. Quercus acutissima has recently begun invading forests in the eastern United States. Quercus acutissima grows up to 50 feet tall and forms a dense pyramidal crown that rounds with age. Leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 3 to 7 inches long, pinnately veined with a very sharply serrate margin bearing bristle-tipped teeth. The leaves resemble some native tree species including American chestnut, Alleghany chinkapin, American beech, as well as the non-native Chinese chestnut. Acorns are oval with a cap that covers 1/2 of the nut with prominently curved scales resembling hair. Twigs are slender, red to gray-brown with multiple pubescent terminal buds. Mature bark is ridged, furrowed, and somewhat corky. The problem with Quercus acutissima is that it can escape from planted landscapes into natural areas. Early mast production has led to widespread planting of sawtooth oak as a wildlife food tree in natural areas and parks. Due to the large crop of acorns, this species can out-compete the seedlings of native oaks and other species, ultimately reducing plant diversity and wildlife habitat quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Species List For: Engelmann Woods NA 174 Species
    Species List for: Engelmann Woods NA 174 Species Franklin County Date Participants Location NA List NA Nomination List List made by Maupin and Kurz, 9/9/80, and 4/21/93 WGNSS Lists Webster Groves Nature Study Society Fieldtrip Participants WGNSS Vascular Plant List maintained by Steve Turner Species Name (Synonym) Common Name Family COFC COFW Acalypha virginica Virginia copperleaf Euphorbiaceae 2 3 Acer negundo var. undetermined box elder Sapindaceae 1 0 Acer saccharum var. undetermined sugar maple Sapindaceae 5 3 Achillea millefolium yarrow Asteraceae/Anthemideae 1 3 Actaea pachypoda white baneberry Ranunculaceae 8 5 Adiantum pedatum var. pedatum northern maidenhair fern Pteridaceae Fern/Ally 6 1 Agastache nepetoides yellow giant hyssop Lamiaceae 4 3 Ageratina altissima var. altissima (Eupatorium rugosum) white snakeroot Asteraceae/Eupatorieae 2 3 Agrimonia rostellata woodland agrimony Rosaceae 4 3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed Asteraceae/Heliantheae 0 3 Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed Asteraceae/Heliantheae 0 -1 Amelanchier arborea var. arborea downy serviceberry Rosaceae 6 3 Antennaria parlinii var. undetermined (A. plantaginifolia) plainleaf pussytoes Asteraceae/Gnaphalieae 5 5 Aplectrum hyemale putty root Orchidaceae 8 1 Aquilegia canadensis columbine Ranunculaceae 6 1 Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum (A. atrorubens) Jack-in-the-pulpit Araceae 6 -2 Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia snakeroot Aristolochiaceae 6 5 Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (Cacalia atriplicifolia) pale Indian plantain Asteraceae/Senecioneae 4 5 Arnoglossum reniforme (Cacalia muhlenbergii) great Indian plantain Asteraceae/Senecioneae 8 5 Asarum canadense wild ginger Aristolochiaceae 6 5 Asclepias quadrifolia whorled milkweed Asclepiadaceae 6 5 Asimina triloba pawpaw Annonaceae 5 0 Asplenium rhizophyllum (Camptosorus) walking fern Aspleniaceae Fern/Ally 7 5 Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes maidenhair spleenwort Aspleniaceae Fern/Ally 9 5 Srank: SU Grank: G? * Barbarea vulgaris yellow rocket Brassicaceae 0 0 Blephilia hirsuta var.
    [Show full text]
  • Key to Leaves of Eastern Native Oaks
    FHTET-2003-01 January 2003 Front Cover: Clockwise from top left: white oak (Q. alba) acorns; willow oak (Q. phellos) leaves and acorns; Georgia oak (Q. georgiana) leaf; chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii) acorns; scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) leaf; Texas live oak (Q. fusiformis) acorns; runner oak (Q. pumila) leaves and acorns; background bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) bark. (Design, D. Binion) Back Cover: Swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii) leaves and acorns. (Design, D. Binion) FOREST HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE TEAM TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Oak Identification Field Guide to Native Oak Species of Eastern North America John Stein and Denise Binion Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team USDA Forest Service 180 Canfield St., Morgantown, WV 26505 Robert Acciavatti Forest Health Protection Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry USDA Forest Service 180 Canfield St., Morgantown, WV 26505 United States Forest FHTET-2003-01 Department of Service January 2003 Agriculture NORTH AMERICA 100th Meridian ii iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank all those who helped with this publication. We are grateful for permission to use the drawings illustrated by John K. Myers, Flagstaff, AZ, published in the Flora of North America, North of Mexico, vol. 3 (Jensen 1997). We thank Drs. Cynthia Huebner and Jim Colbert, U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Disturbance Ecology and Management of Oak-Dominated Forests, Morgantown, WV; Dr. Martin MacKenzie, U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Morgantown, WV; Dr. Steven L. Stephenson, Department of Biology, Fairmont State College, Fairmont, WV; Dr. Donna Ford-Werntz, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plant List Trees.XLS
    Lower Makefield Township Native Plant List* TREES LIGHT MOISTURE TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME STREET SUN PART SHADE DRY MOIST WET TREE SHADE EVERGREEN Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar x x x x IIex opaca American Holly x x x x Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar x x x Picea glauca White Spruce x x x Picea pungens Blue Spruce x x x Pinus echinata Shortleaf Pine x x x Pinus resinosa Red Pine x x x Pinus rigida Pitch Pine x x Pinus strobus White Pine x x x Pinus virginiana Virginia Pine x x x Thuja occidentalis Eastern Arborvitae x x x x Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock xx x DECIDUOUS Acer rubrum Red Maple x x x x x x Acer saccharinum Silver Maple x x x x Acer saccharum Sugar Maple x x x x Asimina triloba Paw-Paw x x Betula lenta Sweet Birch x x x x Betula nigra River Birch x x x x Betula populifolia Gray Birch x x x x x Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam x x x (C. tomentosa) Carya alba Mockernut Hickory x x x x Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory x x x Carya glabra Pignut Hickory x x x x x Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory x x Castanea pumila Allegheny Chinkapin xx x Celtis occidentalis Hackberry x x x x x x Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur Hawthorn x x x x Crataegus viridis Green Hawthorn x x x x Diospyros virginiana Common Persimmon x x x x Fagus grandifolia American Beech x x x x PAGE 1 Exhibit 1 TREES (cont'd) LIGHT MOISTURE TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME STREET SUN PART SHADE DRY MOIST WET TREE SHADE DECIDUOUS (cont'd) Fraxinus americana White Ash x x x x Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash x x x x x Gleditsia triacanthos v.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks
    Article An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (Quercus Subgenus Quercus): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity Paul S. Manos 1,* and Andrew L. Hipp 2 1 Department of Biology, Duke University, 330 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708, USA 2 The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The oak flora of North America north of Mexico is both phylogenetically diverse and species-rich, including 92 species placed in five sections of subgenus Quercus, the oak clade centered on the Americas. Despite phylogenetic and taxonomic progress on the genus over the past 45 years, classification of species at the subsectional level remains unchanged since the early treatments by WL Trelease, AA Camus, and CH Muller. In recent work, we used a RAD-seq based phylogeny including 250 species sampled from throughout the Americas and Eurasia to reconstruct the timing and biogeography of the North American oak radiation. This work demonstrates that the North American oak flora comprises mostly regional species radiations with limited phylogenetic affinities to Mexican clades, and two sister group connections to Eurasia. Using this framework, we describe the regional patterns of oak diversity within North America and formally classify 62 species into nine major North American subsections within sections Lobatae (the red oaks) and Quercus (the Citation: Manos, P.S.; Hipp, A.L. An Quercus Updated Infrageneric Classification white oaks), the two largest sections of subgenus . We also distill emerging evolutionary and of the North American Oaks (Quercus biogeographic patterns based on the impact of phylogenomic data on the systematics of multiple Subgenus Quercus): Review of the species complexes and instances of hybridization.
    [Show full text]
  • Oak Trees Are Elemental Carbon Sinks in Urban Ecosystems: Patterns and Drivers
    EGU2020-10735 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10735 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Oak trees are elemental carbon sinks in urban ecosystems: patterns and drivers Alexandra Ponette-Gonzalez1, Jenna Rindy1,2, Tate Barrett1, Dongmei Chen3, Evan Elderbrock4, Yekang Ko4, Jun-Hak Lee4, Rebecca Sheesley5, and Kathleen Weathers6 1Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX 76205, USA 2Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA 3Department of Geography, 1251 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1251, USA 4School of Architecture & Environment, 5249 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5249, USA 5Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 1 Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA 6Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, New York 12545, USA Cities represent a significant source of atmospheric elemental carbon (EC), a minor constituent of particulate matter (PM) but a major climate-forcing agent and air pollutant. Urban trees scavenge PM and regulate material fluxes to the ground. As such, urban trees represent potentially important sinks—not only for PM but also for EC—in urban landscapes. Here we assess the magnitude and spatiotemporal drivers of EC removal by trees in urban atmospheres. We quantified foliar EC accumulation by, as well as throughfall EC flux under, the canopy of two oak species (Quercus stellata: post oak; Quercus virginiana: live oak), which are widespread across the southern United States. Sampling was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018 across the City of Denton, a city at the northern edge of the Dallas-Forth Worth metropolitan area in Texas.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on Quercus Life History Characteristics and Forest Disturbance
    A PERSPECTIVE ON QUERCUS LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND FOREST DISTURBANCE Richard P. Guyette, Rose-Marie Muzika, John Kabrick, and Michael C. Stambaugh1 Abstract—Plant strategy theory suggests that life history characteristics reflect growth and reproductive adaptations to environmental disturbance. Species characteristics and abundance should correspond to predictions based on competi- tive ability and maximizing fitness in a given disturbance environment. A significant canonical correlation between oak growth attributes (height growth, xylem permeability, shade tolerance) and reproductive attributes (longevity, acorn weight, and the age to reproduction) based on published values indicates that the distribution of oak attributes among species is consistent with r and K selection theory. Growth and reproductive attributes were used to calculate an index reflecting the relative values of the r and K strategies of oak species. This index was used to examine changes in the dominance of oak species at nine sites in the Ozarks. Changes in oak species dominance and differences in their landscape distributions were consistent with predictions based on their r and K index values and estimates of forest disturbance. INTRODUCTION economically in North America. In addition to the 90 recog- Plant strategy theory suggests that life history character- nized species in North American (Flora Committee 1997) istics reflect growth and reproductive adaptations to popula- there are at least 70 hybrids in Northeastern Forest tion density, environmental disturbance, and stress (Grime (Gleason and Cronquist 1991) and about 23 species in the 1979, Odum 1997). Species attributes and abundance Central Hardwood Region (Nixon 1997). As a group, oaks should correspond to predictions based on competitive have wide ecological amplitude and can dominate highly ability and maximizing fitness in a given disturbance environ- varied environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting List Update 2013 Table 1: Recommended Canopy Trees and Their Approved Uses
    Official Planting List Update 2013 Table 1: Recommended canopy trees and their approved uses Approved Uses 8' Treelawn, Evergreen Height Spread Street Tree Scientific Name Common Name or 4' 6' (Feet) (Feet) Easement, or Buffer Deciduous Treelawn Treelawn Parking Lot Island Aesculus x carnea Red horsechestnut 30-40 30-40 D x x x x Betula nigra River birch 40-70 25-50 D x x x x Carpinus betulus European 40-60 30-40 D x x x x hornbeam Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsuratree 40-60 35-60 D x x x x Cryptomeria japonica Japanese 50-60 20-30 E x x x x cryptomeria Eucommia ulmoides Hardy rubber tree 40-60 25-35 D x x x x Ginkgo biloba (Male cultivars only) Ginkgo 50-80 50-60 D x x x x Halesia tetraptera (Halesia carolina) Carolina silverbell 30-40 20-35 D x x x x Ilex opaca American holly 40-50 18-40 E x x x x Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar 40-50 8-20 E x x x x Juniperus virginiana var. siliciola Southern red cedar 30-45 20-30 E x x x x Koelreuteria paniculata Goldenraintree 30-40 30-40 D x x x x Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn redwood 70- 15-25 D x x x x 100 Nyssa aquatica Water tupelo 75- 25-35 D x x x x 100 Nyssa ogeche Ogeechee tupelo 30-45 25-35 D x x x x Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 20-30 D x x x x 30-70 Ostrya carpinifolia Hophornbeam 50-65 25-35 D x x x x Ostrya virginiana American 25-40 20-40 D x x x x hophornbeam Parrotia persica Persian ironwood 20-40 20-35 D x x x x Quercus robur 'fastigiata' Upright English oak 50-60 10-18 D x x x x 40-50 40-50 D x x x x Sapindus drummondii Western soapberry Sassafras albidium Sassafras 30-60 25-40 D x x x x Taxodium ascendens (Taxodium Pondcypress 70-80 15-20 D x x x x distichum var.
    [Show full text]
  • [Fagaceae] Quercus Stellata Wangenh., POST OAK. Tree, Winter-D
    Vascular Plants of Williamson County Quercus stellata − POST OAK [Fagaceae] Quercus stellata Wangenh., POST OAK. Tree, winter-deciduous, 1-trunked, in range to 13 m tall; monoecious; shoots with only cauline leaves, when growing foliage densely stellate-hairy mostly with 3−9 arms, initially suedelike later more coarse. Stems: cylindric, densely stellate-hairy; bark intermediate gray; buds obovoid obtuse to rounded at top, weakly 5-sided; bark rough, thick, tightly attached, irregularly furrowed, dull gray. Leaves: helically alternate, pinnately lobed with 1−3 subopposite pairs of broad lobes, petiolate, with stipules; stipules 2, attached at node, oblanceolate or trowel-shaped to narrowly oblanceolate or linear, ca. 6 × 1−2 mm, orangish and brown, lower portion often petiolelike, to midpoint with radiating fine hairs, strigose with upward-pointing hairs especially on outer (lower) surface, early-deciduous; petiole cylindric but with dimple at axillary bud, mostly 2.5−9 mm long, densely stellate-hairy; blade obovate in outline, in range 40−155 × 23−105 mm, ± tough, cordate or subcordate to rounded or broadly tapered at base, the 2 principal lobes broad and at but generally above midblade, often with a sinus ± ⊥ (crosslike) defining upper edge of lobe, lateral and terminal lobes mostly rounded to obtuse, the terminal lobe < 50 mm long, broad to semicircular, and often shallowly notched, above midblade often wavy on margins and lacking sublobes and teeth, pinnately veined with principal veins somewhat raised on upper surface and all veins raised on lower surface, upper surface initially densely stellate-hairy maturing with widely spaced stellate hairs (1+ mm apart) and initially with minute glandular hairs aging with red heads later absent, lower surface densely hairy with overlapping spreading and ascending arms of stellate hairs (arms mostly appressed along midrib), the hairs with 3−9 arms of lower surface > upper surface, upper surface green tissue glossy to satiny dark green at maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • Calvert County Native Plant List
    February 2011 CALVERT COUNTY NATIVE PLANT LIST Canopy Trees (Generally > 35 ft. tall at maturity) Planting Stock: 2-in. caliper in size spaced 20-40 ft. on center Common Name Species Notes Box Elder Acer negundo Red Maple Acer rubrum Silver Maple Acer saccharinum River Birch Betula nigra Bitternut Hickory Carya cordiformis Pignut Hickory Carya glabra Shagbark Hickory Carya ovata Mockernut Hickory Carya tomentosa Common Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Atlantic White Cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides Evergreen Common Persimmon Diospyros virginiana American Beech Fagus grandifolia Black Walnut Juglans nigra Eastern Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana Evergreen Sweet Gum Liquidambar styraciflua Tulip Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Red Mulberry Morus rubra Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica Salt Tolerant Shortleaf Pine Pinus echinata Evergreen Pitch Pine Pinus rigida Evergreen; Salt Tolerant Pond Pine Pinus serotina Evergreen Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda Evergreen Virginia Pine Pinus virgiana Evergreen American Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Black Cherry Prunus serotina Salt Tolerant White Oak Quercus alba Salt Tolerant Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Salt Tolerant Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea Salt Tolerant Southern Red Oak Quercus falcata Blackjack Oak Quercus marilandica Swamp Chestnut Oak Quercus michauxii Chinquapin Oak Quercus muehlenbergii Water Oak Quercus nigra Pin Oak Quercus palustris Salt Tolerant Willow Oak Quercus phellos Chestnut Oak Quercus prinus Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra Salt Tolerant Post Oak Quercus stellata Salt Tolerant Black Oak Quercus velutina Salt Tolerant Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum Salt Tolerant American Basswood Tilia americana American Elm Ulmus americana 1 February 2011 CAL VERT COUNTY NATIVE PLANTS LIST (cont.) Understory Trees (Generally < 35 ft. tall at maturity) Planting Stock: 1 to 2-in.
    [Show full text]
  • Post Oak Quercus Stellata ILLINOIS RANGE Tree in Summer
    post oak Quercus stellata Kingdom: Plantae FEATURES Division: Magnoliophyta The post oak is a deciduous tree that may grow to a Class: Magnoliopsida height of 60 feet and a trunk diameter of about Order: Fagales three feet. The crown is rounded. The bark is gray or light-brown, divided into flat plates. The red-brown Family: Fagaceae buds are spherical, about one-eighth inch long. The ILLINOIS STATUS simple leaves are arranged alternately along the stem. Each thick leaf is five-lobed, with the upper common, native lobes squared and separated from the lower lobes by a deep division. A leaf may be about six inches long and four and one-half inches wide. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green and hairy while the lower surface is pale and hairy. The hairy leafstalk may be one inch long. Male and female flowers are separate but are located on the same tree. Flowers lack petals. The male (staminate) flowers are in yellow, drooping catkins. The female (pistillate) flowers are in a cluster. The fruit is an acorn, borne singly or in groups of two. The pale-brown nut is oval or oblong, up to one inch long and less than half of it is enclosed by the cup. BEHAVIORS The post oak may be found in the southern one-half of Illinois and in Grundy County. It grows in upland tree in summer woods and on bluffs. Flowering occurs from April through May. The wood is used for fence posts, as ILLINOIS RANGE fuel and for construction. © Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
    [Show full text]