A Henge Away from Home Guide
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Concrete Prehistories: the Making of Megalithic Modernism 1901-1939
Concrete Prehistories: The Making of Megalithic Modernism Abstract After water, concrete is the most consumed substance on earth. Every year enough cement is produced to manufacture around six billion cubic metres of concrete1. This paper investigates how concrete has been built into the construction of modern prehistories. We present an archaeology of concrete in the prehistoric landscapes of Stonehenge and Avebury, where concrete is a major component of megalithic sites restored between 1901 and 1964. We explore how concreting changed between 1901 and the Second World War, and the implications of this for constructions of prehistory. We discuss the role of concrete in debates surrounding restoration, analyze the semiotics of concrete equivalents for the megaliths, and investigate the significance of concreting to interpretations of prehistoric building. A technology that mixes ancient and modern, concrete helped build the modern archaeological imagination. Concrete is the substance of the modern –”Talking about concrete means talking about modernity” (Forty 2012:14). It is the material most closely associated with the origins and development of modern architecture, but in the modern era, concrete has also been widely deployed in the preservation and display of heritage. In fact its ubiquity means that concrete can justifiably claim to be the single most dominant substance of heritage conservation practice between 1900 and 1945. This paper investigates how concrete has been built into the construction of modern pasts, and in particular, modern prehistories. As the pre-eminent marker of modernity, concrete was used to separate ancient from modern, but efforts to preserve and display prehistoric megaliths saw concrete and megaliths become entangled. -
Stonehenge Bibliography
Bibliography Abbot, M. and Anderson-Whymark, H., 2012. Anon., 2011a, Discoveries provide evidence of Stonehenge Laser Scan: archaeological celestial procession at Stonehenge. On-line analysis report. English Heritage project source available at: 6457. English Heritage Research Report http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/ Series no. 32-2012, available at: 2011/11/25Nov-Discoveries-provide- http://services.english- evidence-of-a-celestial-procession-at- herita ge.org.uk/Resea rch Repo rtsPdf s/032_ Stonehenge.aspx (accessed 2 April 2012). 2012WEB.pdf Anon., 2011b, Stonehenge’s sister? Current Alexander, C., 2009, If the stones could speak: Archaeology, 260, 6–7. Searching for the meaning of Stonehenge. Anon., 2011c, Home is where the heath is. National Geographic, 213.6 (June 2008), Late Neolithic house, Durrington Walls. 34–59. Current Archaeology, 256, 42–3. Allen, S., 2008, The quest for the earliest Anon., 2011d, Stonehenge rocks. Current published image of Stonehinge (sic). Archaeology, 254, 6–7. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural Anon., 2012a, Origin of some of the Bluestone History Magazine, 101, 257–9. debris at Stonehenge. British Archaeology, Anon., 2006, Excavation and Fieldwork in 123, 9. Wiltshire 2004. Wiltshire Archaeological Anon., 2012b, Stonehenge: sourcing the and Natural History Magazine, 99, 264–70. Bluestones. Current Archaeology, 263, 6– Anon., 2007a, Excavation and Fieldwork in 7. Wiltshire 2005. Wiltshire Archaeological Aronson, M., 2010, If stones could speak. and Natural History Magazine, 100, 232– Unlocking the secrets of Stonehenge. 39. Washington DC: National Geographic. Anon., 2007b, Before Stonehenge: village of Avebury Archaeological and Historical wild parties. Current Archaeology, 208, Research Group (AAHRG) 2001 17–21. -
Stonehenge OCR Spec B: History Around Us
OCR HISTORY AROUND US Site Proposal Form Example from English Heritage The Criteria The study of the selected site must focus on the relationship between the site, other historical sources and the aspects listed in a) to n) below. It is therefore essential that centres choose a site that allows learners to use its physical features, together with other historical sources as appropriate, to understand all of the following: a) The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings b) When and why people first created the site c) The ways in which the site has changed over time d) How the site has been used throughout its history e) The diversity of activities and people associated with the site f) The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used g) Significant times in the site’s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points h) The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site i) The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate j) The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites k) What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history l) How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past and how historians frame these as valid historical enquiries m) How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site n) The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment 1 Copyright © OCR 2018 Site name: STONEHENGE Created by: ENGLISH HERITAGE LEARNING TEAM Please provide an explanation of how your site meets each of the following points and include the most appropriate visual images of your site. -
Researching Stonehenge: Theories Past and Present
Parker Pearson, M 2013 Researching Stonehenge: Theories Past and Present. Archaeology International, No. 16 (2012-2013): 72-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.1601 ARTICLE Researching Stonehenge: Theories Past and Present Mike Parker Pearson* Over the years archaeologists connected with the Institute of Archaeology and UCL have made substantial contributions to the study of Stonehenge, the most enigmatic of all the prehistoric stone circles in Britain. Two of the early researchers were Petrie and Childe. More recently, colleagues in UCL’s Anthropology department – Barbara Bender and Chris Tilley – have also studied and written about the monument in its landscape. Mike Parker Pearson, who joined the Institute in 2012, has been leading a 10-year-long research programme on Stonehenge and, in this paper, he outlines the history and cur- rent state of research. Petrie and Childe on Stonehenge William Flinders Petrie (Fig. 1) worked on Stonehenge between 1874 and 1880, publishing the first accurate plan of the famous stones as a young man yet to start his career in Egypt. His numbering system of the monument’s many sarsens and blue- stones is still used to this day, and his slim book, Stonehenge: Plans, Descriptions, and Theories, sets out theories and observations that were innovative and insightful. Denied the opportunity of excavating Stonehenge, Petrie had relatively little to go on in terms of excavated evidence – the previous dig- gings had yielded few prehistoric finds other than antler picks – but he suggested that four theories could be considered indi- vidually or in combination for explaining Stonehenge’s purpose: sepulchral, religious, astronomical and monumental. -
A303 Amesbury to Berwick Down
A303 Amesbury to Berwick Down TR010025 6.3 Environmental Statement Appendices Volume 1 6 Appendix 6.1 Annex 8 Influences of the monuments and landscape of the Stonehenge part of the World Heritage Site on literature and popular culture APFP Regulation 5(2)(a) Planning Act 2008 Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009 October 2018 HIA Annex 8 – Influences of the monuments and landscape of the Stonehenge part of the WHS on literature and popular culture Introduction Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 1986, one of the original list of seven sites in the UK to be put forward for inscription. The Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) was adopted in 2013. The Statement of OUV notes that ‘the monuments and landscape have had an unwavering influence on architects, artists, historians and archaeologists’ (UNESCO 2013). The 2015 Management Plan (Simmonds & Thomas 2015) identifies seven Attributes of OUV for the entirety of the WHS, of which the seventh is: ‘The influence of the remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape setting on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others.’ The landscape around Stonehenge, comprising natural and cultural elements, is not just a physical environment, but an abstraction that is perceived by the human observer. Such observers have included literary writers, poets and travel writers, who have used their sense of the place as they experienced it to inspire their creative writing. The unique strength of Stonehenge is that the monument is an instantly recognisable structure which resembles no other and onto which a range of fantasies can be projected (Hutton 2009, 45). -
THE SINCEREST FORM of FLATTERY: an ANALYSIS of FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS of WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS
THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY: AN ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS (Under the Direction of WAYDE BROWN) ABSTRACT Full-scale, ex situ replicas of UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be found in five countries and their constructions predate even the World Heritage Convention itself. Clearly, the desire of humans to copy the architectural wonders of the world has a long and enduring history. This thesis will attempt to answer three related questions. First, what is the intent behind constructing these replicas? Second, how do the public and cultural heritage professionals receive these replicas? And third, how do these replicas fit into the ongoing discussions on authenticity and interpretation in historic preservation? INDEX WORDS: Replica, Full-Scale, Ex Situ, World Heritage Convention, World Heritage Sites, Stonehenge, Maryhill Stonehenge, Foamhenge, Parthenon, Nashville Parthenon, Hallstatt Village, Luoyang Hallstatt, Great Sphinx at Giza, Chuzhou Sphinx, Duplitecture, Nara Document, Venice Charter, Postmodernism, Forgeries, Umberto Eco, Jean Baudrillard, Richard Handler, Albert Lessing, Biana Bosker. THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY: AN ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS BA, Emory University, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Rebecca Leigh McManus All Rights Reserved THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY: AN ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS Major Professor: Wayde Brown Committee: Scott Nesbit Akela Reason Taylor Davis Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, who encouraged me to keep pursuing knowledge, and to Alex Green, Sophia Latz, and Lesa Miller for their support and editorial advice. -
Stonehenge A303 Improvement: Outline Assessment of the Impacts
Stonehenge A303 improvement: outline assessment of the impacts on the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage property of potential route options presented by Highways England for January 2017 Nicola Snashall BA MA PhD MCIfA National Trust Christopher Young BA MA DPhil FSA Christopher Young Heritage Consultancy January 2017 ©Historic England and the National Trust Stonehenge A303 improvements: outline assessment of the impacts on the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage property of potential route options presented by Highways England for January 2017 Executive Summary Introduction In 2014, English Heritage (now Historic England) and the National Trust commissioned an assessment (Snashall, Young 2014) on the potential impact of new road options, including a tunnel, for the A303 within the Stonehenge component of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage property. Since at that time, there were no detailed proposals, that report considered four possible alternatives and concluded that, of these, an off-line route with a tunnel of 2.9kms length would be the most deliverable solution. The government remains committed to improving the A303 and to funding sufficient for a tunnel of at least 2.9kms length within the World Heritage property. Highways England are consulting in early 2017 on route options developed since 2014 for this road scheme through the World Heritage property and bypassing Winterbourne Stoke village to the west. This report is an outline assessment of these initial options on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the World Heritage property. It has been commissioned to assess the impact of the latest road options in the light of updated archaeological information. -
Ever Increasing Circles: the Sacred Geographies of Stonehenge and Its Landscape
Proceedings of the British Academy, 92, 167-202 Ever Increasing Circles: The Sacred Geographies of Stonehenge and its Landscape TIMOTHY DARVILL Introduction THE GREAT STONE CIRCLE standing on the rolling chalk downland of Salisbury Plain that we know today as Stonehenge, has, in the twentieth century AD, become a potent icon for the ancient world, and the focus of power struggles and contested authority in our own. Its reputation and stature as an archaeological monument are enormous, and sometimes almost threaten to overshadow both its physical proportions and our accumu- lated collective understanding of its construction and use. While considerable attention has recently been directed to the relevance, meaning and use of the site in the twentieth century AD (Chippindale 1983; 1986a; Chippindale et al. 1990; Bender 1992), the matter of its purpose, significance, and operation during Neolithic and Bronze Age times remains obscure. The late Professor Richard Atkinson was characteristically straightforward when he said that for questions about Stonehenge which begin with the word ‘why’: ‘there is one short, simple and perfectly correct answer: We do not know’ (1979, 168). Two of the most widely recognised and enduring interpretations of Stonehenge are, first, that it was a temple of some kind; and, second, that its orientation on the midsummer sunrise gave it some sort of astronomical role in the lives of its builders. Both interpre- tations, which are not mutually exclusive, have of course been taken to absurd lengths on occasion. During the eighteenth century, for example, William Stukeley became obses- sive about the role of the Druids at Stonehenge (Stukeley 1740). -
A Sermon in Stone
A Sermon in stone “Sweet are the uses of adversity, Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head; And this our life, exempt from human haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in everything. I would not change it.” William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) From ‘As You Like It’ At the same time the fellahin were toiling to erect the Pharaohs’ pyramids, people were erecting the stones of Stonehenge, about 5,500 years ago. This was only 3,000 years since man domesticated wheat! Stonehenge is built on Salisbury Plain which is an undulating tract of chalky downland covering an area some twenty miles long and sixteen miles wide in the south-east corner of Wiltshire between Salisbury and Devizes. It is a country of limey soil spread thinly over a thousand feet of pure soft white limestone consisting almost entirely of the fossils of minute animals and sea-plants, which lived between seventy and one hundred million years ago when the Plain formed the bed of a comparatively shallow sea. To the archaeologist, it is the country of Stonehenge, a country of barrow, tumuli, earthworks, hill forts and field systems through which can be traced man’s progress and achievements in pre-historic and early historic times, a country which is probably the finest open-air museum in the British Isles. When we visited the site I was struck by two things: It is a Cathedral! But why build it here? DESIGN The stones are aligned almost perfectly with the sunrise on the summer solstice, and it is almost unquestioned that Stonehenge was built as a spectacular place of worship. -
A303 Stonehenge Consultation Booklet
A303 Stonehenge Amesbury to Berwick Down Public Consultation Booklet – February 2018 Public consultation extended to Monday 23 April 2018 About this booklet Contents Local life, regional growth, Chapter Page national heritage: it’s in all our interests About this booklet 2 1 Foreword 4 This booklet is about our consultation on proposals for improving 2 About Highways England 5 the A303 past Stonehenge between Amesbury and Berwick Down, 3 Introduction 6 including a bypass for the village of Winterbourne Stoke. It is designed 4 What we are consulting on and why 10 to be read alongside our consultation response form which will help you provide feedback to the consultation. It also explains the ways you can 5 The proposed scheme 12 give your views. 6 What our scheme means for you 50 7 How to find out more 64 8 How to have your say 65 9 Next steps 66 2 3 A303 Stonehenge: Public Consultation Booklet 2018 A303 Stonehenge: Public Consultation Booklet 2018 1 Foreword 2 About Highways England “Delivering a high-quality road, The scheme will also improve the quality of life for local communities by providing a bypass for Winterbourne Stoke and relieving rat running What we do unlocking benefits for the South through local villages such as Shrewton, Larkhill and Durrington. Highways England operates, maintains and improves England’s motorways and major A-roads, West economy, local communities Since the preferred route for the scheme was announced in the strategic road network. Our network totals around and the Stonehenge World September 2017, we have been developing our design to ensure we 4,300 miles. -
Sarsen Stones in Wessex Project Archive | Katy Whitaker
Sarsen Stones in Wessex Project Archive | Katy Whitaker THE SARSEN STONES IN WESSEX PROJECT ARCHIVE Archive report and ISAD(G) Fonds Level Description Katy A. Whitaker, January 2019 (archived April 2020) [email protected] | 07769 712799 | @artefactual_KW ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9391-8181 This report was authored during a South, West, and Wales Doctoral Training Partnership studentship held at the University of Reading, and is supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council grant number AH:L503939:1. 1 Sarsen Stones in Wessex Project Archive | Katy Whitaker CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The Sarsen Stones in Wessex Survey 1 1.2. The Sarsen Stones in Wessex Project Archive 1 1.3. Scope 1 2. The Sarsen Stones in Wessex Survey 3 2.1. Project history 3 2.2. Project aims and methods 4 2.3. Significance 6 2.4. Audiences 7 3. The Sarsen Stones in Wessex Project Archive 9 3.1. Relationship to publications 9 3.2. Current archive management and access 9 3.3. Archive organisation 9 3.4. Storage, housings, and archive formats 11 3.5. Future accruals 12 4. Archive issues 13 4.1. Storage requirements and conservation 13 4.2. Copyright and ownership 13 Annex A The hand-list 14 Annex B ISAD(G) Fonds Level Description 17 References 21 0 Sarsen Stones in Wessex Project Archive | Katy Whitaker 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Sarsen Stones in Wessex survey The Sarsen Stones in Wessex survey began in earnest at the Society of Antiquaries of London in early 1974, intended to be the first action of the Society’s wider Evolution of the Landscape Project. -
Appendices Appendix a Archaeoastronomy Tools
Appendices Appendix A Archaeoastronomy Tools A.1. Introduction scope website as well as recent reviews in that magazine before any purchase is made. Sources of useful programs include: There are a number of useful sources of information as well as devices and software packages that are very useful for (1) Standish, E.M. JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides work in archaeoastronomy. We merely list a few of them on CD-ROM. Available on-line and from Willmann- here. Bell, Richmond, VA. The first five chapters and appendices A–D of the labora- (2) Bretagnon, P., and Simon, J.-L. 1986. Planetary tory manual by Schlosser et al. (1991/1994), Challenges of Programs and Tables from -4000 to +2800. (Richmond: Astronomy: Hands-On Experiments for the Sky and Labo- Willmann-Bell). ratory (New York: Springer), are especially suitable for (3) Duffett-Smith, P. 1985/1990. Astronomy with your Per- archaeoastronomy students. sonal Computer. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press); and 1996. Easy PC Astronomy (Cambridge: the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge). A.2. Spherical Astronomy Aids The first work contains algorithms and FORTRAN subrou- tines to provide rectangular coordinates of the Sun, Moon, (1) Green, R.M. 1985. Spherical Astronomy (Cambridge: and nine planets. Three sets of ephemerides are provided: University Press), includes discussions of relativistic DE 200 (includes nutation but not librations, and covers the effects. interval 1599 Dec. 9 to 2169 Mar. 31); DE 405 (includes both (2) Smart, W.M., Spherical Astronomy, revised by Green, nutation and librations, for the interval 1599 Dec. 9 to 2201 R.M.