Volume 18 | Issue 4 | Number 15 | Article ID 5355 | Feb 15, 2020 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus From the Witches of the Orient to the Blossoming Sevens: Volleyball and Rugby at the Tokyo Olympics Helen Macnaughtan to be popular at Tokyo 2020. Abstract: At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics the Japanese women’s volleyball team, nicknamed the ‘Witches of the Orient’, defeated the Soviet Union to win the gold medal. This article charts the story of the Witches journey to the Olympic final and draws parallels with the post-war growth of men’s rugby in Japan and the performance of the national team the ‘Brave Blossoms’ at the 2019 Rugby World Cup. As in 1964, the Tokyo 2020 Olympics will showcase Japanese technology, creativity, culture and hospitality, but will also highlight the necessity for greater acceptance of diversity in Japanese society through the power of sport. The Witches of the Orient win gold at the At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics the Japanese Tokyo 1964 Olympics. Kasai, the captain, women’s volleyball team, nicknamed the is far left jumping in the air. Photo ‘Witches of the Orient’, defeated the Soviet courtesy of Kyodo News. Union to win the gold medal. The volleyball final, played on the evening of 23 October, a day before the closing ceremony, remains one of the highest rated broadcasts in Japanese From corporate team to Olympic team television history, and was a victory that, for the Japanese people, epitomised the success of Volleyball as a sport was growing in popularity Tokyo 1964. This article charts the story of the after the Second World War, not only in Japan Witches and their journey to the Olympic final, but worldwide. The International Volleyball noting the legacy the gold medal victory had Association was established in 1947, and the for the growth of sport for women in Japan. It world championships were held the first time then draws parallels with the post-war growth for men in 1949 and for women in 1951, but at of men’s rugby in Japan and the performance of this time limited only to European countries. A the national team the ‘Brave Blossoms’ at the decade later, in 1959, the International Rugby World Cup in 2019, noting the recent Olympic Committee decided that men’s inclusion of rugby as an Olympic sport and set volleyball was to be an Olympic sport, so in 1 18 | 4 | 15 APJ | JF 1960, Japan for the first time sent both a male Kasai was chosen as captain. and female team to the world volleyball championships, held that year in Brazil. The Japanese men’s team took eighth place, but the women’s team unexpectedly won second place The magic of the Witches and the Olympic in the world competition. This Japanesefinal women’s team, rather than being a national During their European victories in 1961-62, the team, was in actual fact a corporate team from team was given the nickname the Witches of a Japanese textile manufacturer, Nichibō, at the Orient (Tōyō no Majo) by the mass media, that time the strongest women’s team in Japan which was an allusion to the trickery and magic as winners of the domestic national volleyball of their play (Merklejn 2013). The Nichibō team championships. The Japan Volleyball had been coached by Daimatsu Hirofumi since Association had been unable to fund two teams 1953, later selected as Olympic team coach, to go to Brazil in 1960 and so had encouraged who became famous for his notoriously Nichibō to fund their women’s team’s trip to strenuous training regimes, and nicknamed the world championships to see what the ‘Demon Daimatsu’ (Oni no Daimatsu) by the international competition level was like. After Japanese media. The magic play of the Witches winning second place in Brazil, Nichibō included several never-before-seen techniques subsequently decided to send the team on a devised by Daimatsu, including a signature European tour in 1961, where they went on to move known as ‘rotating receive’kaiten ( play and win 24 consecutive games (Sawano reshību). Conscious of the difference in 2008). In the following year, the worldphysical stature between the Japanese and volleyball champions were hosted in Moscow, USSR women’s teams, Daimatsu believed that with the Nichibō team once again representing agility and speed were the key to defeating the Japan, and in a surprise upset beating the Soviets, and the move was likened to a judo Soviet world champions in the final. The move in nature, whereby a player received the captain of the Nichibō team was Kasai Masae. ball without touching their bottom on the floor She was 29 years of age when the team became and then rotated immediately into a defensive world champions in Moscow, and she was position. In the build-up to Tokyo 1964, ready to retire. However, earlier that year, in Daimatsu’s training regime steadily gained April 1962, it had been announced thatnational and international attention, women’s volleyball would be an Olympic event documented in a short film that won Grand for the first time at the Tokyo 1964 games, so Prize at the 1964 Cannes Film Festival. In his following their victory in Moscow, Kasai and own publications Daimatsu reflected that his her team mates came under intense pressure training regime was indeed harsh, but from media and fans across Japan not to commented that volleyball was not about disband their winning team and aim for the physical techniques alone and required a Olympics. In an interview I had with Kasai in ‘fighting spirit’(konjō) (Daimatsu 1963). This 2012, she recollected that she felt that the fighting spirit culminated in an Olympic final public at that time would not allow her to that captured a record television viewing retire, and that the only way to respond to mass audience of 85% of Japanese (Macnaughtan expectation that the team could win the gold 2014; Tomizawa 2019). medal was to try to give them that victory (Macnaughtan 2012, 497). In the subsequent As the Olympics progressed in October 1964, selection of Japan’s women’s volleyball team for the Japanese public were buoyed by medal the 1964 Olympics, 10 out of 12 players were results, particularly in judo, athletics and chosen from the Nichibō corporate team, and wrestling, but on the afternoon of 23 October a 2 18 | 4 | 15 APJ | JF Japanese judo competitor expected to win the not been as easy as that victory might suggest. gold medal was defeated by a DutchKasai later recalled the moment the whistle competitor. This increased the pressure for blew in that final match, and her teammates winning a gold medal in the women’s volleyball cried and came to hug her. She describes how final, which was scheduled for later that same she was choked with deep emotion, and filled day. By late afternoon, people and taxis were with tears but that she tried not to cry ‘until disappearing off the streets across Japan, and her mission as team captain finished’ (Kasai the telephone switchboard operated by Nippon 1992, 90). While receiving the gold medal in Telegraph and Telephone Corporation almost the awards ceremony and watching the ground to a halt, as everybody rushed to be Japanese flag being raised with the national near a television set to watch the final of the anthem being played, she felt very emotional women’s volleyball. To say that a gold medal and moved, and very glad that she had been was expected from the Japanese team was an able to meet the expectations of the Japanese understatement. One of the team members had people. She records that, if she had quit two commented anxiously the previous day that, ‘if years previously as intended, she would not we lose, we might have to leave the country’ have felt that deep emotion nor received the (Macnaughtan 2014, 145). Such was the public gold medal, and was happy that she had made expectation and pressure mounting for the the decision to continue (Kasai 1992, 90-91). players. At 7pm that evening, the excitement Daimatsu and Kasai formed a celebrity sporting emanating from the Komazawa indoor sports partnership that captured the nation’s hall in Tokyo was broadcast on televisions attention, and the story of the Witches has been across Japan. The Japanese and the Soviet reignited in Japan during the build up to Tokyo teams arrived on the court. With Soviet players 2020. Kasai passed away in October 2013 aged as tall as 184 cm, they looked a physically 80 years, making my interview with her in May imposing presence vis-à-vis the Japanese team, 2012 one of her last. At the end of that with Kasai the tallest Japanese player at 174 interview she reflected on the impact Tokyo cm. The Japanese team won the first two sets 1964 had on her life (Macnaughtan 2012, 499): decisively: 15–11 and 15–8. In the third set they were leading 13–6, but then as the pressure of "The gold medal changed my life a lot. My winning the gold became closer to reality they subsequent 48 years have been a really happy began to lose points consecutively. When the life. Many people who watched TV that day and score reached 14–13, Daimatsu requested a cheered for the volleyball team in the Olympics time-out to talk to his team. After playhave now passed away. But I am still resumed, the Japanese served the ball and an remembered by a lot of people when I attend over-the-net foul from a Soviet player secured volleyball classes and activities all over Japan.