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Macrofouler Community Succession in South Harbor, Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines During the Northeast Monsoon Season of 2017–2018

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Macrofouler Community Succession in South Harbor, Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines During the Northeast Monsoon Season of 2017–2018 Philippine Journal of Science 148 (3): 441-456, September 2019 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 26 Mar 2019 Macrofouler Community Succession in South Harbor, Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines during the Northeast Monsoon Season of 2017–2018 Claire B. Trinidad1, Rafael Lorenzo G. Valenzuela1, Melody Anne B. Ocampo1, and Benjamin M. Vallejo, Jr.2,3* 1Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Padre Faura Street, Ermita, Manila 1000 Philippines 2Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines 3Science and Society Program, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Manila Bay is one of the most important bodies of water in the Philippines. Within it is the Port of Manila South Harbor, which receives international vessels that could carry non-indigenous macrofouling species. This study describes the species composition of the macrofouling community in South Harbor, Manila Bay during the northeast monsoon season. Nine fouler collectors designed by the North Pacific Marine Sciences Organization (PICES) were submerged in each of five sampling points in Manila Bay on 06 Oct 2017. Three collection plates from each of the five sites were retrieved every four weeks until 06 Feb 2018. Identification was done via morphological and CO1 gene analysis. A total of 18,830 organisms were classified into 17 families. For the first two months, Amphibalanus amphitrite was the most abundant taxon; in succeeding months, polychaetes became the most abundant. This shift in abundance was attributed to intraspecific competition within barnacles and the recruitment of polychaetes. Diversity and richness values increased across all sites, which are commonly observed in primary succession events, while evenness values were low due to the dominance of Amphibalanus amphitrite and polychaetes. New macrofouling species in Manila Bay were reported: Barbatia foliata, Membranipora sp., a stylochid flatworm, a venerid clam, and hesionid, phyllodocid, and cirratulid polychaetes. More importantly, non-indigenous species were observed: Mytilopsis sp., Mytella charruana, Brachidontes pharaonis, Hydroides elegans, and the North Pacific giant flatworm Kaburakia excelsa. These species are potentially invasive and may alter the ecosystem of Manila Bay. Thus, it is recommended to further monitor the seasonally variable macrofouling community of South Harbor to observe annual succession patterns and to use DNA barcoding techniques more extensively for identification of macrofoulers – especially the polychaete taxa – to the species level and rapid early detection of potentially invasive species. Keywords: biological invasion, DNA barcoding, fouling, species abundance, species diversity, species evenness, species composition *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 441 Philippine Journal of Science Trinidad et al.: Macrofouler Community Vol. 148 No. 3, September 2019 Succession in Manila Bay INTRODUCTION and human health; therefore, continuous monitoring of a locality’s fouling community is necessary. Manila Bay supports the food, livelihood, employment, and recreation needs of 23 million Filipinos residing on Artificial structures in ports and harbors are sites of its coasts – making it one of the most important bodies of biological invasion; hence, these are appropriate for water in the Philippines (Prudente et al. 1994, 1997; Kim monitoring new introductions of non-indigenous and et al. 2011; Jacinto et al. 2006; PEMSEA and MBEMP- potentially invasive fouling species (Ruiz et al. 2009). MBIN 2007; Greenpeace 2013). Fisheries, aquaculture, and Globally, monitoring of fouling communities in ports, shipping are major economic activities along the coasts of coasts, aquaculture sites, and marinas has been conducted Bataan, Cavite, and other provinces of Luzon surrounding over the past decades (Ramadan et al. 2006, Kocak et the bay (PEMSEA and MBEMP-MBIN 2007, Kim et al. 1999, Brankevich et al. 1988, George and Thomas al. 2011). The port of Manila is the busiest port in the 1979, Menon et al. 1977). In addition, the effects of Philippines (PPA 2010). The port is composed of the North seasonal variation on fouling assemblages are also well and South Harbors; the North Harbor is for local inter- established in international waters (Sahu et al. 2015, island shipping, while the South Harbor is for international Lin and Shao 2002, Emara and Belal 2004, Swami and shipping (Jacinto et al. 2006). International vessels transport Udhayakumar 2010). Locally, monitoring of the fouling macrofouling organisms between localities (Farrapeira et al. community in Manila Bay has only begun within the past 2007, Darbyson et al. 2009, Davidson et al. 2010). five years (Ocampo et al. 2014, Vallejo et al. 2017) and studies on seasonal variation of the fouling community Marine biofouling is a process in the marine environment, have never been conducted. Clearly, there is a demand which refers to colonization by micro- and macro- for further studies to define the fouling community of organisms on surfaces immersed in water (Bressy and Manila Bay. Hence, this study satisfied the following Lejars 2014, Ramadan et al. 2006, George and Thomas objectives: (1) identified indigenous and non-indigenous 1989, Salama et al. 2017). The colonization process macrofoulers via morphological and CO1 gene analysis; is composed of biochemical, bacterial, and eukaryotic (2) determined abundance and relative abundance of all phases (Wahl 1989, Chambers et al. 2006, Dobretsov et al. observed macrofoulers; and (3) observed changes in the 2013). Globally, billions of dollars are spent every year to species composition, relative abundance, community combat the negative effects of biofouling (Venugopalam diversity, and evenness of the fouling community during 2015). Settlement of fouling organisms on ships can lead the northeast monsoon period. Therefore, this study to increased fuel consumption, deterioration of coatings, served as a monitoring action for the early detection and corrosion, while settlement on water purifying stations of potentially invasive macrofoulers and, at the same and other ocean-based infrastructure damages underwater time, provided novel observations on the changes in sensors, heat exchangers, and membranes (Bressy and South Harbor’s fouling community during the northeast Lejars 2014, Okamura et al. 2010, Venugopalam 2015, monsoon period. Early detection of potentially invasive Rosenhahn 2010). Biofouling on ship hulls, aquaculture, macrofoulers – coupled with knowledge of the seasonal and ballast waters are the major players in the spread of variation in the community – will help create profiles, fouling species across the globe (Wasson et al. 2005, Galil models, and successional trends in characterizing the 2000, Maclsaac et al. 2001, Naylor et al. 2001). Other fouling community of Manila Bay. A well-characterized secondary vectors that transport fouling organisms are fouling community will aid future studies on Manila recreational boat uses and floating artificial objects in Bay’s macrofouler ecology, reproduction, succession, and the oceans (Murray et al. 2011, Zabin et al. 2014, Thiel development in order to create appropriate solutions for and Gutow 2005). managing the undesirable consequences of biofouling. When an introduced fouling organism is transported This is important for the Philippines and the Port of Manila and established into an indigenous fouling community, to meet its obligations on antifouling and ballast water it may pose harm to the fouling species in the area if the management for the International Maritime Organization introduced organism becomes an invasive species (Carlton conventions, which the government acceded to in 2018. 1996, Ruiz et al. 1999). Invasive fouling species may out-compete native organisms due to their reproductive capacity and tolerance for a wide range of environmental conditions (Spotorno-Oliveira et al. 2016, Yuan et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2016, Cai et al. 2014). Introduction of new foreign fouling species may also serve as a pathway for the spread of Study Site infectious diseases affecting marine produce and human The study site was a man-made marina of the Manila health (Mooney et al. 2005). Thus, fouling can have Ocean Park (MOP), situated within the South Harbor of detrimental impacts on aquaculture, the maritime industry, Manila Bay (Figure 1). 442 Philippine Journal of Science Trinidad et al.: Macrofouler Community Vol. 148 No. 3, September 2019 Succession in Manila Bay Figure 1. Map showing the five sampling sites in MOP, South Harbor, Manila Bay, Philippines. Five sampling sites were randomly selected from the pool Fouler Collector Assembly and Setup of possible sites in MOP. A site was considered a possible The collectors designed by PICES were used as fouling sampling site if it was accessible to the researchers and if it collectors and monitoring instruments. Four circular had railings (≥10 m in length) to which fouler collectors could collection plates (plastic Petri plates), 9 cm in diameter be tied. Nine fouler collectors were deployed at each sampling and 15 mm in height, were fastened to a 30 cm round point and GPS coordinates of each point were obtained (Table plastic bucket lid using cable ties. The collection plates 1). A total of 45 collectors were deployed in the marina. were fastened equidistantly from each other. A
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