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Vol 16 Issue 1 EXERCISE DESERT STRIKE: CONCEPT AND OPERATIONS .. INCENTIVE CONTRACTING...COMPUTER SCIENCES RESEARCH NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1964 THE PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE E xer c ise Deser t Strike: C oncept and Oper a t io n s ...................................................................... An Air University Review Staff Report Deser t Warfare: A Photographic Portfolio................................................................................. 19 Incentive Contracting................................................................................................................................31 Col. Jack W. Coleman, USAF Maj. David C. Dellinger, USAF E conomic Aspect s of Mil it a r y Assista nce......................................................................................... 42 Capt. Douglas N. Jones, USAF The Science Frontier Resea r c h in Computer Sciences........................................................................................................ 47 Dr. Hans H. Zsehirnt In My Opinion Are We Missing the Boat in Management Devel o pment ? .........................................67 Maj. Robert L. Able, USAF Air Force Review Postgraduate Officer Training for Pil o t Tr a inees..........................................................74 Capt. Alan J. Grill. USAF Air Force Officer Education........................................................................................................ 84 Col. John P. Lisack, USAF Last of the Texa s Towers.............................................................................................................. 92 Books and Ideas Tunner and the Saga of Air l if t ...................................................................................................95 Col. Raymond L. Towne, USAF (Ret.) The Contributors........................................................................................................................................... 99 v-. Address manuscripts to the Editor, Air Uni- the cover versity Review, Aerospace Studies Institute, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. Printed by the The vastness of the Mojave Desert became a real Government Printing Office, Washington, and sometimes ominous presence to the more D.C. Subscriptions are sold by the Air Uni- than 100,000 ground troops and airmen fore- versity Book Department, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: yearly S4.50, back issues 75 gathered there in May this year to participate cents. USAF recurrinc pu bi. ic a t io .v 50-2. in Exercise Desert Strike. Air University Review presents a word and picture report on this Vol. XVI No. 1 November-D ec ember 1964 largest of all U.S. Strike Command exercises. EXERCISE DESERT STRIKE Concept and Operations An A ir University Review Staff Repo r t ® Cir Uni v er s i t y L i b r a r y . .aswell Air 7orce Base, Ala. PROPERTY U. S. AIR FORCE HE LARGEST United States military United States. As in past joint exercises, tactical training exercise since World War II nuclear weapons training was conducted dur- Twas conducted in May 1964 by the U.S. ing the play of the exercise. Strike Command in adjoining areas of Cali- Appropriately called Desert Strike, the air fornia, Arizona, and Nevada. It was also the maneuver area covered three quarters of a first armored exercise held in the United States million square miles, with aircraft operating since World War II. Two joint task forces with from 28 widely dispersed air bases extending a total of over 100,000 personnel of the U.S. Air from the State of Washington through Texas. Force and Army, over 900 aircraft, and more Incidentally this desert was also the setting for than 500 tanks battled for nearly two weeks on the last training exercises for armored units of a ground maneuver area of some 13 million such mammoth proportions—in 1942—43—when acres in the desert region of southwestern it became known as “General Patton’s Train- ing Center” during extensive ground maneu- •The Editor wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Lieutenant Colonel Edward B. Vogel, USA, Directorate of vers there. The Desert Strike ground maneuver Operations ( J—3). Hq USSTRICOM, who assisted in the prepa- ration of the report. area extended from Barstow, California, just 4 AIR UNIVERSITY REVIEW east of Edwards Air Force Base, eastward 170 operating bases. As a result of this emphasis miles to Kingman, Arizona, and from a point and guidance, the air bases acquired for exer- approximately 40 miles south of Las Vegas, cise play included not only Tactical Air Com- Nevada, southward 160 miles to Blythe, Cali- mand bases but other Air Force bases, Navy fornia. This area, consisting primarily of por- and Marine air bases, and civilian airfields. tions of the Mojave Desert and the irrigated Lieutenant General Charles G. Dodge, lands along the Colorado River, was typical of Commanding General, Fifth U.S. Army, com- desert terrain, with extreme differences in ele- manded Joint Task Force Phoenix. His deputy vation, varying from large Hat expanses of was Air Force Major General Clyde Box, Di- sandy desert floor to jagged, rough mountain rector of Plans, usst r icom. jt f Phoenix de- ranges. fended the mythical country of Nezona, gen- Desert Strike was a semicontrolled exer- erally east of the Colorado River, beginning at cise under the direction of U.S. Strike Com- a point southeast of Salome, Arizona, extending mand that allowed opposing joint task forces, north of Kingman, Arizona, through the south- comprised primarily of armored and mecha- ern tip of Nevada, and back to the Colorado nized forces with full air support but including River. airborne units, a maximum of “free play" ini- Lieutenant General Charles B. Westover, tiative to develop, perfect, and test combat Vice Commander, Tactical Air Command, techniques and tactics. Command control was commanded the opposing Joint Task Force exercised only when necessary to ensure meet- Mojave of the mythical country of Calonia. His ing objectives of the maneuver. “Training in deputy was Army Major General Charles H. modern warfare for our combat-ready Army Chase, Special Assistant to the Commander in and Air Force units requires the use of land Chief, usst r icom. jt f Mojave conducted land areas many times larger than areas of even the operations in the Mojave Desert area west of largest military reservations,” said General Paul the Colorado River, the northern boundary D. Adams, Commander in Chief, usst r icom, running from the river west to Fort Irwin, and Exercise Director. The maneuver area California, southeast to Blythe, California, then was selected primarily because the desert ter- back to the river. rain is suitable for large-scale tank movement M ajor General John C. Meyer, Com- and because of its relatively sparse popula- mander, Twelfth Air Force ( tag), at Waco, tion. The dispersal of Air Force units over dis- Texas, was designated as Chief Controller tances similar to those expected in actual (Um pire). He formed his umpire planning combat, together with the freedom of action group at Luke afb, Arizona, on 24 February. which was given the jt f commanders in This group had the mission to determine ex- their employment of ground and air units, actly how Joint Exercise Desert Strike would ensured a realistic no-set-pattern course of be umpired, the command and control proce- combat maneuvers typical of usst r icom exer- dures to be used in umpiring the exercise, and cises. Emphasis was placed on allowing Air to prepare and publish an umpire handbook. Force commanders the maximum amount of The Director Headquarters and Head- flexibility in selecting bases for their fighter, quarters Neutral Forces were established at reconnaissance, and troop-carrier squadrons. Needles, California. This location permitted The initial planning objective was to obtain both these headquarters to be centrally lo- 1/2 air bases per fighter squadron involved in cated within the ground maneuver area and the exercise, which would allow the Air Force was adjacent to a town with adequate accom- commander the flexibility of moving squadrons modations for the observers expected during from one base to another or dispersing squad- the exercise. rons or parts of a squadron among different All commanders were briefed by General bases. This flexibility also permitted the Air Adams and his staff over a two-day period on Force commander to use close-in air bases, the background and purpose of Exercise Des- near the ground maneuver area, as forward ert Strike, the command and control to be EXERCISE DESERT STRIKE 5 used in the exercise, and all the necessary Headquarters, Twelfth Air Force background material to permit them to form 6 fighter squadrons their staffs and develop their initial plans. 1 composite reconnaissance squadron The General Plan for Desert Strike, pub- 1 troop-carrier squadron (C-130) lished on 25 March, was a directive providing 18 Air Defense Command aircraft necessary information for deploying forces to 10 refueling aircraft (Strategic Air the exercise area and outlining the rules of the Command). exercise and plans for redeployment of forces. This was not a tactical operations plan. It was In addition to the two opposing Joint Task very general in providing commanders and Forces, a third force called the Director Re- supporting forces with a background political/ serve was also established. This Director Re- military situation to set the stage for the exer- serve was to simulate a strategic or a theater cise but included no tactical information. Each reserve that might be moved from
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