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Open Access Och Big Business Hur Open Access Blev En Del Av De Stora Förlagen

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Open Access Och Big Business Hur Open Access Blev En Del Av De Stora Förlagen Open Access och Big Business Hur Open Access blev en del av de stora förlagen Magnus Annemark Examensarbete (30 högskolepoäng) i biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap för masterexamen inom ABM-masterprogrammet vid Lunds universitet. Handledare: Jutta Haider År: 2017 Title Open Access and Big Business: How Open Access Became a Part of Big Publishing Abstract This study explores the Open Access phenomenon from the perspective of the commercial scientific publishing industry. Open Access has been appropriated by commercial publishers, once sceptical opponents of the concept, as a means among others of distributing scholarly publications. The aim of this study is to highlight a possible explanation as to how this has come about by looking at the internal and external communication of two of the main scholarly publishing industry organizations, the STM Association and the PSP division of the AAP. Via a thematic analysis of documents from these organizations, the dissertation aims to explore how the publishers’ communication regarding Open Access has changed over time. Furthermore, the study takes on how these questions are interlinked with notions of power and legitimacy within the system of scholarly communication. The analysis shows two main themes, one that represents a coercive course of restoring legitimacy, where publishers' value-adding is stressed and at the same time warning of dangerous consequences of Open Access. The other theme represents a collaborative course of action that stresses the importance of building alliances and reaching consensus. Results show that there has been a slight change in how the publishing industry answers to public policies that enforce Open Access. One conclusion is that this is due to the changing nature of said policies. Keywords ABM, ALM, library and information studies, Open Access, scholarly communication, publishing, scholarly publishing, commercial publishers, corporations, collaboration, coercion, public policy, serials crisis INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING Inledning ............................................................................................................................. 1 Syfte och frågeställning .................................................................................................. 2 Bakgrund ............................................................................................................................. 3 Open Access ................................................................................................................................. 9 Olika motiv till Open Access ............................................................................................................ 10 Tidigare forskning ......................................................................................................... 13 Teoretiska perspektiv ................................................................................................... 17 Skiftade utvecklingssätt - mot en nyliberal kunskapsekonomi .............................. 17 Stora bolags villkor i den nya ekonomin ........................................................................ 19 Den referentgranskade artikelns betydelse .................................................................. 21 Material och metod ........................................................................................................ 23 Avgränsningar ......................................................................................................................... 23 Val av material ......................................................................................................................... 24 Om intresseorganisationerna ......................................................................................................... 25 Beskrivning av materialet ................................................................................................................ 26 Analysmetod ............................................................................................................................. 27 Forskningsetik och god forskningssed ............................................................................ 29 Analys ................................................................................................................................. 31 Värdeskapande ........................................................................................................................ 31 Lagstiftning och policyfrågor .............................................................................................. 33 NIH Public Access Policy ................................................................................................................... 33 Krav på NIH-liknande policyer ....................................................................................................... 34 Storbritanniens forskningsfinansiärer ....................................................................................... 35 PRISM ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Osäkerhet och peer review .............................................................................................................. 37 Rådande ordning erbjuder oöverträffad tillgång ................................................................... 40 Fri marknad ............................................................................................................................................ 42 Samarbete ................................................................................................................................. 46 Scholarly Publishing Roundtable .................................................................................................. 48 Vändpunkter ............................................................................................................................ 50 Finch Report ........................................................................................................................................... 50 Horizon 2020 ......................................................................................................................................... 52 America COMPETES och OSTP:s promemoria ........................................................................ 52 Rapporter från börsen ....................................................................................................................... 54 Konklusioner ................................................................................................................... 56 Vidare forskning ..................................................................................................................... 58 Litteraturförteckning .................................................................................................... 59 Bilaga .................................................................................................................................. 69 Inledning Under det sena 1900-talet växte nya sätt att sprida information fram med snabb fart, inom vetenskaperna blev nya sätt att kommunicera forskningsresultat en möjlighet i samband med en utökad användning av internet. Alternativ till den traditionella tidskriften som metod för att presentera forskningsresultat utvecklades inom forskningsvärlden. Både olika former av öppna arkiv för tillgängliggörande av en mångfald av publikationstyper (pre-prints, konferensrapporter etc.) och fritt tillgängliga vetenskapliga onlinetidskrifter började dyka upp inom olika vetenskapliga discipliner. Samtidigt med denna utveckling upplevde systemet för vetenskaplig kommunikation en kris: Kostnaderna för de viktiga vetenskapliga tidskrifterna ökade så pass mycket att många bibliotek inte klarade av att upprätthålla prenumerationer på flera viktiga titlar, vilket innebar att de inte kunde fullgöra sitt uppdrag (Tenopir & King 2000, 32). En rörelse för fri tillgänglighet till vetenskaplig litteratur började ur detta ta form och kom i början av 2000-talet att få beteckningen Open Access. Open Access innebär i dess mest grundläggande mening fri digital tillgång till vetenskaplig litteratur. I skottlinjen för denna rörelse var vetenskapliga förlag, i synnerhet de stora kommersiella förlagsbolagen, som äger de vetenskapliga tidskrifterna, och vars fortsatta existens bygger på intäkter från dessa tidskrifter. Rörelsen för fri tillgänglighet gav utrymme för visioner om ett nytt, ideellt kommunikationssystem för vetenskap där forskning, traditionellt betraktat som en allmännyttig företeelse, finns tillgänglig för alla. I realiteten har Open Access haft en relativt liten inverkan på utgivningen av vetenskapliga tidskrifter: Samma stora förlag fortsätter att ge ut tidskrifter som de alltjämt säljer via prenumerationer (Björk 2017). Förvisso har andelen vetenskapliga artiklar som är fritt tillgängliga ökat (ibid.), men det har inte tagit över som den huvudsakliga publiceringsformen, vilket har varit förhoppningen hos Open Access- förespråkare (Hall 2008, 3-10). Konceptet Open Access tycks ändå omfamnas av förlagsindustrin. I stort sett alla stora förlag erbjuder idag möjligheten för forskare att publicera artiklar fritt tillgängligt, genom hybridmodellen som blandar Open Access med prenumerationsmodellen, och via så kallade mega-journals. Förlagsjätten Elsevier beskriver sig själva som världens näst största Open Access-förlag (Elsevier 2017).
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