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Castellano Rioplatense in Australia: the Use of Dialect in the Argentinean Community in Australia

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Castellano Rioplatense in Australia: the Use of Dialect in the Argentinean Community in Australia Revista de Lenguas Modernas, N.° 34, 2021 / 93-114 ISSN electrónico: 2215-5643 ISSN impreso: 1659-1933 DOI: 10.15517/rlm.v0i34.43418 Castellano Rioplatense in Australia: The use of dialect in the Argentinean community in Australia Castellano Rioplatense en Australia: el uso del dialecto en la comunidad argentina en Australia STEPHANIE NATOLO Griffith University Australia [email protected] Abstract This article explores a dimension of dialect language maintenance of Castellano Rioplatense and identity within the Argentinean community in Australia as a distinct cultural and linguistic group within the broader Latin American community. This ex- ploratory, qualitative and quantitative study uses the Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory of Giles and Johnston (1987, 1981) as its theoretical framework, investigating from an interdisciplinary perspective the dialect maintenance of first and second generation Ar- gentineans in Australia. A mixed methods approach collected data from 100 surveys and 52 interviews from residents aged 18 to 75 in the cities of Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. Despite Argentineans as a migrant community being under-researched glob- ally and even more so in Australia, results show the prevalence of informal language acquisition in Argentinean families in preserving and reproducing their dialect, rather than by formal organisations. Keywords: Argentineans in Australia, castellano rioplatense, dialects, heritage language speakers, community language speakers Resumen Este artículo explora una dimensión del mantenimiento del dialecto Castellano Rioplatense y la identidad dentro de la comunidad argentina en Australia como un grupo cultural y lingüísticamente distinto dentro de la comunidad latinoamericana. Recepción: 18-08-20 Aceptación: 06-02-21 94 Revista de Lenguas Modernas, N.° 34, 2021 / 93-114 Este estudio exploratorio, cualitativo y cuantitativo emplea la Teoría de la Identidad Et- nolingüística de Giles y Johnston (1987, 1981) como su marco teórico, investigando desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria el mantenimiento del dialecto de los argentinos de la primera y la segunda generación en Australia. Un enfoque de métodos mixtos recopiló datos de 100 encuestas y 52 entrevistas a los residentes entre 18 hasta y 75 años de las ciudades de Brisbane, Sídney y Melbourne. A pesar de que los argentinos como una diás- pora son poco investigados a nivel mundial y aun más en Australia, los resultados mues- tran la prevalencia de la adquisición del lenguaje informal en las familias argentinas en la preservación y reproducción de su dialecto, en lugar de por organizaciones formales. Palabras clave: argentinos en Australia, castellano rioplatense, dialectos, hablantes de lengua de herencia, hablantes de lenguas comunitarias Introduction From an Australian perspective, little recent scholarly publications fo- n Anglophone communities, cus on community Spanish language migrant parents and children learning and more so, Spanish lan- Irepresent diverse generations, guage maintenance (see for exception languages, cultures, and traditions. Jones Díaz & Walker, 2018; Jones Many migrants remain linguistically, Diaz, 2016; Mejía, 2015). Due to this la- culturally and emotionally tied to their cuna of Australian academic research, country and culture. The current Span- scholars turn to the United States of ish-speaking community in Australia America for scholarship on Spanish is one of the fastest-growing linguistic as a heritage language. Yet, the study and cultural groups in Australia, mak- of dialects has been largely ignored. ing up of individuals from Latin Amer- This is especially relevant as the use ica and Spain. Between 2001 to 2016, of dialects within a heritage language the Spanish-speaking community in- is often employed as an instrument creased to 0.45% (a growth of 31,068 for internal distinction denoting re- individuals) of Australia’s total popu- gions of origin to other members of lation (23.4 million people) (Austra- their community. lian Bureau of Statistics, 2019, 2017). A Spanish speaker’s use of dialect Spanish speakers have lived in Aus- differentiates themselves within a larg- tralia since the 1850s with large-scale er group that is highly heterogeneous migration beginning in the 1950s. The while maintaining their membership 1970s and 1980s saw more than 29,000 in the ‘Latin American’ community. Central and South Americans move to This is particularly central to the Ar- Australia (Jupp, 2001). These expand- gentinean community which is recog- ing numbers continue to escalate to nised by Spanish speakers as being include individuals on work, student, distinct. At a national level, Australia’s and family reunification visas. public Anglophone space categories all Latin Americans and Spaniards as one NATOLO. Castellano Rioplatense in Australia: The use of dialect in the Argentinean... 95 homogenous Latinidad. Given the ex- and maintenance of community lan- istence of numerous Spanish-speaking guages is a major concern, yet schol- communities, Castellano Rioplatense arly interest on the use of regional dia- is a linguistic symbol signalling Argen- lects is still ever so limited. tineans distinction, plurality, and di- versity. Bearing these factors in mind, this case study forms the basis for fu- A Spanish Variant: Castellano ture research into the use of heritage Rioplatense/ Español Rioplatense dialects elsewhere. Español or Castellano among oth- ers is the official language spoken Australia’s population as a microcosm in 21 countries. The Real Academia of ethnolinguistic communities Española acknowledges that Español or Castellano are equally valid terms Language maintenance within eth- when referring to the Spanish lan- nolinguistic communities is essential guage but prefers the term Español in for the preservation of their linguistic its publications 1. An individual’s use and cultural heritage and social vital- of one term over another or used in- ity. Maintaining community languages terchangeably depends on their origin, can be challenging for migrants and background, historical context, and their children, especially when the usage. This paper has chosen to use English language is given linguistic the terms Castellano and Castellano and cultural prestige. Sadly, commu- Rioplatense as it is reflective of the com- nity languages completely shift and munity and the region studied here. adopt English in all domains by the Various regional Latin American third generation (Fishman, 2001). dialects derive from Castellano but This language shift is predictable in vary from Peninsular Spanish in pho- Anglophone societies where English nology, morphology, and vocabulary is the most dominant and prestigious (Erker, 2017). The dialect popularly lingua franca. spoken by Spanish speakers in the Globally, the metrics for Spanish Americas is Castellano, hence, this is ranks it as the second most spoken na- the term commonly used. Castellano tive/mother tongue after Chinese Man- Rioplatense is in no way unique to darin and fourth in the total number of Argentina alone, but it forms part of speakers, including language learners a cultural norm marking the nation’s and those with varying degrees of lan- personality. Recognition must be made guage proficiency (after English, Chi- that Argentina is a prominent voseante nese Mandarin and Hindi) (Eberhard, nation (Benavides, 2003). Simons, & Fennig, 2020). In Australia, Despite its enormous sphere and “this global status holds limited cur- influence, this dialect is predomi- rency” (Jones Díaz & Walker 2018, p. nantly used in and around the Río de 465), as the 2016 census ranks Span- la Plata 2 Basin of Argentina, parts of ish as the ninth top ten non-English Uruguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Costa language spoken at home (ABS, 2017). Rica, and Colombia. Argentina’s large Consequently, the survival, transmission territory results in a lack of dialect 96 Revista de Lenguas Modernas, N.° 34, 2021 / 93-114 uniformity. For example, three main Another marking shibboleth is the regional differences exist despite use, intonation and pronunciation of the city of Buenos Aires exercising a certain consonants – such as ‘y’ and strong influence on how Castellano ‘ll’ – known as yeísmo (Colantoni & Rioplatense is used nationally. Colo- Gurlekian, 2004). Yeísmo is a phonic ma (2013) states that the first (North aspect that exists in many regions of West) is used in the provinces of La Latin America and Spain, and the dif- Rioja, Catamarca, Tucumán, Santiago ference lies in each region’s pronuncia- del Estero, Salta, Jujuy, and the north- tion of the aforementioned palatal pho- ern area of Córdoba. The second area nemes (Lang-Rigal, 2015). Given the (North East) encompasses the provinc- lexicon, morphology, syntax and the es of Corrientes, Chaco, Misiones, and historical origin of yeísmo from Buenos Formosa. The last area encompasses Aires, Argentineans claim Castellano the Western region with provinces such Rioplatense as theirs, with Uruguayan as Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis. Spanish categorised as an extension of Argentina’s Castellano Rioplatense their dialect. Other features include al- features a variety of regional shibbo- ternative conjugated verb forms in the leths. One distinctive shibboleth is that second person singular, in the present it diverges from Castellano through the indicative, imperative and subjunctive voseo based on three syntactic varia- tense (Cameron, 2017). This dialect is tions: the authentic voseo, the mixed used in Argentinean mainstream print, pronominal
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