DOCSLIB.ORG

Behavioral Studies of the Olivocochlear Efferent System Learning to Listen in Noise

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Behavioral Studies of the Olivocochlear Efferent System Learning to Listen in Noise ORIGINAL ARTICLE Behavioral Studies of the Olivocochlear Efferent System Learning to Listen in Noise Bradford J. May, PhD; Jennifer Budelis; John K. Niparko, MD Background: Olivocochlear (OC) neurons make up an Results: As predicted by the hypothesized function of efferent, descending auditory system that returns sound OC feedback systems, the lesioned cats exhibited sig- representations to the inner ear soon after they have en- nificantly elevated thresholds only when tested in back- tered the brain. Efferent inputs into the cochlea modu- ground noise. This initially poor performance returned late outer hair cell activity to improve the neural encod- to normal values after long-term exposure to the testing ing of auditory signals in background noise. Based on this procedure. physiological evidence, loss of efferent feedback is ex- pected to degrade perception in noise. Attempts to con- firm this prediction with long-term audiological assess- Conclusions: The results of our animal studies support ments have met with mixed results. the OC enhancement of sound localization behavior in background noise. Also, our behavioral observations Objective: To isolate procedural factors that may di- suggest the acquisition of alternate listening strategies minish the demonstration of long-term OC deficits in lis- that allowed lesioned cats to minimize the functional tening tasks. consequences of their auditory deficits by attending more closely to remaining directional cues. These Design: Operant conditioning procedures were used to learned compensatory behaviors were encouraged by train domestic cats to signal a change in the location of our present experimental design, which incorporated an auditory stimulus by responding on a lever. The small- long-term training under consistent stimulus condi- est detectable change in location was measured by ma- tions. These findings point out the potential limitations nipulating the distance between speakers under quiet con- of the highly routine audiological procedures that have ditions and in the presence of background noise. been used to assess the impact of OC feedback on Functional consequences of efferent feedback were evalu- human hearing. ated by comparing the sound localization thresholds of OC-lesioned cats with normal controls. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:660-664 HE PERIPHERAL AUDITORY system, which links the superior olivary system distributes the complex to the cochlea.1 These efferent physical dimensions of an projections constitute a reflex arc that has acoustic stimulus across the capacity to modify the neural repre- large populations of neu- sentations of sound at the earliest stages Trons. The extraction of elemental percep- of auditory processing (Figure 1A). Al- tual attributes, such as loudness, pitch, and though 2 separate OC systems are im- location, from this highly encoded repre- plied by anatomical differences between sentation demands intensive neural com- efferent neurons in the medial and lateral putations that involve no less than 9 sub- brainstem,2 current physiological descrip- cortical nuclei. Information does not tions are limited to medial OC (MOC) neu- simply ascend the processing levels of the rons.3,4 The present study investigated the central auditory system. Within each behavioral consequences of MOC influ- nucleus, ascending representations are ences that are inferred from these physi- From the Department of transformed by descending influences from ological results. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns higher-order neurons to emphasize the Olivocochlear projections termi- Hopkins University, Baltimore, specific parameters that characterize a nate within the cochlear nucleus and in- Md. The authors have no sound. ner ear (Figure 1B). The MOC fibers in- relevant financial interest in The most widely studied efferent au- fluence cochlear sensitivity and frequency this article. ditory pathway is the olivocochlear (OC) tuning by altering the sound-driven elec- (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 130, MAY 2004 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM 660 ©2004 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/25/2021 tromotile responses of outer hair cells.5 This mecha- nism for automatic gain control may protect the ear from A damaging sounds and also enhance hearing in back- Brain 6-8 ground noise. Because outer hair cells play a pivotal Ear role in MOC feedback, common forms of sensorineural hearing loss compromise not only ascending auditory rep- Olivary Complex resentations but also the principal effectors of the de- scending OC system. It is possible to manipulate OC neurons indepen- Cochlea dently of the ascending auditory pathways because ef- ferent axons follow a separate course through the brain- B Cochlea stem and into the cochlea. In most animal studies, the OC fibers are exposed along the floor of the fourth ven- tricle (Figure 2A), where the neurons may be acti- vated by electrical stimulation or silenced by surgical le- 9,10 Afferent sions. These interventions most effectively address the Axons extensively crossed pathway of the MOC system. Outer On exiting the lateral brainstem, OC axons enter the Hair Cells 11 Inner cochlea via the inferior branch of the vestibular nerve. Efferent Hair Cells This anatomical detail has important clinical implica- Axons tions. When the vestibular nerve is sectioned to allevi- Figure 1. The reflex arc of medial olivocochlear neurons. A, The auditory ate intractable balance disorders, patients maintain af- brainstem of the cat in frontal section. Sound representations from the ear ferent function but lose all efferent feedback to the affected ascend to the olivary complex via the ventral afferent pathway and project ear (Figure 2B). back to the ear via the dorsal efferent pathway. B, Cross-sectional view of the inner ear. The major ascending afferent pathway arises from inner hair cells. Previous clinical studies have attempted to associ- Descending medial olivocochlear projections terminate on outer hair cells. 12-14 ate OC lesions with a unique pattern of hearing loss. Adapted from Hearing Research (Liberman MC. Effects of chronic cochlear These audiological assessments have investigated tone de-differentiation on auditory-nerve response. Hear Res. 1990;49:209-224) detection, intensity and frequency discrimination, ©1990, with permission from Elsevier. loudness adaptation, frequency selectivity, and spatial lateralization. Although an emphasis has been placed on stimulus conditions that maximize OC influences A in physiological preparations,14 demonstrations of auditory deficits in patient populations have been SC equivocal. IC Electrical Stimulation CBL Brainstem Lesions Based on clinical outcomes, it was hypothesized that Fourth conventional audiological procedures may fail to assess Ventricle OC function. To test this hypothesis, an animal behav- Lesion Crossed Site ior study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bilat- CN eral OC lesions on the sound localization behaviors of Uncrossed AN domestic cats. As predicted by previous behavioral and VN LSO physiological results, lesioned cats showed poor perfor- MSO mance when directional acuity was measured in the pres- ence of continuous background noise. Initially robust per- Vestibular Nerve Section ceptual deficits diminished after repeated testing under B constant stimulus conditions. These findings suggest that Figure 2. Functional manipulations of the olivocochlear pathways. A, Most low-uncertainty audiological procedures may obscure the laboratory studies involve electrical stimulation or surgical lesions along the functional significance of efferent feedback by promot- floor of the fourth ventricle. Brainstem lesions are most effective if they are ing compensatory listening strategies. made bilaterally. B, Vestibular nerve (VN) sections eliminate olivocochlear projections in route to the ear. AN, auditory nerve; CBL, cerebellum; CN, cochlear nucleus; IC, inferior colliculus; LSO, lateral superior olive; MSO, METHODS medial superior olive; SC, superior colliculus. Adapted from Hearing Research (Liberman MC. Effects of chronic cochlear de-differentiation on All surgical and behavioral procedures were approved by the auditory-nerve response. Hear Res. 1990;49:209-224) ©1990, with permission from Elsevier. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Johns Hop- kins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. Detailed descriptions of training methods for sound localization testing in cats are tained clean ears, good general health, and normal adult weights provided in previous publications.15,16 for the course of experiments. Experiments were performed on 6 adult male cats. The cats Experimental trials were designed to test the subject’s were individually caged and fed a restricted diet of dry chow. ability to detect changes in the elevation of a sound source in The feeding regimen was supplemented by liquefied meat paste quiet and in background noise. The cats were trained to that served as rewards for correct responses during behavioral release a response lever when auditory stimuli shifted from a testing sessions. Cats showed a strong appetite for meat paste reference speaker directly in front of the subject (0° elevation) and only moderate food deprivation was needed to motivate to a randomly selected comparison speaker at a higher eleva- subjects to work continuously for hourly sessions. Each cat main- tion in the median plane. After correct releases, a peristaltic (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Projections from the Trigeminal Nuclear Complex to the Cochlear Nuclei: a Retrograde and Anterograde Tracing Study in the Guinea Pig
    Journal of Neuroscience Research 78:901–907 (2004) Projections From the Trigeminal Nuclear Complex to the Cochlear Nuclei: a Retrograde and Anterograde Tracing Study in the Guinea Pig Jianxun Zhou and Susan Shore* Department of Otolaryngology and Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan In addition to input from auditory centers, the cochlear cuneate nucleus innervation of cochlear nucleus has been nucleus (CN) receives inputs from nonauditory centers, hypothesized to convey information about head and pinna including the trigeminal sensory complex. The detailed position for the purpose of localizing a sound source in anatomy, however, and the functional implications of the space (Young et al., 1995). In addition, interactions be- nonauditory innervation of the auditory system are not tween somatosensory and auditory systems have been fully understood. We demonstrated previously that the linked increasingly to phantom sound perception, also trigeminal ganglion projects to CN, with terminal labeling known as tinnitus. This is demonstrated in the observa- most dense in the marginal cell area and secondarily in tions that injuries of the head and neck region can lead to the magnocellular area of the ventral cochlear nucleus the onset of tinnitus in patients with no hearing loss (VCN). We continue this line of study by investigating the (Lockwood et al., 1998). projection from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to CN in We demonstrated previously projections from the guinea pig. After injections of the retrograde tracers Flu- trigeminal ganglion to CN in guinea pigs (Shore et al., oroGold or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in VCN, 2000). Terminal labeling of trigeminal ganglion projec- labeled cells were found in the spinal trigeminal nuclei, tions to the CN was found to be most dense in the most densely in the pars interpolaris and pars caudalis marginal cell area and secondarily in the magnocellular with ipsilateral dominance.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Projections from Cochlear Nuclear Complex to Auditory Thalamus in the Rat
    The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2002, 22(24):10891–10897 Direct Projections from Cochlear Nuclear Complex to Auditory Thalamus in the Rat Manuel S. Malmierca,1 Miguel A. Mercha´n,1 Craig K. Henkel,2 and Douglas L. Oliver3 1Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leo´ n and Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, 2Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, and 3University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Neuroscience, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401 It is known that the dorsal cochlear nucleus and medial genic- inferior colliculus and are widely distributed within the medial ulate body in the auditory system receive significant inputs from division of the medial geniculate, suggesting that the projection somatosensory and visual–motor sources, but the purpose of is not topographic. As a nonlemniscal auditory pathway that such inputs is not totally understood. Moreover, a direct con- parallels the conventional auditory lemniscal pathway, its func- nection of these structures has not been demonstrated, be- tions may be distinct from the perception of sound. Because cause it is generally accepted that the inferior colliculus is an this pathway links the parts of the auditory system with prom- obligatory relay for all ascending input. In the present study, we inent nonauditory, multimodal inputs, it may form a neural have used auditory neurophysiology, double labeling with an- network through which nonauditory sensory and visual–motor terograde tracers, and retrograde tracers to investigate the systems may modulate auditory information processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • to Learn the Functional
    Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems • To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize the site of a lesion • To begin to learn the vestibular pathways, as a prelude to studying motor pathways controlling balance in a later lab. Ch 7 Key Figs: 7-1; 7-2; 7-4; 7-5 Clinical Case #2 Hearing loss and dizziness; CC4-1 Self evaluation • Be able to identify all structures listed in key terms and describe briefly their principal functions • Use neuroanatomy on the web to test your understanding ************************************************************************************** List of media F-5 Vestibular efferent connections The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. The central processes of the bipolar cells constitute the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial) nerve. Most of these primary vestibular afferents enter the ipsilateral brain stem inferior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle to terminate in the vestibular nuclear complex, which is located in the medulla and caudal pons. The vestibular nuclear complex (NTA Figs, 7-2, 7-3), which lies in the floor of the fourth ventricle, contains four nuclei: 1) the superior vestibular nucleus; 2) the inferior vestibular nucleus; 3) the lateral vestibular nucleus; and 4) the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular nuclei give rise to secondary fibers that project to the cerebellum, certain motor cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, all spinal levels, and the thalamus.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Map Inputs in Vestibular Nuclei of the Gerbil
    THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 386:317–327 (1997) Use of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Map Inputs in Vestibular Nuclei of the Gerbil GOLDA ANNE KEVETTER* AND ROBERT B. LEONARD Departments of Otolaryngology, Anatomy and Neurosciences, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 ABSTRACT We wished to determine whether calbindin and/or calretinin are appropriate markers for vestibular afferents, a population of neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex, or cerebellar Purkinje inputs. To accomplish this goal, immunocytochemical staining was observed in gerbils after lesions of the vestibular nerve central to the ganglion, the cerebellum, or both. Eleven to fourteen days after recovery, the brain was processed for immunocytochemical identification of calretinin and calbindin. After lesion of the vestibular nerve, no calretinin staining was seen in any of the vestibular nuclei except for a population of intrinsic neurons, which showed no obvious change in number or staining pattern. Calbindin staining was reduced in all nuclei except the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nuclei. The density of staining of each marker, measured in the magnocellular medial vestibular nucleus, was signifi- cantly reduced. After the cerebellar lesion, no differences in calretinin staining were noted. However, calbindin staining was greatly reduced in all nuclei. The density of staining, measured in the caudal medial vestibular nucleus, was significantly lower. After a combined lesion of the cerebellum and vestibular nerve, the distribution and density of calretinin staining resembled that after vestibular nerve section alone, whereas calbindin staining was no longer seen. This study demonstrates that calretinin and calbindin are effective markers for the identification of vestibular afferents.
    [Show full text]
  • Auditory Nerve.Pdf
    1 Sound waves from the auditory environment all combine in the ear canal to form a complex waveform. This waveform is deconstructed by the cochlea with respect to time, loudness, and frequency and neural signals representing these features are carried into the brain by the auditory nerve. It is thought that features of the sounds are processed centrally along parallel and hierarchical pathways where eventually percepts of the sounds are organized. 2 In mammals, the neural representation of acoustic information enters the brain by way of the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve terminates in the cochlear nucleus, and the cochlear nucleus in turn gives rise to multiple output projections that form separate but parallel limbs of the ascending auditory pathways. How the brain normally processes acoustic information will be heavily dependent upon the organization of auditory nerve input to the cochlear nucleus and on the nature of the different neural circuits that are established at this early stage. 3 This histology slide of a cat cochlea (right) illustrates the sensory receptors, the auditory nerve, and its target the cochlear nucleus. The orientation of the cut is illustrated by the pink line in the drawing of the cat head (left). We learned about the relationship between these structures by inserting a dye-filled micropipette into the auditory nerve and making small injections of the dye. After histological processing, stained single fibers were reconstruct back to their origin, and traced centrally to determine how they terminated in the brain. We will review the components of the nerve with respect to composition, innervation of the receptors, cell body morphology, myelination, and central terminations.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustically Responsive Fibers in the Vestibular Nerve of the Cat
    The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1994, 74(10): 6056-6070 Acoustically Responsive Fibers in the Vestibular Nerve of the Cat Michael P. McCue1v2*a and John J. Guinan, Jr.r.2.3-4 ‘Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, 2Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology and Research Laboratory of Electronics, and 3Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and 4Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Recordings were made from single afferent fibers in the and levels within the normal range of human hearing. We inferior vestibular nerve, which innervates the saccule and suggest a number of auditory roles that these fibers may posterior semicircular canal. A substantial portion of the fi- play in the everyday life of mammals. bers with irregular background activity increased their firing [Key words: saccule, otoliths, auditory system, mamma- in response to moderately intense clicks and tones. lian sound reception, middle-ear muscles, cochlear nucleus] In responsive fibers, acoustic clicks evoked action poten- tials with minimum latencies of I 1 .O msec. Fibers fell into The vertebrate inner ear contains several senseorgans involved two classes, with the shortest latency either to condensation in the maintenance of equilibrium and the detection of vibra- clicks (PUSH fibers) or to rarefaction clicks (PULL fibers). tion. The precise sensory role assumedby homologous organs Low-frequency (800 Hz) tone bursts at moderately high sound varies among species.For example, the sacculeis thought to act levels (>80 dB SPL) caused synchronization of spikes to asa linear accelerometerin mammals(Fernindez and Goldberg, preferred phases of the tone cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing in the Cochlear Nucleus
    Processing in The Cochlear Nucleus Alan R. Palmer Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK The Auditory Nervous System Cortex Cortex MGB Medial Geniculate Body Excitatory GABAergic IC Inferior Colliculus Glycinergic DNLL Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus Lateral Lemniscus Cochlear Nucleus DCN PVCN MSO Lateral Superior Olive AVCN Medial Superior Olive Cochlea MNTB Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body Superior Olive The cochlear nucleus is the site of termination of fibres of the auditory nerve Cochlear Nucleus Auditory Nerve Cochlea 1 Frequency Tonotopicity Basilar membrane Inner hair cell Auditory nerve Fibre To the brain Each auditory-nerve fibre responds only to a narrow range of frequencies Tuning curve Action potential Evans 1975 2 Palmer and Evans 1975 There are many overlapping single-fibre tuning curves in the auditory nerve Audiogram Palmer and Evans 1975 Tonotopic Organisation Lorente - 1933 3 Tonotopic Organisation Base Anterior Cochlea Characteristic Basilar Membrane Frequency Hair Cells Auditory Nerve Apex Cochlear Nucleus Spiral Ganglion Posterior Tonotopic projection of auditory-nerve fibers into the cochlear nucleus Ryugo and Parks, 2003 The cochlear nucleus: the first auditory nucleus in the CNS Best frequency Position along electrode track (mm) Evans 1975 4 stellate (DCN) Inhibitory Synapse Excitatory Synapse DAS to inferior colliculus cartwheel fusiform SUPERIOR OLIVARY giant COMPLEX INFERIOR COLLICULUS granule vertical vertical OCB AANN to CN & IC via TB golgi DORSAL
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Figure 1. Egr2 and Hoxb1 Are Expressed in and Delete
    Supplemental Figure 1. Egr2Cre and Hoxb1Cre are expressed in and delete Atoh1flox from different regions of the developing neural tube. (A, A’) E9.5 Egr2Cre; ROSAR26R embryo wholemount stained with Xgal. Cre expression drives β-galactosidase expression only in rhombomeres 3 and 5. White and black dotted lines here and in panels E and E’ denote the anterior and posterior boundaries of rhombomere 4, respectively. (B, C) Coronal sections from a P30 Egr2Cre; ROSAR26R animal showing β-galactosidase expression in the CN. Large cells and granule cells are labeled in the AVCN and DCN, but to a much lesser extent in the PVCN. (D) Xgal staining in coronal sections of the AAN of the same animal. High levels of expression are seen throughout the AAN, demonstrating that these nuclei arise predominantly from rhombomeres 3 and 5. (E, E’) E9.5 Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R embryo wholemount stained with Xgal. Cre expression drives β-galactosidase expression posterior to the anterior boundary of rhombomere 4. (F, G) Coronal sections from a P30 Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R animal showing heavy expression of β-galactosidase in the PVCN and DCN with much lower levels of expression in the AVCN. (H) Xgal staining in coronal sections of the AAN of the same Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R animal. High levels of expression are seen throughout the AAN with the exception of the MNTB, where only some of the neurons are labeled. (I-N) Atoh1 in situ hybridization in coronal hindbrain sections from E15.5 wildtype (I, L), Egr2Cre; Atoh1CKO (J, M) and Hoxb1; Atoh1CKO (K, N) embryos. Red arrows show the absence of Atoh1 mRNA in the neuroepithelium that contributes neurons to the developing AES, AVCN, cRL, and DCN, while expression of the gene is maintained in other regions where Cre is not expressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiology of the Cochlear Nucleus
    Physiology of the cochlear nucleus Spherical vs globular bushy cells Circuitry in dorsal cochlear nucleus Differentiating cell types in the cochlear nucleus • By anatomical shape • Using soma shape with Nissl stains: Osen (spherical, globular, multipolar, pyramidal, giant, granule) • Using dendritic structure in Golgi stains: Bushy, stellate, octopus, cartwheel • Using their axonal projection patterns • Imaginative names help (unipolar brush cells, chestnut cells, etc.) • By physiological response type (PST shape) • PSTH shape: Primary-like, PL with notch, chopper, pauser, build-up, onset • Response area characteristics (type I, II, III, IV) Brad May, JHU Correlating anatomy with physiology (form & function) has been a persistent theme of CN research Notch PLn Brad May, JHU Variety of PSTs seen in the CN Adams, 1976 Joseph C. Adams M.I.T. Brain slices of CN show bushy and stellate cells have different membrane properties Wu and Oertel, 1984 Intracellular recording and staining is definitive, but… Combined intracellular recording (to get PSTs) with staining allows structure/function relations to be studied. However, neither the cell type nor the PST type are absolute indicators. To IC (bilateral) • All principal cells receive ANF input • Note that with the exception of the bushy cells, all other cell types receive additional inputs that would DCN be expected to make them To SOC more selective than ANFs • On the other hand there are synapses on the ‘bush’ of the BC but little is known about them so they are ignored. • How would you determine
    [Show full text]
  • Trigeminal Ganglion Innervates the Auditory Brainstem
    THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 419:271–285 (2000) Trigeminal Ganglion Innervates the Auditory Brainstem SUSAN E. SHORE,1,2* ZOLTAN VASS,3 NOEL L. WYS,1 AND RICHARD A. ALTSCHULER1 1Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0506 2Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43699 3Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary ABSTRACT A neural connection between the trigeminal ganglion and the auditory brainstem was investigated by using retrograde and anterograde tract tracing methods: iontophoretic injec- tions of biocytin or biotinylated dextran-amine (BDA) were made into the guinea pig trigem- inal ganglion, and anterograde labeling was examined in the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. Terminal labeling after biocytin and BDA injections into the ganglion was found to be most dense in the marginal cell area and secondarily in the magnocellular area of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Anterograde and retrograde labeling was also seen in the shell regions of the lateral superior olivary complex and in periolivary regions. The labeling was seen in the neuropil, on neuronal somata, and in regions surrounding blood vessels. Retrograde labeling was investigated using either wheatgerm agglutinin- horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), BDA, or a fluorescent tracer, iontophoretically injected into the VCN. Cells filled by retrograde labeling were found in the ophthalmic and mandib- ular divisions of the trigeminal ganglion. We have previously shown that these divisions project to the cochlea and middle ear, respectively. This study provides the first evidence that the trigeminal ganglion innervates the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Differentiation of the Bulbar Motor Nuclei and the Coincident Develop- Ment of Associated Root Fibers in the Rsbbit
    DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BULBAR MOTOR NUCLEI AND THE COINCIDENT DEVELOP- MENT OF ASSOCIATED ROOT FIBERS IN THE RSBBIT DONALD L. KIMMEL Department of Anatomy, University of Michigan,’ Aim Arbor THIRTY-ONE FIGURES CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................ 83 Material and methods ................................................ 84 General survey of the literature ....................................... 85 Description of material studied ........................................ 86 Somatic efferent component. Its central and peripheral development .... 86 The hypoglossal ............................................. 86 The abdueens ............................................... 96 Visceral efferent component. Its central and peripheral development .... 103 The vago-accessory ........................................... 103 The glossopharyngeal ........................................ 124 The facial .................................................. 129 The trigemiiial .............................................. 137 Geiicrxldisrussion .................................................... 143 INTRODUCTION This present study concerns itself primarily with the onto- genetic development of the nuclear centers of bulbar cranial nerves in the rabbit and with the embryonic and adult distri- butions of their branches. Its purpose is to show that the central development proceeds stage for stage with the pro- A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy
    [Show full text]
  • Cranial Nerves
    CRANIAL NERVES The cranial nerves are a group of 12 paired nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) integral to the reception of sensory information and transmission of muscle commands. IMPORTANT TERMS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The nerves and ganglia outside the CNS that connect it to tissues throughout body regions SENSORY (AFFERENT) MOTOR (EFFERENT) Carry impulses from Carry impulses from the sensory organs to the CNS CNS to innervate muscles VISCERAL/AUTONOMIC SOMATIC VISCERAL/AUTONOMIC SOMATIC Receives signals from Receives signals from the Controls involuntary actions Controls voluntary actions internal organs skeletal muscles and skin of organs and glands of skeletal muscles PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC Involved in “rest and Involved in “fight or flight” digest” activities responses 2 OLFACTORY NERVE The olfactory nerve (CN I) originates in the nasal cavity and passes through each side of the nose, terminating in masses of gray matter called the olfactory bulbs. SENSORY Transmits siganals for smell FUN FACT! Problems with the sense of smell increase as people get older, and they are more common in men than women. olfactory bulb olfactory nerve 3 OPTIC NERVE The optic nerve (CN II) originates in the retina of each eye and terminates in the thalamus. From there, signals are transmitted to the visual cortex. SENSORY Receives signals for vision from each retina optic nerve 4 OCULOMOTOR NERVE The Oculomotor nerve (CN III) extends from the midbrain and divides into the superior and inferior branches to control the muscles of the eye. MOTOR Innervates the extrinsic and intrinsic eyeball muscles, in addition to the upper eyelid muscle PARASYMPATHETIC Constricts the pupil to reduce the amount of light that enters, and contracts the ciliary muscles to adapt for short range vision oculomotor nerve 5 TROCHLEAR NERVE The trochlear nerve (CN IV) originates in the midbrain and travels via the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid to enter each orbit.
    [Show full text]