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Biological Control of Weeds in Malaysian Plantations

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Biological Control of Weeds in Malaysian Plantations 248 Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress, Melbourne 1992 Biological control of weeds in Malaysian plantations Peter A. C. Ooi Introduction Weed control in Malaysian plantations is International Institute of Biological Control, dominated by the use of herbicides at the Malaysian Station, P.O. Box 11872, 50760 Kuala seedling to young plant growth stage of the Lumpur, Malaysia crop. Chee (2) reported that chemical control could cost up to 24.3% of the cost to replant Summary rubber. However, in mature rubber, weed Weed control in Malaysian plantations has control costs are lower as herbicides are used for a long time depended on herbicides. This mainly to reduce interference with farm reflects the interest of weed scientists in operations (15). The preoccupation with Malaysia. For the period 1975 - 1984, 70% of chemical control in Malaysia is reflected in the the publications were on chemical control of number of publications on this topic. For weeds. However, in recent years increasing example, Teoh and Ooi (20) found that for the problems have arisen from dependence on period 1975 -1984, 70% of the publications on chemical control, for example, health effects weeds were on chemical control. However, in to operators, herbicide resistance, toxicity to recent years, there has been greater interest in non - target crops and changes in weed flora. biological control of weeds. This has been These have resulted in a greater interest in given impetus following publicity about the biological control of weeds in plantations adverse health and environmental effects of and other crops. herbicides by the local press. Problems Eighteen important weeds háve been associated with crop phytotoxicity when identified in plantation crops, of which 44% applied to immature plants and drift onto are exotic. Tropical weeds from the new non - target crops and questions about safety to world are amenable to classical biological operators have also been highlighted (Chung, control. However, studies of the ecology of personal communication 1991; 8). Herbicide native weeds are necessary to identify safe resistance and changes in the flora appear as biological control agents to help in the increasing problems in plantations which development of a sustainable weed manage- regularly use herbicides (2). ment with reduced dependence on chemical As a result, several biological control of control. A possible outcome of ecological weeds projects have been initiated in Malay- studies is the development of suitable fungi sia. This paper attempts to review the status of to augment existing biological control the projects in Malaysian plantation crops. The agents. trend reported may be similar to that reported Classical biological control is reported in neighbouring countries with similar crops. for three major plantation weeds, namely, Chromolaena odorata, Cordia curassavica Major weeds of plantation crops and Mikania micrantha. Of these, successful Weeds in Malaysian plantations are character- suppression of C. curassavica has been ized by a mixture of grasses, broadleaves and observed. For C. odorata, localized defolia- ferns. A recent review by Rosli Mohamad (15) tion was occasionally observed in Sabah. listed 18 important weed species (Table 1). Of Difficulties associated with the establish- these, six were grasses, eight broadleaves and ment of the biological control agents of M. four ferns. Forty -four percent were exotics. micrantha are discussed. The weed Cordia curassavica Indigenous enemies of native weeds, (Boraginaceae) is probably not listed in Table particularly for Melastoma malabatrichum 1 because its status has changed following. a and Dicranopteris linearis, are also re- successful biological control program (16,21). viewed. Proceedings, of the First International Weed Control Congress, Melbourne 1992 249 Prior tó the. programit was a very important was initiated (19). This led to the, introduction weed in cóconutplantations, particularly in of Liothrips mikaniae (Priesner) Selangor and Johor. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from Trini- Weeds in plantations are economically dad. This project continues, despite initial important in the establishment stage. For problems with rearing the insect: This was example, Mikania micrantha is known to solved, but the insect is proving difficult to depress early rubber tree growth (23), probably establish in the field because of the presence as a result of an allelopathic compound of many general predators (9). Indeed, in the produced by the weed (24). laboratory, predatory thrips,.ants and spiders occasionally reduce the breeding populations. Biological control attempts Despite the interest in exotic biological The prospects for classical biological control control agents to control weeds, there have of exotic weeds in Malaysia was discussed by been comparatively fewer studies about Ung and Ooi (22). They pointed out that the natural enemies of native weeds. This can be pest status of the major exotic weeds was due seen in Table 3 compiled from the list pre- to the lack of effective biological control pared by Ahmad and Ho (1). Impressive agents. It was suggested that proven agents be defoliation of Mélastoma malabathricum by. introduced. This strategy worked following the Altica cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) program to control C. curassavica with two was observed by Karnal and Aziz (5) and d Ooi agents, Metrogaleruca obscura DeGeer (12). This conspicuous weed has other natural (Coleoptera: Galerucidae) and Eurytoma attiva enemies, as two species of moths were intro- Burks (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). They duced into Hawaii from Malaysia (4). There is proved most effective in reducing large a need to carefully study the natural enemies populations of the weed throughout the of M. malabathricum to understand why this Malaysian peninsular (10,16,21). weed is still a nuisance in its native range. A Some of the weeds targeted for biological possible outcome is the discovery of fungal control.by Ung and Ooi (22) are listed in Table pathogens. 1. An example is Chromolaena odorata, a Recently it was reported that the fern plant present both in plantations and vacant Dicranopteris linearis was severely defoliated land. Both Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego. by Schlenklingia ssp. (Coleoptera: Barros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Apion Chrysomelidae) (7), but little is known about brunneonigrum Beguin - Billecoq (Coleoptera: the biology of this, insect. Apionidae) were introduced into Sabah Based on our experiences, strategies for the between 1970 -73 (18). Only the former biological control of weeds in plantations are established, but did not provide control (14). suggested. It is hoped that they will prove Also, Acalitus ádoratus fortuitously arrived in valuable to those projects in a similar Malaysia and neighbouring countries, but has environment. not caused much damage to the weed (see Table 2). Strategies for biological control of Biological control of Lantana camará has plantation weeds been the subject of many projects (Table 2), The successful biological control of C. but still remains a challenge. However, some curassavica was an important milestone for of the agents released in one country have Malaysia, for it showed that it was possible, travelled to others in the region. Two such economically viable, sustainable and safe. This agents are Calycomyza lantanae Frick and stimulated support for more projects by the Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt) (Diptera: National Biological Control Coordinating. Agromyzidae) (11). Damage by the former Committee currently based at the Malaysian . causes severe localized defoliation, but Agricultural Research and Development insufficient to control the weed effectively. Institute (MARDI): Currently, there are four The role of pathogens should receive more projects on weeds. Therefore, it is necessary to attention now. begin with a proven biological control agent to Following the success of the control of C. convince 'negative' administrators of the value curassavica and encouraging results from of biological control of weeds. Cock (3), a program to control M. micrantha 250 Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress, Melbourne 1992 Following the successful C. curassavica predators in West Malaysia (1920 - 1978). project, it was possible to embark on a new Bulletin No. 153, Ministry of Agriculture, program using an untested agent for M. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . micrantha. This augurs well for a country 2. Chee, Y.K. (1990). Recent weed manage- where 75% of the total pesticides used are ment development in rubber. In 'Proceed- herbicides (15). ings of the symposium on weed manage- An important consequence of running new ment', eds B. A. Auld, et al., pp. 189 -197, biological control projects, such as for M... Biotrop Special Publication, No. 38, Bogor, micrantha, is that expectations are high. As the Indonesia biological control agent L. mikaniae had not 3. Cock, M.J.W. (1982). Potential biological been introduced elsewhere, it was difficult to control agents for Mikania micraantha HBK predict its success. Initially, the thrips were not from the neotropical region. Tropical Pest easy to rear under laboratory conditions. Management 28 (3), 242 -54 General predators provided problems in field 4. Julien, M.H. (1987). `Biological control of establishment. As studies of rice pests showed weeds. A catalogue of agents and their that general predators are important in keeping target weeds', 2nd ed CAB International homopteran pests in check
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