Lecture 6. the Birth of the Computer Industry
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"Computers" Abacus—The First Calculator
Component 4: Introduction to Information and Computer Science Unit 1: Basic Computing Concepts, Including History Lecture 4 BMI540/640 Week 1 This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. The First "Computers" • The word "computer" was first recorded in 1613 • Referred to a person who performed calculations • Evidence of counting is traced to at least 35,000 BC Ishango Bone Tally Stick: Science Museum of Brussels Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 2 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Abacus—The First Calculator • Invented by Babylonians in 2400 BC — many subsequent versions • Used for counting before there were written numbers • Still used today The Chinese Lee Abacus http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/ Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 3 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 1 Slide Rules John Napier William Oughtred • By the Middle Ages, number systems were developed • John Napier discovered/developed logarithms at the turn of the 17 th century • William Oughtred used logarithms to invent the slide rude in 1621 in England • Used for multiplication, division, logarithms, roots, trigonometric functions • Used until early 70s when electronic calculators became available Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 4 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Mechanical Computers • Use mechanical parts to automate calculations • Limited operations • First one was the ancient Antikythera computer from 150 BC Used gears to calculate position of sun and moon Fragment of Antikythera mechanism Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 5 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, Italy Leonardo da Vinci • Two notebooks discovered in 1967 showed drawings for a mechanical calculator • A replica was built soon after Leonardo da Vinci's notes and the replica The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine . -
Validated Products List, 1995 No. 3: Programming Languages, Database
NISTIR 5693 (Supersedes NISTIR 5629) VALIDATED PRODUCTS LIST Volume 1 1995 No. 3 Programming Languages Database Language SQL Graphics POSIX Computer Security Judy B. Kailey Product Data - IGES Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 July 1995 QC 100 NIST .056 NO. 5693 1995 NISTIR 5693 (Supersedes NISTIR 5629) VALIDATED PRODUCTS LIST Volume 1 1995 No. 3 Programming Languages Database Language SQL Graphics POSIX Computer Security Judy B. Kailey Product Data - IGES Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 July 1995 (Supersedes April 1995 issue) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown, Secretary TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY Arati Prabhakar, Director FOREWORD The Validated Products List (VPL) identifies information technology products that have been tested for conformance to Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) in accordance with Computer Systems Laboratory (CSL) conformance testing procedures, and have a current validation certificate or registered test report. The VPL also contains information about the organizations, test methods and procedures that support the validation programs for the FIPS identified in this document. The VPL includes computer language processors for programming languages COBOL, Fortran, Ada, Pascal, C, M[UMPS], and database language SQL; computer graphic implementations for GKS, COM, PHIGS, and Raster Graphics; operating system implementations for POSIX; Open Systems Interconnection implementations; and computer security implementations for DES, MAC and Key Management. -
UNIVAC I Computer System
Saved from the Internet on 3/9/2010 Created by Allan Reiter UNIVAC I Computer System After you look at this yellow page go to the blue page to find out how UNIVAC I really worked. My name is Allan Reiter and in 1954 began my career with a company in St Paul, Minnesota called Engineering Research Associates (ERA) that was part of the Remington Rand Corporation. I was hired with 3 friends, Paul S. Lawson, Vernon Sandoz, and Robert Kress. We were buddies who met in the USAF where we were trained and worked on airborne radar on B-50 airplanes. In a way this was the start of our computer career because the radar was controlled by an analog computer known as the Q- 24. After discharge from the USAF Paul from Indiana and Vernon from Texas drove up to Minnesota to visit me. They said they were looking for jobs. We picked up a newspaper and noticed an ad that sounded interesting and decided to check it out. The ad said they wanted people with military experience in electronics. All three of us were hired at 1902 West Minnehaha in St. Paul. We then looked up Robert Kress (from Iowa) and he was hired a few days later. The four of us then left for Philadelphia with three cars and one wife. Robert took his wife Brenda along. This was where the UNIVAC I was being built. Parts of the production facilities were on an upper floor of a Pep Boys building. Another building on Allegheny Avenue had a hydraulic elevator operated with water pressure. -
CHAP Videos' Summary W/Links (Vipclubmn.Org)
An IT Legacy Paper September 2019 Revised December 2020 Computer History Archives Projects Mark Greenia, Researcher and Producer former University of San Francisco Adjunct Professor Introduction Mark posted the ERA video {#1 below} on September 26th, 2019 – over 1,000 views during the first weekend. Mr. Greenia noted that as of Sept. 27th CHAP videos had had over 775,000 views. This paper1 lists the ERA/…/UNISYS associated videos produced by CHAP, the Computer History Museum, and the Hagley Museum plus two bonus clips. Replaced item 12 with a new video in December 2020. Table of Contents2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Computer History "Engineering Research Associates" - Atlas, ERA 1101, Univac Sperry Rand Minnesota ......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. 1977 Sperry UNIVAC Drive Exerciser Diagnostic Unit: .................................................................. 3 3. 1961 Remington Rand UNIVAC "What Do You Want?" Sperry UNISYS LARC Athena Solid-State Computers ........................................................................................................................................ 3 4. 1949 BINAC: Binary Automatic Computer, History Mauchly Eckert EMCC UNIVAC First Stored Program, U.S .................................................................................................................................... -
FUJITSU LIMITED Annual Report 2002
FUJITSU LIMITED Annual Report 2002 FUJITSU LIMITED Annual Report 2002 Annual Report 2002 CONTENTS Consolidated Financial Highlights 1 To Our Shareholders 2 Solution Profiles 10 Environmental Activities 14 Social Contributions 15 Management 16 Five-Year Summary 18 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operations 19 Consolidated Balance Sheets 24 Consolidated Statements of Operations 26 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity 27 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 28 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 29 Independent Auditors’ Report 46 Principal Subsidiaries and Affiliates 47 Consolidated Financial Highlights Yen U.S. Dollars (millions) (millions) Fujitsu Limited and Consolidated Subsidiaries (except per share data) (except per share data) Years ended March 31 2001 2002 2002 For the year: Net sales ¥5,484,426 ¥ 5,006,977 $37,646 Operating income 244,026 (74,426) (560) Income before income taxes and minority interests 157,564 (594,733) (4,472) Net income 8,521 (382,542) (2,876) Cash flows from operating activities 596,462 306,571 2,305 Per share (Yen and U.S. dollars): Earnings Basic ¥ 4.3 ¥ (193.0) $ (1.451) Diluted 4.3 (193.0) (1.451) Cash flows from operating activities 302.9 154.7 1.163 Cash dividends 10.0 5.0 0.038 Cash dividends to face value 20% 10%10% At year-end: Shareholders' equity ¥1,214,383 ¥ 853,756 $ 6,419 Total assets 5,200,071 4,595,804 34,555 Note: The U.S. dollar amounts above have been translated from yen, for convenience only, at the rate of ¥133 = US$1, the approximate Tokyo foreign exchange market rate on March 31, 2002. -
DE86 006665 Comparison of the CRAY X-MP-4, Fujitsu VP-200, And
Distribution Category: Mathematics and Computers General (UC-32) ANL--85-1 9 DE86 006665 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439 Comparison of the CRAY X-MP-4, Fujitsu VP-200, and Hitachi S-810/20: An Argonne Perspcctive Jack J. Dongarra Mathematics and Computer Science Division and Alan Hinds Computing Services October 1985 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency o h ntdSae Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency of the United States employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes ancy thereof, nor any of their bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informany legal liability or responsi- process disclosed, or represents that its use would nyinformation, apparatus, product, or ence enceherinherein tooay any specificcomriseii commercial rdt not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- product, process, or service by trade name, trademak manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply itsenrme, r ark, mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any ag endorsement, recom- and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily st agency thereof. The views United States Government or any agency thereof.ry to or reflect those of the DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITE Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures v Abstract 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Architectures 1 2.1 CRAY X-MP 2 2.2 Fujitsu VP-200 4 2.3 Hitachi S-810/20 6 3. Comparison of Computers 8 3.1 IBM Compatibility -
Sperry Rand's Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980
Sperry Rand’s Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980 George T. Gray and Ronald Q. Smith The change from transistors to integrated circuits in the mid-1960s marked the beginning of third-generation computers. A late entrant (1962) in the general-purpose, transistor computer market, Sperry Rand Corporation moved quickly to produce computers using ICs. The Univac 1108’s success (1965) reversed the company’s declining fortunes in the large-scale arena, while the 9000 series upheld its market share in smaller computers. Sperry Rand failed to develop a successful minicomputer and, faced with IBM’s dominant market position by the end of the 1970s, struggled to maintain its position in the computer industry. A latecomer to the general-purpose, transistor would be suitable for all types of processing. computer market, Sperry Rand first shipped its With its top management having accepted the large-scale Univac 1107 and Univac III comput- recommendation, IBM began work on the ers to customers in the second half of 1962, System/360, so named because of the intention more than two years later than such key com- to cover the full range of computing tasks. petitors as IBM and Control Data. While this The IBM 360 did not rely exclusively on lateness enabled Sperry Rand to produce rela- integrated circuitry but instead employed a tively sophisticated products in the 1107 and combination of separate transistors and chips, III, it also meant that they did not attain signif- called Solid Logic Technology (SLT). IBM made icant market shares. Fortunately, Sperry’s mili- a big event of the System/360 announcement tary computers and the smaller Univac 1004, on 7 April 1964, holding press conferences in 1005, and 1050 computers developed early in 62 US cities and 14 foreign countries. -
Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division Photographs and Audiovisual Materials 1985.261
Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials 1985.261 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Audiovisual Collections PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials 1985.261 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Historical Note ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 6 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 8 Bibliography -
ID-83-11 Industrial Policy: Case Studies in the Japanese Experience
BY THE US, GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE Report To The Chairman, Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress Industrial Policy: Case Studiesjn The I Japanese Experience i’ ’ Within a larger framework of monetary and fiscal policies, Japan has adopted a number of industry-specific policies to achieve its economic goals. GAO reviewed Japan’s industrial policies during the post-war period in the computer, aircraft, robotics, textile, and shipbuilding industries. Al- though there have been basic underlying consistencies in Japanese policies, there has also been enough flexibility lo effec- tively respond to the economic changes which have occurred during the last 30 years. This report is a companion volume to “Industrial Policy: Japan’s Flexible Ap- proach” (GAO/ID-82-32). QAO/ID-83-11 ’ OCTOBER X41982 UNITEO STATES GENERAL ACC~UN-~INGOFFICE WASH1NGTON, D.C. 20548 INTRINATIONAL DlVlSION B-209015 The Honorable Henry Reuss Chairman, Joint Economic Committee Congress of the United States Dear. Mr. Chairman: This report is a companion volume to our June 23, 1982, report "Industrial Policy: Japan's Flexible Approach" (GAO/ID-82-32) and contains case studies which explain in detail the assistance provided by the Japanese Govern- ment to five key industries. As you requested, our case studies include three high technology growth industries-- computers, aircraft and robotics --and two industries faced with unfavorable world market prospects--shipbuilding and textiles. Japan in the postwar period adopted economic policies that fostered economic growth. These policies were imple- mented with a mix of macro-level monetary and fiscal policies and micro-level industrial policies. Monetary and fiscal policies promoted investment by keeping interest rates low and holding government spending to a consistent share of na- tional income. -
P the Pioneers and Their Computers
The Videotape Sources: The Pioneers and their Computers • Lectures at The Compp,uter Museum, Marlboro, MA, September 1979-1983 • Goal: Capture data at the source • The first 4: Atanasoff (ABC), Zuse, Hopper (IBM/Harvard), Grosch (IBM), Stibitz (BTL) • Flowers (Colossus) • ENIAC: Eckert, Mauchley, Burks • Wilkes (EDSAC … LEO), Edwards (Manchester), Wilkinson (NPL ACE), Huskey (SWAC), Rajchman (IAS), Forrester (MIT) What did it feel like then? • What were th e comput ers? • Why did their inventors build them? • What materials (technology) did they build from? • What were their speed and memory size specs? • How did they work? • How were they used or programmed? • What were they used for? • What did each contribute to future computing? • What were the by-products? and alumni/ae? The “classic” five boxes of a stored ppgrogram dig ital comp uter Memory M Central Input Output Control I O CC Central Arithmetic CA How was programming done before programming languages and O/Ss? • ENIAC was programmed by routing control pulse cables f ormi ng th e “ program count er” • Clippinger and von Neumann made “function codes” for the tables of ENIAC • Kilburn at Manchester ran the first 17 word program • Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill wrote the first book on programmiidbBbbIiSiing, reprinted by Babbage Institute Series • Parallel versus Serial • Pre-programming languages and operating systems • Big idea: compatibility for program investment – EDSAC was transferred to Leo – The IAS Computers built at Universities Time Line of First Computers Year 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 ••••• BTL ---------o o o o Zuse ----------------o Atanasoff ------------------o IBM ASCC,SSEC ------------o-----------o >CPC ENIAC ?--------------o EDVAC s------------------o UNIVAC I IAS --?s------------o Colossus -------?---?----o Manchester ?--------o ?>Ferranti EDSAC ?-----------o ?>Leo ACE ?--------------o ?>DEUCE Whirl wi nd SEAC & SWAC ENIAC Project Time Line & Descendants IBM 701, Philco S2000, ERA.. -
Computer Architectures an Overview
Computer Architectures An Overview PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 25 Feb 2012 22:35:32 UTC Contents Articles Microarchitecture 1 x86 7 PowerPC 23 IBM POWER 33 MIPS architecture 39 SPARC 57 ARM architecture 65 DEC Alpha 80 AlphaStation 92 AlphaServer 95 Very long instruction word 103 Instruction-level parallelism 107 Explicitly parallel instruction computing 108 References Article Sources and Contributors 111 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 113 Article Licenses License 114 Microarchitecture 1 Microarchitecture In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design. Relation to instruction set architecture The ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address and data formats among other things. The Intel Core microarchitecture microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA. The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALU)s and even larger elements. -
Fundamentals of Computers (Information Technology)
NME 1 : FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) UNIT-1 Introduction and Data Representation in Digital Computer - Historical Background of computer - merits and limitation of computer - First to fifth Generation of Computers - Characteristics of Computers - Classification of Computers Introduction and Data Representation in Digital Computers Data and instructions cannot be entered and processed directly into computers using human language. Any type of data be it numbers, letters, special symbols, sound or pictures must first be converted into machine-readable form i.e. binary form. Due to this reason, it is important to understand how a computer together with its peripheral devices handles data in its electronic circuits, on magnetic media and in optical devices. Electronic components, such as microprocessor, are made up of millions of electronic circuits. The availability of high voltage(on) in these circuits is interpreted as ‘1’ while a low voltage (off) is interpreted as ‘0’.This concept can be compared to switching on and off an electric circuit. When the switch is closed the high voltage in the circuit causes the bulb to light (‘1’ state).on the other hand when the switch is open, the bulb goes off (‘0’ state). This forms a basis for describing data representation in digital computers using the binary number system. Number System Base Value Number and Alphabetic character used 1 Binary 2 0, 1 2 Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 3 Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 4 Hexa decimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Number systems and their representation A number system is a set of symbols used to represent values derived from a common base or radix.