C01g - 2021.08
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns
NBS MONOGRAPH 25 — SECTION 1 Standard X-ray Diffraction U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scien- tific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. -
Sulfite: Here, There, Everywhere
Sulfite: Here, There, Everywhere Max T. Baker, PhD Associate Professor Department of Anesthesia University of Iowa Inadvertent Exposures Combustion of fossil fuels, Air pollutant Large quantities as sulfur dioxide are expelled from volcanos Kilauea on the Big Island Small quantities endogenously formed in mammals from sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism Deliberate Exposures As Preservative- Wine, Beer (dates to Roman times From burning sulfur candles) Fruits and Vegetables (reduce browning, extend shelf-life) Pharmaceuticals1 Reductant - Antioxidant - Antimicrobial What are Sulfites? Oxidized Forms of the Sulfur Atom Sulfur Dioxide, MW = 64, bp = - 10oC (gaseous) Sulfur (IV) - Oxidation state of 4 S = Atomic number 16 – electrons/shell, 2,8,6 Sodium Dioxide Readily Hydrates2 Sulfur Carbon Dioxide Dioxide (irritant) H O H2O 2 Sulfurous Unstable Carbonic low acid species acid pH high pH Bisulfite Bicarbonate anion anion Sulfite Carbonate dianion dianion Forms radical Doesn’t form radical Bisulfite Can Combine with SO2 to form Metabisulfite + excess Bisulfite Metabisulfite (disulfite, pyrosulfite) “Sulfite” usually added to drugs as sodium or potassium salts of: Sulfite, Bisulfite, or Metabisulfite Endogenous to Mammals Small quantities formed from sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism - cysteine, methionine3 + - + H2O + 2H + 2 e Sulfite Sulfate Rapidly detoxified by sulfite oxidase (SOX) to form sulfate – a two electron oxidation, molybdenum dependent Two Confirmed Sulfite Toxicities Neurological abnormalities from genetic sulfite oxidase deficiency3 Allergic reactions from exogenous exposure4 Oral, parenteral, inhalational exposure: dermatitis, urticaria, flushing, hypotension, abdominal pain and diarrhea to life- threatening anaphylactic and asthmatic reactions “The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people." - FDA Prevalence – 3-10% are sulfite sensitive among asthmatic subjects. -
Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Inorganic Sulfites
Reregistration Eligibility Decision – Inorganic Sulfites May 2007 Reregistration Eligibility Decision Inorganic Sulfites Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1801 South Bell Street Arlington, VA 22202 Introduction The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has completed its Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the inorganic sulfites case, which includes the chemicals sulfur dioxide and sodium metabisulfite. This assessment provides information to support the issuance of a Reregistration Eligibility Decision for inorganic sulfites. EPA’s pesticide reregistration process provides for the review of older pesticides (those initially registered prior to November 1984) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to ensure that they meet current scientific and regulatory standards. In this document, EPA presents the results of its review of the potential human health effects of dietary, drinking water and occupational/bystander exposure to inorganic sulfites, as well as its ecological risk findings. Evaluations performed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) were relied upon for this assessment, in addition to peer-reviewed evaluations performed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Screening Information Data Set (OECD-SIDS) and from other open literature sources. Based on this assessment, the Agency has determined that products containing sulfur dioxide or sodium metabisulfite are eligible for reregistration provided the necessary label changes are made. As a result of this assessment, one tolerance has been reassessed. I. Use Information The inorganic sulfites reregistration case includes the chemicals sulfur dioxide (CAS No. -
Physical and Chemical Properties of Germanium
Physical And Chemical Properties Of Germanium Moneyed and amnesic Erasmus fertilise her fatuousness revitalise or burrow incommunicatively. Creditable Petr still climbs: regarding and lissome Lazarus bully-off quite punctiliously but slums her filoplume devotedly. Zane still defilade venomous while improvident Randell bloodiest that wonderers. Do you for this context of properties and physical explanation of Silicon is sincere to metals in its chemical behaviour. Arsenic is extremely toxic, RS, carbon is the tongue one considered a full nonmetal. In nature, which name a widely used azo dye. Basic physical and chemical properties of semiconductors are offset by the energy gap between valence conduction! Other metalloids on the periodic table are boron, Batis ZB, only Germanium and Antimony would be considered metals for the purposes of nomenclature. Storage temperature: no restrictions. At room temperature, the semiconducting elements are primarily nonmetallic in character. This application requires Javascript. It has also new found in stars and already the atmosphere of Jupiter. Wellings JS, it is used as an eyewash and insecticide. He has studied in Spain and Hungary and authored many research articles published in indexed journals and books. What are oral health benefits of pumpkins? The material on this site may not be reproduced, germanium, the radiation emitted from an active device makes it locatable. Classify each statement as an extensive property must an intensive property. In germanium and physical chemical properties of the border lines from the! The most electronegative elements are at the nod in the periodic table; these elements often react as oxidizing agents. Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements. -
Detection of Cds Nanoparticles and Implications for Cadmium Yellow Paint Degradation in Edvard Munch’S the Scream (C
1910 Microsc. Microanal. 23 (Suppl 1), 2017 doi:10.1017/S1431927617010212 © Microscopy Society of America 2017 Detection of CdS Nanoparticles and Implications for Cadmium Yellow Paint Degradation in Edvard Munch’s The Scream (c. 1910, Munch Museum) Barnaby D.A. Levin1, Kayla X. Nguyen1, Megan E. Holtz1, Marcie B. Wiggins2, Malcolm G. Thomas3, Eva S. Tveit4, Jennifer L. Mass5, Robert Opila6, Thomas Beebe2, David A. Muller1,7. 1. School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. 2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & UD Surface Analysis Facility, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. 3. Cornell Center for Materials Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. 4. The Munch Museum, Tøyen, Oslo, Norway. 5. Department of Conservation, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, NL. 6. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. 7. Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) based yellow paint is fading, flaking, and discoloring with age in billions of dollars worth of Impressionist through Expressionist masterpieces from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Characterization of the morphology, chemistry, and crystal structure of paint particles is critical for understanding CdS pigment degradation, and the role of other cadmium compounds in paint synthesis and aging [1]. Here, we use scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to identify nanoparticle structures in a sample of cadmium yellow paint from the Edvard Munch’s The Scream (c. 1910, Munch Museum), taken from a region of flaking yellow paint in the water adjacent to the two background figures on the bridge (Fig. 1a), and prepared for STEM by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. -
The Separation of Germanium from Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc by Ion Exchange
Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1962 The separation of germanium from lead, cadmium, and zinc by ion exchange Myra Sue Anderson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Department: Recommended Citation Anderson, Myra Sue, "The separation of germanium from lead, cadmium, and zinc by ion exchange" (1962). Masters Theses. 2730. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/2730 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SEPARATION OF GERMANIUM FROM LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ZINC BY ION EXCHANGE BY MYRA SUE ANDERSON A THESIS submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY Rolla, Missouri 1962 Approved by (advisor) //f 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Illustrations Iv List of Tables V Introduction 1 Review of the Literature 2 Separation Methods for Germanium 2 Analytical Methods for Germanium 3 Germanium Complexes Suitable for Ion Exchange 6 Ion Exchange Resins 7 Ion Exchange Theory 9 Ion Exchange Studies of Germanium 15 Experimental 17 Materials 17 Apparatus 18 Analytical Methods 19 Anion Exchange Studies 21 Cation Exchange Studies -
Sulfur Dioxide and Some Sulfites, Bisulfites and Metabisulfites
SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SOME SULFITES, BISULFITES AND METABISULFITES 1. Exposure Data 1.1 Chemical and physical data 1.1.1 Synonyms and structural and molecular data Sulfr dioxi Chem. Abstr. Serv Reg. No.: 7446-09-5 Replaced CAS Nos.: 8014-94-6; 12396-99-5; 83008-56-4; 89125-89-3 Chem. Abstr. Name; Sulfur dioxide IUPAC Systematic Name: Sulfur dioxide Synonyms: Sulfurous acid anhydride; sulfurous anhydride; sulfurous oxide; sulfur oxide (S02); sulfur superoxide; sulphur dioxide 0=8=0 S02 MoL. wt: 64.07 Sodium sulfte Chem. Abstr. Serv Reg. No.: 7757-83-7 Altemate CAS No.: 10579-83-6 Replaced CAS No.: 68135-69-3 Chem. Abstr. Name: Sulfurous acid, di sodium salt IUPAC Systematic Name: Sulfurous acid, disodium salt Synonyms: Anhydrous sodium sulfite; disodium sulfite; sodium sulphite o 1/ Na · 0 - 8 - 0 · Na Na2S0J MoL. wt: 126.04 Sodium bisulfe Chem. Abstr. Serv Reg. No.: 7631-90-5 Replaced CAS Nos.: 57414-01-4; 69098-86-8; 89830-27-3; 91829-63-9 Chem. Abstr. Name: Sulfurous acid, monosodium salt IUPAC Systematic Name: Sulfurous acid, monosodium salt -131- 132 lARe MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 54 Synonyms: Hydrogen sulfite sodium; monosodium sulfite; sodium acid sulfite; sodium bisulphite; sodium hydrogen sulfite; sodium sulfite (NaHS03) o Il HO - S - a · Na NaHS03 MoL. wt: 104.06 Sodium metabisulfte Chem. Abstr. Serv Reg. No.: 7681-57-4 Altemate CAS No.: 7757-74-6 Replaced CAS No.: 15771-29-6 Chem. Abstr. Name: Disulfurous acid, disodium salt IUPAC Systematic Name: Pyrosulfurous acid, disodium salt Synonyms: Disodium disulfite; disodium metabisulfite; disodium pyrosulfite; sodium disulfite; sodium metabisulphite; sodium pyrosulfite oIl Il0 Na · 0- S - a - S - a · Na .Na2S20S MoL. -
Coei-1-Potanh: 2000
INTERNATIONAL ŒNOLOGICAL CODEX Potassium Anhydrous Sulfite COEI-1-POTANH: 2000 POTASSIUM ANHYDROUS SULFITE Potassium pyrosulfite Potassium disulfite Potassium metabisulfite Kalii metabisulfis K2S2O5 = 222.3 SIN No. 224 (Oeno 34/2000) 1. OBJECTIVE, ORIGIN AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION Potassium anhydrous sulfite, commonly called potassium metabisulfite, is used because of the sulfur dioxide it makes available. Potassium metabisulfite, which is sold in powdered form, contains 52- 55% by weight SO2. There are regulatory limits restricting the sulfur dioxide content of wines. 2. LABELING The label should indicate the product's purity as well as its safety and storage conditions. 3. CENTESIMAL COMPOSITION Sulfur dioxide 57.63 Potassium 35.17 4. SOLUBILITY Water at 20 °C 454.5 g/l Alcohol, 95% by vol. insoluble 5. IDENTIFYING PROPERTIES 5.1. 5 ml of aqueous 10 pp 100 (m/v) solution treated with 5 ml of 1/10 diluted sulfuric acid (R) releases sulfur dioxide and reduces iodine and potassium permanganate. 5.2. The 10 pp 100 (m/v) aqueous solution is acidic as indicated by methyl red (R) of (pHapproximately 5). E-COEI-1-POTANH 1 INTERNATIONAL ŒNOLOGICAL CODEX Potassium Anhydrous Sulfite COEI-1-POTANH: 2000 5.3. The 1 pp 100 (m/v) aqueous solution produces potassium- based reactions. 6. TESTS 6.1. Preparing the Test Solution in a Concentration of 10 pp 100 Prepare a solution in a concentration of 10 pp 1000 (m/v). 6.2. Preparing a Test Solution in a Concentration of 1 pp 100 Prepare a 1 pp 100 (m/v) solution by diluting the previous solution (6.1) to 1/10. -
Substance Evaluation Report 2014 – Disodium Disulphite
SUBSTANCE EVALUATION REPORT 2014 – DISODIUM DISULPHITE SUBSTANCE EVALUATION REPORT Public Name: Disodium disulphite EC Number(s): 231-673-0 CAS Number(s): 7681-57-4 Submitting Member State Competent Authority: National Institute of Chemical Safety, Hungary H-1097 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 2. tel: +36 1 476 1195 Year of evaluation (as given in the CoRAP): 2014 VERSION NUMBER: 1 DATE: 30.10.2015 Conclusions of the most recent evaluation step* Tick relevant box(es) Concern not clarified; Need to request further information from the Registrant(s) with the draft decision Concern clarified; No need of further risk management measures Concern clarified; Need for risk management measures; RMO analysis to be performed Other: Concern clarified; need for risk management measure (proposal for X harmonized C&L), but no need for RMOA *Include details in the executive summary. 1 SUBSTANCE EVALUATION REPORT 2014 – DISODIUM DISULPHITE DISCLAIMER The Substance evaluation report has been prepared by the evaluating Member State as a part of the substance evaluation process under the REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. The information and views set out in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Chemicals Agency or other Member States. The Agency does not guarantee the accuracy of the information included in the document. Neither the Agency nor the evaluating Member State nor any person acting on either of their behalves may be held liable for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Statements made or information contained in the document are without prejudice to any further regulatory work that the Agency or Member States may initiate at a later stage. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
The Chemistry of Germanium, Tin and Lead
The Chemistry of Germanium, Tin and Lead Anil J Elias, IIT Delhi Relative natural abundance on the earths crust of group 14 elements are as follows which indicate the rareness of germanium Carbon 0.18% The major end uses for Silicon 27% germanium, worldwide, were Germanium 0.00014% estimated to be fiber-optic Tin 0.00022% systems, 30%; infrared optics, 25%; Lead 0.00099% polymerization catalysts, 25%; electronics and solar electric applications, 15%; and other (phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy), 5%. The main compounds of commercial importance of germanium are germanium tetrachloride and germanium dioxide. Unlike silicon, germanium forms stable divalent compounds like GeCl2 and GeO. A major difference with silicon is the fact 2- - that it forms GeCl6 and GeCl3 . Zone-refined crystalline germanium typically is 99.9999 percent pure and impurities are typically less than 100 ppb, and electrically active impurities, less than 0.5 ppb. GeO2 is dissolved in concentrated HCl to make germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4) which is a fuming liquid similar to SiCl4 having a boiling point of 86.5 C. The GeCl4 is purified by fractional distillation in glass or fused quartz equipments. The purified GeCl4 is hydrolyzed with deionized water to yield GeO2. After drying, the GeO2 is reduced with hydrogen at 760° C to form germanium metal powder, which is then melted and cast into bars, known as first-reduction bars. These bars are then zone-refined to polycrystalline metal that typically contains less than 100 ppb total impurities and less than 0.5 ppb electrically active impurities. Six salient properties of germanium which differ from that of silicon makes the foundations for all its applications. -
Revision Date: March 2021 1 SODIUM BISULFITE This Dossier on Sodium
SODIUM BISULFITE This dossier on sodium bisulfite presents the most critical studies pertinent to the risk assessment of sodium bisulfite in water treatment systems. It does not represent an exhaustive or critical review of all available data. The information presented in this dossier was obtained mainly from the ECHA database that provides information on chemicals that have been registered under the EU REACH (ECHA). Where possible, study quality was evaluated using the Klimisch scoring system (Klimisch et al., 1997). Screening Assessment Conclusion – Sodium bisulfite is classified as a tier 1 chemical and requires a hazard assessment only. 1 BACKGROUND At environmental pHs, sodium bisulfite dissociates in water to form sodium (Na+) ions, bisulfite ions - 2- (HSO3 ), sulfite (SO3 ) ions and sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is a gas. Sodium bisulfite is not expected to bioaccumulate in the environment because of its dissociation to ionic species and a gas. Furthermore, sulfite will oxidise to sulfate, which is ubiquitous in the environment. Sodium bisulfite and its dissociated species are expected to have a low potential to adsorb to soil and sediment. No aquatic toxicity studies have been conducted on sodium bisulfite. Other inorganic sulfite compounds show low to moderate toxicity concern to aquatic organisms. 2 CHEMICAL NAME AND IDENTIFICATION Chemical Name (IUPAC): Sodium hydrogen sulfite CAS RN: 7631-90-5 Molecular formula: NaHSO3 Molecular weight: 104.1 g/mol Synonyms: Sodium bisulfite; sodium hydrogen sulfite; sodium hydrogensulfite; monosodium sulfite; sodium sulfhydrate; hydrogen sodium sulfite; sulfurous acid, monosodium salt 3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Key physical and chemical properties for the substance are shown in Table 1.