The Print that Binds: Local Journalism, Civic Life and the Public Sphere by Sara Rafsky B.A. Spanish, Georgetown University, 2007 SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES/WRITING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2018 @2018 Sara Rafsky. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: Department of Comparatib-tIedia Studies May 11, 2018 Certified by: Signature redacted William Uricchio Professor of Comparative Media Studies I I j Ttesis Supervisor Accepted by: Siqnature redacted Heather Hendershot Professor of Comparative Media Studies Director of Graduate Studies MAS ACHUSES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAY 3 0 2018 LIBRARIES ARCHIVES The Print that Binds: Local Journalism, Civic Life and the Public Sphere by Sara Rafsky Submitted to the Department of Comparative Media Studies/ Writing on May 11, 2018 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Comparative Media Studies Abstract In the current political climate in the United States, much attention has been paid to the role of the press in our increasingly polarized society and to what extent it exacerbates or mends divisions. While the majority of that analysis is focused on national politics and news outlets, the role of local media and the crucial role it plays in civic life has been often neglected in the wider debate. In this thesis, I argue that local journalism is critical as a tool for informing citizens so they can be civically engaged and hold the powerful accountable, as well as keeping communities together. Methodologically, this thesis seeks to incorporate the worlds of both media theory and journalism practice. To understand the role local news plays in society, I utilize various theoretical frameworks, but particularly that of James Carey and his explanation of the "transmission" and "ritual" functions of communication. In my more expansive understanding of these theories, I suggest the transmission role encompasses the ways in which local journalism informs citizens on matters of public interest so that they can participate in democracy and keeps the powerful in check. The ritual model highlights the often-ignored but significant manner in which local media serves a vehicle for community identification and maintaining societal bonds. After explaining the decades-long economic decline of the local media industry, I survey the various projects and experiments in the fields of journalism and philanthropy that are seeking to revive or at least prevent local news outlets from disappearing. In the final chapter, which is based on my field research and uses a style of journalistic reportage rather than academic writing, I profile several new local news initiatives in West Virginia and Kentucky. While these projects are too recent to yet offer any definitive results, I conclude with some initial takeaways and a discussion of possible metrics to measure their success in the future. As a final note, I argue that the various sectors working to save the news industry from economic collapse, restore trust in the media and combat political polarization and strengthen democracy should consider focusing their efforts on sustaining local journalism as a means to address all three. Thesis Supervisor: William Uricchio Title: Professor of Comparative Media Studies, MIT Thesis Reader: Ethan Zuckerman Title: Director, Center for Civic Media and Associate Professor of the Practice at the MIT Media Lab 3 4 Acknowledgements While this thesis often felt like a long, solitary endeavor, I would never have arrived at this moment without the help of many people. I would like to thank my thesis committee, William Uricchio and Ethan Zuckerman, for their brilliant insights that shaped and strengthened my work, and their patience and understanding during what was an unorthodox writing schedule. Similarly, many thanks to the CMS leadership of Heather Hendershot and Shannon Larkin for enabling me to fulfill my MIT demands in this final semester while balancing two part-time jobs. Next, I must thank CMS alum and media consultant Sam Ford, without whom this thesis would never have taken shape, let alone be completed. Thank you, Sam, for introducing me to Kentucky, your wonderful family and interesting work. Thank you for being so generous with your time and contacts, and for introducing me to people like Misty and Cheryl--to whom I am extremely grateful as well for getting this non-driving New Yorker from one end of the state to the other. My deepest gratitude is to all the journalists in West Virginia and Kentucky who took time out of the news cycle to meet with me: Rob Byers, Ken Ward Jr., Caity Coyne, Will Wright, Jeff Vanderbeck, Dustin Bratcher, Lee Bratcher, Seth Dukes, Joe Imel, Barbara Deeb and Dana Coester. You all inspire me immensely and meeting you has been the highlight of my graduate school experience. Keep up the good fight, your country needs you. An additional thanks to Charles Sennott and Jennifer Preston for speaking with me and providing important context. I will never be able to adequately thank my family-Mom, Harry, Nat and Julia-without whose endless acts of support, both big and small, I would never have been granted entry to a place like MIT, let alone graduate. To all my Rafsky family, thank you for passing along the news junkie gene, it (and all of you) has made who I am and shaped my entire life. To my friends, all over the U.S. and the world, and especially Morgan, thank you for keeping me (mostly) sane during a very trying two years. It wouldn't have been nearly as fun without you. To my CMS cohort, thank you for humoring and supporting me even when my endless travel schedule made me an absentee member. And finally, this thesis is dedicated to Javier Valdez Cardenas (April 14, 1967 - May 15, 2017), my friend and one of the bravest and most dedicated local journalists I've ever known, who gave his life to deliver the news. Por un eterno dia de gracias. 5 6 Table of Contents Introduction 9 Chapter 1. The past and future of local news 19 i. What we're talking about when we talk about local news 19 ii. The end of local news? 23 iii. Communities lose without local news 34 iv. From passive observer to good neighbor? Creating community, building trust, and combatting polarization 42 Chapter 2: Concentric circles: Communication studies, public square theory and news sociology - a literature review. 52 i. The church of news 52 ii. Where was the center to begin with? Critiquing the public sphere 59 iii. Localizing the public sphere 69 iv. In summary, media theory and the role of news in everyday life 72 Chapter 3: Where to from here? 75 i. Experimenting with revenue models and seeing what sticks 75 ii. Non-profits shape the field 77 iii. The community engagement model 81 iv. Looking for the future of local news in Kentucky and West Virginia 92 Chapter 4. Sustaining local news in Kentucky and West Virginia 94 i. A table where the chairs point outwards 93 iI. Two models for saving local accountability journalism 98 The Charleston Gazette-Mail 98 The Lexington Herald-Leader 115 The Appalachian News-Express 120 Local journalism as cultural diplomacy: explaining Appalachia to the nation 124 iv. What does community journalism look like in the 21" century? 128 The Community Stories Lab 128 The Rural Journalism Lab 130 The Ohio County Times-News 135 The Bowling Green Civic Assembly 138 In Conclusion - Questions for Moving Forward 144 Bibliography and works cited 149 7 8 Introduction In the current political climate in the United States, much attention has been paid to the role of the press in our increasingly polarized society' and to what extent it exacerbates or mends divisions.2 While the majority of that analysis is focused on national politics and news outlets (and a growing subsection to the spread of online disinformation), the role of local media and the crucial role it plays in civic life has been often neglected in the wider debate. In the aftermath of the 2016 election, for example, a series of think pieces questioned how the state of the current national media ecosystem, in which most reporters are clustered in the isolated enclaves of the liberal coasts, affected coverage in the "heartland" during the campaign.? Yet much less thought was given to the impact of the local reporting in those same communities. In journalism circles, meanwhile, news professionals have been cautioning for more than a decade what the economic collapse of the local news industry will mean for accountability journalism and, consequentially, the health of democracy. In this thesis, I propose a framework through which I seek to connect the dots between the current, but usually separate, public debates about the role of media in keeping societies together (rather than tearing them apart) and the decline of the local news ecosystem. Central to Boxell, Levi, Gentzkow, Matthew, and Shapiro, Jesse M., "Is media driving Americans apart?", The New York Times, December 6, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/20 17/1 2/06/opinion/is-med ia-driviiig- americans-apart.htm 1 2 Pew Research Center, "Political polarization in the American public," June 12, 2014, littp://www.people-press.or-/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/