November 2019 | 01
National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Baseline Data 2019 02 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Contents
03 Digital Communications
07 Energy
17 Flooding & Coastal Erosion Risk Management
19 Transport
43 Waste
51 Water
© Crown copyright 2019 WG38080 Digital ISBN: 978 1 83933 521 1 Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg / This document is also available in Welsh Large print, Braille and alternative language versions of this document are available on request. November 2019 | 03
Digital Communications
Fixed broadband coverage in Wales • Superfast broadband coverage in Wales has increased to 93% of homes and businesses1. This refers to the availability of fixed broadband services with a download speed of at least 30Mbit/s. • Superfast broadband coverage in Wales is slightly lower than England but similar to Scotland and slightly higher than Northern Ireland. • 7% of homes and businesses in Wales now have access to full-fibre connections. These connections can deliver much higher download speeds, of up to 1Gbit/s. • Ultrafast broadband coverage is lower in Wales that in the other countries of the UK. • 3% of premises (48,000) in Wales cannot access a download speed of 10Mbit/sec. This includes 1% of urban premises (6,000) and 13% of rural premises (42,000)2.
Premises coverage, Jan 2019 Fixed broadband services Wales England NI Scotland
Access to a download speed 97% 99% 95% 97% of 10Mbit/sec or higher
Access to a download speed of 93% 95% 90% 93% 30Mbit/sec or higher (superfast)
Access to a download speed of 30% 56% 45% 45% 100Mbit/sec or higher (ultrafast)
Access to full fibre services 7% 7% 16% 5%
Unable to access to a download speed of 10Mbit/sec and an upload 3% 2% 5% 4% speed of 1Mbit/s (Universal service Obligation minimum)
1 Ofgem Connected Nations update, Spring 2019. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/146613/connected-nations-update-spring-2019.pdf 2 Ofgem Connected Nations 2018 https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/130736/Connected-Nations-2018-main-report.pdf 04 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Mobile coverage in Wales • Mobile coverage is better in England than elsewhere in the UK3. • A lower percentage of indoor premises has mobile coverage from all four operators in Wales than in Scotland but a larger percentage of the total geographic area, and of A and B roads, is covered by all four operators in Wales.
Premises coverage, Jan 2019 Mobile services Wales England NI Scotland
4G services
Premises (indoor) covered 73% 80% 59% 76% by all operators
Geographic area covered 60% 83% 79% 41% by all operators Europe: Overall fixed broadband coverage, 2018 Geographic area not covered 8% 2% 2% 18% by any operators
Coverage of A & B roads 47% 64% 49% 43% by all operators
A & B roads not covered 8% 2% 4% 9% by any operators
Telephone call service (2G, 3G, 4G)
Premises (indoor) covered 88% 93% 79% 91% by all operators
Geographic area covered 76% 91% 87% 56% by all operators
Geographic area not covered 5% 1% 1% 13% by any operators
Coverage of A & B roads 69% 83% 66% 61% by all operators
A & B roads not covered 5% 1% 3% 5% by any operators
3 Ofgem Connected Nations update, Spring 2019, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/146613/connected-nations-update-spring-2019.pdf November 2019 | 05
Digital connectivity in the EU Within the EU-284: • 97% of households have fixed broadband coverage • 94% of households have 4G coverage • 83% of households have Superfast broadband coverage (30Mbps) • 60% of households have Ultrafast broadband coverage (100Mbps) • 30% of households have Fibre to the Premises (FTTP) Variations in broadband connectivity within Europe are shown below. Mobile prices Research commissioned by the European Commission Mobile Broadband Prices in Europe 20185, compared mobile broadband prices in EU-28 countries. It found that prices differ considerably between the least and most expensive countries in the EU. The UK was one of the least expensive countries for mobile broadband.
Europe: Overall fixed broadband coverage, 2018
Source: European Commission Connectivity: Broadband market developments in the EU, 2019, page 10 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/connectivity 4 European Commission Connectivity: Broadband market developments in the EU, 2019 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/connectivity 5 EU Commission, Mobile Broadband Prices in Europe 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/connectivity 06 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Europe: Overall superfast broadband coverage, 2018
Source: European Commission Connectivity: Broadband market developments in the EU, 2019, page 10 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/connectivity November 2019 | 07
Energy
Demand for energy • Energy consumption in England, Scotland and Wales has been falling • Wales used around 89 TWh of energy in 20166 – a figure that has reduced by around 18% since 2005. • As in England and Scotland, energy consumption in Wales has fallen in the industry & commercial and domestic sectors but stayed relatively constant in the transport sector over that period. • In Wales, electricity consumption accounts for approximately 14.6 TWh of total energy consumption, with the remaining 84% of energy being used for heat and transport7.
600 Energy consumption by sector in England (TWh)
400
200
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
2010
2007
2005
2008
2009 2006
Industry & Commercial Domestic Transport
Source: BEIS, Sub-national total final energy consumption in the United Kingdom, 2005-2016
80 Energy consumption by sector in Scotland (TWh)
40
0
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
2010
2007
2005
2008
2009 2006
Industry & Commercial Domestic Transport
Source: BEIS, Sub-national total final energy consumption in the United Kingdom, 2005-2016
6 Welsh Government, Energy Generation in Wales 2017 https://gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/181212-energy-generation-in-wales-2017-en.pdf 7 Ibid 08 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
60 Energy consumption by sector in Wales (TWh)
40
20
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
2010
2007
2005
2008
2009 2006
Industry & Commercial Domestic Transport
Source: BEIS, Sub-national total final energy consumption in the United Kingdom, 2005-2016
Electricity generation
Total generation by country (all generating companies) 2014-2017 250
125
0 England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Electricity generation and supply figures for Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England, 2014 to 2017 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/770766/Regional_Electricity_Generation_and_Supply.pdf, page 66
• On average over the years between 2014-2017, 71.7 per cent of UK electricity generation has taken place in England, 14.5 per cent in Scotland, 11.2 per cent in Wales and 2.6 per cent in Northern Ireland. • The share of renewable generation rose in 2017 to 29.3 per cent, surpassing the previous record from 2015 by 4.5 percentage points. • Scotland continued to have the highest share, where renewables were responsible for more than half of total generation for the first time. • England, Wales and Northern Ireland also saw record shares of renewable generation: at 26.0 per cent (up 2.9 pp), 20.0 per cent (up 7.7 pp) and 34.0 per cent (up 8.7 pp) respectively. • This jump in renewable generation came despite weather conditions remaining broadly similar to 2016 as significant increases to wind and solar capacity bolstered generation. • England is a net importer of electricity from Scotland, Wales and from continental Europe (via the France and Netherlands interconnectors). Total net imports from Europe fell to 5.2 per cent of consumption from public supply in the UK. November 2019 | 09
• In 2017, Wales exported 30 per cent of its total generation to England, the lowest proportion since 2011. This was due to Wales seeing a 17 per cent drop in generation as a result of reduced gas and coal generation, whilst consumption increased 2.9 per cent compared to 2016. Wales started trading with the Republic of Ireland in 2012 and was a net importer from them for the first time in 2016. Net imports from the Republic of Ireland more than doubled between 2016 and 2017, now accounting for 5 per cent of consumption from public supply in Wales. The charts below show the percentage shares of the generation of electricity by fuel category for 2016 and 2017. £3972.1% 7.5% England 26% Total Generation: 244.8 TWh
Gas Oil & Other 42.9% Nuclear Coal Renewables 21.4%
14.3% 2.1% Northern Ireland Total Generation: 9.7 TWh 50.7% Gas Oil & Other 34% Renewables Coal
£3972.8% 8.9% Scotland Total Generation: 48.7 TWh
51.7% 36.6% Gas Renewables Nuclear Oil & Other
8.7% 7.8%
20% Wales Total Generation: 35.4 TWh
Gas Oil & Other Renewables Coal 63.4%
Source: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/770766/Regional_Electricity_Generation_and_ Supply.pdf, page 69 10 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
The share of renewables in electricity generation for the four years from 2014 to 2017 are given below, split by country.
Percentage shares of renewable generation, 2014 to 2017
Scotland Wales Northern Ireland England UK
2014 38.1 9.6 21.6 16.5 19.1
2015 42.4 13.7 25.5 22.5 24.6
2016 42.8 12.3 25.3 23.2 24.5
2017 51.7 20.0 34.0 26.0 29.3
The renewable share of generation reached a record high in 2017 for each of the four nations and for the UK as a whole, as all countries saw significant increases in renewable generation. Interestingly, although similar to 2016, weather conditions for 2017 were poorer than average across the board, suggesting that the full potential of the UK’s increasing renewable capacity is yet to be realised.
3%
5% 6% Wales’ electricity generation, 2017
8% Gas Offshore wind 1% 8% Coal Other renewable Other fossil fuel Solar PV 69% Onshore wind
Source: Energy Generation in Wales, 2017 https://gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/181212-energy-generation-in-wales-2017-en.pdf
• Data published by Welsh Government differ slightly from those published by the UK Government although the overall picture is similar. • Wales generated an estimated 32.5 TWh of electricity in 2017, more than twice what it consumes. Wales is, therefore, a significant net exporter of electricity to England, Ireland, and the wider European network8. • 78% of electricity generated in Wales was from fossil fuels, mainly gas. • Fossil fuel electricity generation in Wales has a total capacity of just over 8 GW across multiple power station, peaking plan and combined heat and power (CHP) projects. • Generation by large scale plants is made up of six Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power stations and the 1.6 GW Aberthaw B coal-fired power station.
8 Energy Generation in Wales 2017 https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/181113-energy-generation-in-wales-en.pdf November 2019 | 11
• The 2.2 GW Pembroke power station is the largest gas-fired power station in the UK. • Wales has just over 700 MW of electrical capacity from small scale fossil fuel power stations, which includes diesel generators, small scale CHP projects and small- scale Open Cycle Gas Turbines. Many of the generating technologies operate as ‘peaking plants’, designed to generate during peak electricity demand periods. • 22% of electricity generated in Wales was from renewables, mainly on and off shore wind plus solar PV and other technologies.
Welsh Government targets for renewable energy The Welsh Government has set the following non-statutory renewable energy targets for Wales: • Wales to be generating 70% of its electricity consumption from renewable energy by 2030. By the end of 2017, 48% of the electricity consumed in Wales came from renewable resources. Wales is therefore more than halfway towards meeting the 70% target. • One gigawatt of renewable energy capacity in Wales to be locally owned by 2030. Wales has 529 MW of locally owned renewable energy, with capacity having increased by over 12% since 2016. There is also 221 MW of renewable heat capacity that is locally owned, an increase of 16% on 2016. In total there are over 63000 locally owned renewable energy projects, largely made up of domestic rooftop solar PV. • By 2020, new renewable energy projects in Wales will have at least an element of local ownership.
Expenditure on Energy Household Expenditure on Energy
2% 1%
26% Energy expenditure by fuel type
Electricity Liquid fuels
50% Gas Solid fuels
Vehicle fuels and lubricants 21%
Source:Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf
• In 2018, the total expenditure on energy increased by 9.1 per cent in the UK. This increase was mainly due to the increase in expenditure on electricity and gas following the price increases seen in 2018. • Half of energy expenditure is accounted for by spending on vehicle fuels and lubricants. 12 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
£1500 Average standard UK domestic electricity & gas bills
£1000
£500
£0
2017
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2018
2016
2010
2007
2008 2009
Gas Standard electricty
Source: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/sys- tem/uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf
• The average UK household bill for combined gas and electricity was £1,318 in 20189. • 155,000 households in Wales were living in fuel poverty in 2018. This is equivalent to 12% of all households in Wales10.
Average domestic electricity prices
30p in the EU15 for medium consumers
20p EU 15 Median (inc tax)
10p Pence per kWh per Pence
0p
UK
Italy
Spain
Greece
France
Ireland
Austria
Finalnd
Sweden
Portugal
Belgium
Germany Denmark
Luxemborg Netherlands
Price (excl tax) Tax Component
Source: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019
• The average UK domestic electricity prices including taxes for medium consumers for July to December 2018 were mid-ranked in the EU15. The UK prices excluding taxes and levies were the fifth highest in the EU15.
9 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf 10 Fuel poverty estimates for Wales: 2018 https://gov.wales/fuel-poverty-estimates-wales-2018 November 2019 | 13
Average domestic gas prices in
12p the EU15 for medium consumers
EU 15 Median
6p (inc tax) Pence per kWh per Pence
0p
UK
Italy
Spain
France Greece
Ireland
Austria
Sweden
Belgium
Portugal
Germany
Denmark
Luxemborg Netherlands
Price (excl tax) Tax Component
Source: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019
• Average UK domestic gas prices for the period July to December 2018, including taxes, for medium consumers were the second lowest in the EU15. The UK prices excluding taxes were the fifth lowest in the EU15.
Industrial expenditure on energy • Whilst the fuels are the same, industrial sector prices are not generally comparable with the domestic market given the different levies and taxes paid by industry compared to households and the considerably higher consumption levels that industry have over domestic users11. • The industrial sector in the UK is mainly dependent on electricity and gas.
Industrial fuel prices indices 150
120
90 Pence per kWh per Pence
60
2017
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2018 2016
2010
2008 2009
Gas Electricity Heavy fuel oil
Source: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf. (Data in real terms deflated using the GDP implied deflator at market prices. Prices include climate change levy.) (Data in real terms deflated using the GDP implied deflator at market prices. Prices include climate change levy.)
11 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf 14 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
• Since the low in 2003 total fuel prices have followed an upward trend reaching a peak in 2013. • In recent years prices have again risen and in 2018 total fuel prices in real terms (including climate change levy) were 6.7 per cent higher than the previous year, but 4.5 per cent below the peak in 2013.
International industrial electricity prices
Average industrial electricity prices
12p in the EU15 for medium consumers
EU 15 Median (inc tax
6p & levies) Pence per kWh per Pence
0p
UK
Italy
Spain
France Greece
Ireland
Austria
Finalnd
Sweden
Belgium
Portugal
Germany
Denmark
Luxemborg Netherlands
Price (excl tax & levies) Tax Component
Source: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/sys- tem/uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf
• Average UK industrial electricity prices including taxes for medium consumers for the period July to December 2018 were the highest in the EU15. The UK prices for medium consumers excluding taxes and levies were the second highest in the EU15.
International industrial gas prices
Average industrial gas prices in
6p the EU15 for medium consumers
EU 15 3p Median
(inc tax) Pence per kWh per Pence
0p
UK
Italy
Spain
Greece France
Ireland
Austria
Finalnd
Sweden
Belgium
Portugal
Germany
Denmark
Luxemborg Netherlands
Price (excl tax) Tax Component
Source: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Quarterly Energy Prices Q1 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/sys- tem/uploads/attachment_data/file/821000/QEP_Q1_2019.pdf November 2019 | 15
• Average UK industrial gas prices for the period July to December 2018, including taxes, for medium consumers were the second lowest in the EU15. The UK prices excluding taxes and levies for the medium consumers were third lowest in the EU15.
Price of renewable electricity Twelve new renewable projects were announced in September 2019 in the latest round of the UK Government’s Contracts for Difference Scheme 12. The new projects will provide around 6GW of capacity. For the first time renewables are expected to come online below market price and without additional subsidy on bills. The costs of offshore wind are now around 30% lower than the second auction held in 2017, with projects being delivered for as low as £39.65/MWh. This is less than half of the £92.50/MWh the UK Government has committed to pay for energy from the 3.2GW capacity Hinkley C nuclear plant13.
Reliability of electricity supply
Electricity network in Wales
12 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/clean-energy-to-power-over-seven-million-homes-by-2025-at-record-low-prices 13 https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/hinkley-point-c 16 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
According to Ofgem14, Britain has one of the most reliable electricity systems in the world. However, society’s dependence on electricity is becoming ever greater.An electricity shortage has the potential to result in a catastrophic collapse in modern communications and vital systems. The loss of load expectation (LOLE) is the average expected number of hours per year in which supply is expected to be lower than demand under normal operation of the system. The LOLE is still not a measure of the expected number of hours in which customers may be disconnected as National Grid is expected to use other mitigation actions ahead of controlled customer disconnections. In 2018/19 The LOLE was estimated as 0.001 hours per year15. The LOLE standard describes a tolerable level of LOLE. The LOLE standard in the UK is the same as France and Germany, and lower than in Belgium, Republic of Ireland and Netherlands. 16
LOLE standards in selected European countries
Country LOLE Standard, hours per year
GB 3
France 3
Germany 3
Netherlands 4
Belgium 7.5
Republic of Ireland 8
14 https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/electricity/wholesale-market/electricity-security-supply 15 National Grid, Winter Outlook 2018/19 https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/127551/download 16 UK Parliament Science & Technology Committee, Resilience of the Electricity System https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldsctech/121/121.pdf November 2019 | 17 Flooding & Coastal Erosion Risk Management
Wales flood and coastal investment 2016-2019 18 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Investment in flood and coastal erosion risk management The map above shows the locations of capital flood and coastal risk management schemes over the three year period from April 2016 to March 2019 in which £82.7million was invested. This included: • Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management (FCERM) funding: £74.85million. • Coastal Risk Management Programme (CRMP) funding: £4.67million. • Small Scale Works Grant: £3.18million. Spend by Risk Management Authority, was divided as follows: • Local Authorities: £27.3million. • Natural Resources Wales (NRW): £55.2million.
Sea levels rise The UK Climate Projections (UKCP)17 provides sea level rise projections for Cardiff and other UK capital cities until 2100.
| UKCP18 MARINE CLIMATE CHANGE
How much will sea levels rise in the UK? Projected sea level rise projections at four UK capital cities by 2100 relative to 1981-2000. The range for a low emission scenario (blue) and high emission scenario (red) are shown*: Range in low emission scenario Range in high emission scenario (For reference, UK sea levels have risen by 16 cm since the start of the 20th century.)
120 cm 120 cm 120 cm 120 cm
113cm 115cm 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm
94cm 90cm 80 cm 80 cm 80 cm 80 cm
70cm 60 cm 69cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 51cm 53cm 52cm 49cm 33cm 40 cm 40 cm 40 cm 40 cm 27cm 30cm 29cm
20 cm 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm 11cm 8cm
0 cm 0 cm 0 cm 0 cm BELFAST CARDIFF EDINBURGH LONDON
*RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 are the low and high emission scenarios used, as in IPCC AR5. The range is very likely (5th-95th percentile).
5 High emission scenario
4 Low emission scenario
3
2
Sea level change (m) change Sea level 1
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300
Ice sheets Sea level extremes Sea levels beyond 2100 Sea levels could rise further if there is additional Risk of coastal flooding from storm Sea levels will continue to rise beyond large-scale melting of ice sheets. Future melting surges and high tides will increase 2100, however the uncertainty also of Antarctic ice sheets is particularly uncertain. as sea levels rise. increases further into the future.
Source: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/research/ukcp/ukcp18-infographic-headline-findings-marine.pdf Sea level will continue to rise to 2300 under all climate change projections18. The global average sea level ranges at 2300, relative to a 1981-2000 baseline period, are: • 0.6–2.2m (low emissions scenario) • 0.9–2.6m (medium–low emissions scenario) • 1.7–4.5m (high emissions scenario).
17 Met Office https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/index 18 Exploratory sea level projections for the UK to 2300 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/827611/ Exploratory_sea_level_projections_for_the_UK_to_2300_-_report.pdf November 2019 | 19
Transport
Modes of travel in Wales • Private transport is the dominant mode in Wales • Private transport use tends to be higher in less densely populated areas
4%£3973% 3% Travel to work (excluding walking, motorcycle and "other") by people resident in Wales, Oct - Dec 2016
Car Bus / Coach Bicycle All rail
90%
Source: DfT Usual method of travel to work by region and residence, 2016 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/tsgb01-modal-comparisons
• There is a lack of statistics on how and why people travel in Wales. The UK Department for Transport’s National Travel Survey ceased to include Wales in 2013. There is no alternative Welsh transport survey. • Car use in the UK is relatively high compared to other European countries but car is the main mode of travel throughout Europe.
Modal split of inland passenger transport, 2015
100%
50%
0%
UK
Italy
EU28
Malta
Spain
Latvia
Greece France
Poland
Cyprus
Croatia
Ireland
Austria
Estonia
Finalnd
Sweden
Czechia
Portugal
Belgium
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Hungary
Slovenia
Romania
Germany
Denmark
Lithuania
Luxemborg Netherlands
Passenger cars Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Trains
Source: Eurostat Modal split of inland passenger transport, 2015 (% of total inland passenger-kilometres) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/f/ fb/Modal_split_of_inland_passenger_transport%2C_2015_%28%25_of_total_inland_passenger-kilometres%29.png 20 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Cost of travelling by different modes • The RAC Foundation19 reports that in the last 10 years, travel costs have increased more than average wage increases. During that period: – bus and coach fares increased by 63% – rail fares increased by 47% – cost of living increased by 36% – all motoring costs increased by 33% – average wages increased by 23%.
Road transport WALES TRUNK ROAD NETWORK
Amlwch Prestatyn Holyhead Llandudno Colwyn Rhyl Conwy Bay Mostyn A55 Penmaenmawr Holywell Llangefni Llanfairfechan Llandudno A55 Junction St.Asaph A550 Bangor Flint Connah’s Quay A470 Bethesda Denbigh A494 Mold Caernarfon A5 A55 Llanrwst Broughton Llanberis Ruthin Betws-y-Coed Penygroes A494 Wrexham A487 Blaenau Ffestiniog A483 A5 Porthmadog Corwen Penrhyndeudraeth Llangollen Trawsfynydd Bala Pwllheli Harlech A494
A470
Llanfyllin Barmouth Dolgellau A483
A487 A458 Welshpool A470 A458 Llanfair Caereinion A489 Tywyn Machynlleth A483 Motorway Aberdyfi A470 A489
Trunk Road A487 Newtown Local Authority Boundary Llanidloes Aberystwyth A44 A470 A483
Knighton Rhayader A487 Aberaeron A470 Presteigne Tregaron Llandrindod Wells
Builth Wells Lampeter Cardigan A483 Llanybydder Hay-on-Wye Newcastle Emlyn Llandysul A487 Fishguard Llandovery Talgarth A470 A479 A40 Llangadog A40 Brecon St Davids Carmarthen A40 Llandeilo A465 A48 A483 A470 Crickhowell A40 Haverfordwest A40 Whitland St.Clears Abergavenny Monmouth Narberth Cross Hands A4076 A465 A477 Ammanford Ystradgynlais Merthyr Ebbw Vale A40 Milford Haven Kidwelly Tydfil A4060 A4042 Pembroke Dock Pontarddulais Pontardawe Aberdare A449 Burry Port M4 Pembroke Tenby A465 Pontypool Llanelli Gorseinon Neath Blackwood Cwmbran Chepstow Swansea Maesteg A470 A466 M4 M48 Port Talbot Pontypridd Caerphilly Newport Pyle M4 Llantrisant A48(M) Bridgend Porthcawl A4232 Cardiff Barry
19 RAC Foundation, Transport Price Index, August 2019. https://www.racfoundation.org/data/cost-of-transport-index November 2019 | 21
Road length • Of the 397,025 km of public roads in Great Britain in 201720: – 76.5% in England – 14.9% in Scotland – 8.5% in Wales.
The road network for Scotland and Wales accounts for a higher proportion of all road length in Great Britain compared to the population of these countries, which are more sparsely populated.
Road length by country in Great Britain, in 2017
Population
Length
0 20 40 60 80 100
England Scotland Wales
Source: Road lengths in Great Britain 2017 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/722478/road-lengths- in-great-britain-2017.pdf
• The total road length in Wales is approximately 34,850 km21 • The length of the motorway and trunk road network has not changed significantly since the second Severn crossing was opened in 1997.
4.9% 8% Total road length in Wales by road classification, 2018-19
Motorways and trunk roads 50.2% A country roads 36.9% B and C roads Minor surfaced roads
20 Road lengths in Great Britain 2017 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/722478/road-lengths-in- great-britain-2017.pdf 21 Road Lengths and Conditions, 2018-19 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-08/road-lengths-and-conditions-april-2018-march-2019- revised-513_0.pdf 22 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
• Wales has about 135km of motorway • Compared to other regions of Europe, Wales has relatively little motorway per head of population, ranking 70th of 84 regions for which data is available22. Data for selected regions are shown below:
Km of motorway per million population
Km of motorway per Region Ranking million population
Central Spain 872 1
Denmark 220 22
Eire/Ireland 194 28
North West (UK) 90 56
Scotland 85 58
Yorkshire & The Humber 77 60
West Midlands (UK) 75 61
South East (UK) 73 62
Northern Ireland 62 64
Wales 46 70
East of England 43 72
East Midlands (UK) 42 73
North East (UK) 22 78
London 7 83
22 Analysis for NICW based on:Eurostat, Road, rail and navigable inland waterways networks by NUTS 2 regions http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?da- taset=tran_r_net&lang=en. Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_ d2jan&lang=en November 2019 | 23
Road condition • In 2018, the Economy, Infrastructure and Skills Committee of the National Assembly concluded that Wales’ roads are in no worse condition than those in other parts of the UK.23 • StatsWales24 reports that: – The majority of the network is currently in good condition and it is estimated that 75% of the motorway and 85% of trunk roads will not be in need of close monitoring for at least 20 years. – 6.4% of the motorway network and 2.8% of the trunk road network required close monitoring of structural condition. – One factor that affects the condition of roads is the volume of traffic and in recent years it has increased in line with the economic recovery. • The percentage of motorway and trunk roads in Wales requiring close monitoring of structural condition are shown below.25’
Motorway 100%
50%
0% In 20+ years
In 5-19 years
2017-18
2016-17
2015-16 2018-19
In 0-4 years 100% Trunk Now
50%
0%
2017-18
2016-17
2015-16 2018-19
• Skidding resistance relates to wet or damp road surfaces. It reflects the condition of the road surface by measuring resistance between vehicles’ tyres and the road when accelerating, breaking or cornering. • The skidding resistance of the M4 is of a high standard with less than 0.3% surveyed found to be at or below investigatory level in 2018-19. • For the trunk road network, 9.9% of the surveyed surface was found to be at or below investigatory level in 2018-19, down from 10.4% in the previous year.
23 The State of Roads in Wales http://www.assembly.wales/laid%20documents/cr-ld11791/cr-ld11791-e.pdf 24 Road Lengths and Condition, 2018-19 https://llyw.cymru/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-07/hyd-chyflwr-ffyrdd-ebrill-2018-i-mawrth-2019-408. pdf 25 Calculated using Defectrograph. From 2015-16, figures calculated using new methodology. The structural condition of a section of road is in need of close monitor- ing when it has a negative residual life. 24 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Proportion of motorway and trunk roads in Wales surveyed at or below investigatory level for skidding resistance, 2010-11 to 2018-19 12
6
0
2011-12
2017-18
2016-17
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
2013-14
2015-16 2018-19
Trunk Motorway
Road use Volume of Traffic, 1993-2018 (Billion vehicle km) 30
15
0
2017
2011
1997
2012
2014
2015
2013 1995
2016
1993
1994
1998
1996
1999
2010
2007
2001
2002
2005
2003
2004
2008
2009
2006 2000
Cars and Taxis Buses & Coaches Goods vehicles
Light vans Cars and Taxis
Source: StatsWales, Volume of road traffic by type of vehicle and year https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/Roads/Road-Traffic/volumeofroadtraf- fic-by-typeofvehicle-year
• From 1993 to 2018 traffic volume increased by 33.0%, reaching a peak of 29.4 billion vehicle km (bvk) in 2018.26 • 94% of all motor vehicle traffic volume in 2018 was accounted for by cars and taxis (22.9 bvk) and vans (4.9 bvk). This proportion has been stable for at least the last 20 years. • The total volume of traffic is equivalent to 9,363 vehicles km (5,818 miles) per person.
26 Road Traffic: 2018 https://gov.wales/road-traffic-2018-html November 2019 | 25
1% 1% 4% Volume of road traffic by vehicle type, 2018, 16% (percentage of motor traffic in Wales)
Cars and taxis Motorcycles 78% Light vans Buses and coaches HGVs
• Vehicles travelled mostly on the major roads, with 66% of motor traffic in Wales either on motorways or A roads. • The motorway and trunk road network in Wales makes up 5% of the total road network but carries over 38% of the total volume of traffic. • In 2018 the volume of traffic on these roads was over 11 bvk (3.76 billion on the motorway and 7.59 billion on trunk roads).
Road length and motorised traffic volume by class of road, 2018
Motorway 135 Road length (km)
Trunk roads 1,576
County roads 2,773
B, C and minor roads 30,370
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Traffic volume (million km travelled) per km of road
Motorway 27.9
Trunk roads 4.8
County roads 2.9
B, C and minor roads 0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
• Transport Capacity and Demand Assessment Model (TCDAM) baseline results for Wales27 highlight the greatest levels of demand in North East and South East Wales. • At the time of the analysis, the Severn appeared as a major barrier to movement. As expected, Severn crossings have increased since the removal of tolls in Dec 2018. It remains to be seen what the long term effect of removing the tolls will be.
27 PPIW, Moving Forward: Improving strategic transport planning in Wales (2014) http://ppiw.org.uk/files/2014/11/Approaches-to-strategic-transport-planning.pdf 26 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Road congestion Motorways – South Wales28 • Average speeds for the M4 were consistently above 60mph across four out of nine local authorities. • Slower average speeds were recorded in Neath Port Talbot and Newport for all directions, during the morning and evening peaks. • Routes into Cardiff are congested at peak times. The A48(M) often saw quarterly average speeds under 60 mph during peak times. The westbound A48(M) routinely saw average speeds under 50 mph during the morning peak. • Average speeds on the M48 were consistent in each direction during morning peak hours, but lower westbound for the rest of the day.
A55 – North Wales29 • Over half the stretches of the A55 had average speeds of 60 mph or above, for either direction, during peak times and non-peak times. • There were two parts of the A55 which frequently had average speeds of less than 30 mph. These sections are in Holyhead and around the Britannia Bridge crossing.
28 Vehicle speeds on Welsh motorways, April to June 2016. https://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/vehicle-speeds-welsh-motorways/?lang=en 29 Vehicle speeds on the A55, April to June 2016 https://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/vehicle-speeds-a55/?lang=en November 2019 | 27
Public service vehicles • Bus services across Wales provide important access to education, training, work, healthcare and social events. • The National Survey for Wales 2013-14 showed that 21 percent of the population of Wales had no access to a car30. • 99.9 million passenger journeys were undertaken on local buses in Wales in 2017-18. These services covered a total of 99.1 million vehicle kilometres. Commercial services accounted for 77 per cent of the distance travelled and subsidised services accounted for 23 per cent.31
150 Public service vehicle km travelled, millions
120
90
2011-12
2017-18
2016-17
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
2013-14
2015-16
2007-08
2009-10 2008-09
• For the most part, public service vehicle journeys in Wales have been declining with a 36 per cent decrease in passenger journeys between 1986/87 and 2017/18.
150 Passenger journeys, millions
120
90
2011-12
2017-18
2016-17
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
2013-14
2015-16
2007-08
2009-10 2008-09
30 National Survey for Wales 2013-14 https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport 31 Public Service Vehicles in Wales 2017-18 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-03/public-service-vehicles-buses-and-taxis-april-2017-to- march-2018_0.pdf 28 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
• There is a similar story of declining bus use in England outside London and in Scotland.
Passenger Journeys on local bus services, Millions 3000
2250
1500 Wales Scotland England outside London London
750
0
2011-12
2017-18
2016-17
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
2013-14
2015-16
2007-08
2009-10
2006-07
2004-05
2005-06 2008-09
Source: Department for Transport BUS0103 Passenger journeys on local bus services by metropolitan area status and country https://www.gov.uk/government/statis- tical-data-sets/bus01-local-bus-passenger-journeys
• Wales accounts for a small proportion of the local bus market in Great Britain, with just 2.1 per cent of total passenger journeys in 2017-18. Wales has a 4.9 per cent share of the population in Great Britain, meaning that bus journeys are relatively less common in Wales than across Great Britain as a whole.
Passenger journeys on local bus services per 120 head of population by UK country and year
100
80
Wales Scotland 60 England Great Britain
40
20
2011-12
2013-14
1991-92
2015-16
1997-98
1993-94
1995-96
2001-02
2007-08
2009-10
1999-00
2003-04 2005-06
Source: Stats Wales, Passenger journeys on local bus services by country per head of population by year https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/Roads/ Public-Service-Vehicles/passengerjourneysonlocalbusservicesperheadofpopulation-by-ukcountry-year November 2019 | 29
TrawsCymru bus service • The TrawsCymru services provide a useful example of how bus operators, local authorities and Welsh Government can work together to deliver a strategic coordinated bus service that meets the needs of local communities. TrawsCymru has a number of commercially provided services (including the X2, X3 and X4 in south Wales). In addition, the Welsh Government funds a network of long distance services across Wales under the TrawsCymru brand. These typically serve key strategic corridors which do not have a rail service. The map shows the TrawsCymru network in 2017.
O le i le ar y bws Wales by bus
T2 Bangor Aberystwyth • Caerfyrddin T1 Aberystwyth • Carmarthen Caernarfon T3 • T12 Wrecsam Aberystwyth • Caerdydd T1C Rhiwabon Wrexham Aberystwyth • Cardiff Ruabon Caerfyrddin • Abertawe Porthmadog Llangollen T1S Carmarthen • Swansea Croesoswallt T2 Aberystwyth • Bangor Oswestry Abermo Abermo • Wrecsam Barmouth T3 Dolgellau T3 Barmouth • Wrexham Y Trallwng Welshpool Caerdydd • Y Drenewydd T4 Cardiff • Newtown T12 Aberystwyth • Hwlffordd Machynlleth T4 T5 Aberystwyth • Haverfordwest Y Drenewydd Abertawe • Aberhonddu T1 • T1C • T2 •T5 Aberystwyth Newtown T6 Swansea • Brecon Maes Awyr Cymru Caerdydd • Caerdydd T9 Cardiff Wales Airport • Cardiff Llandrindod Aberaeron Llandrindod Wells Wrecsam • Machynlleth Aberteifi Y Gelli Gandryll T12 Wrexham • Machynlleth Cardigan 460 Abergwaun Llanbedr Llanfair ym Hay on Wye Fishguard Pont Steffan Muallt T14 Lampeter Builth Wells T14 Caerdydd • Henffordd Llandysul Henffordd Cardiff • Hereford Hereford Aberteifi • Caerfyrddin Tyddewi T1•T1C • T1S T6 Aberhonddu 460 Brecon Cardigan • Carmarthen St David’s T11 Caerfyrddin Y Fenni Carmarthen 460 X43 Abergavenny Aberhonddu • Y Fenni Hwlffordd X43 Brecon • Abergavenny Ystradgynlais T5 Haverfordwest Cross Hands Merthyr Tudful Castell-nedd Merthyr Tydfil Neath Abertawe Pontypridd Swansea T1S • T6 Port Talbot Gorsaf drenau Railway station T1C • T4 • T9 • T14 Maes awyr Airport Maes Awyr Caerdydd T9 Caerdydd Cardiff Airport Cardiff
Aberystwyth • Caerfyrddin Aberystwyth • Hwlffordd Aberteifi • Caerfyrddin T1 Aberystwyth • Carmarthen T5 Aberystwyth • Haverfordwest 460 Cardigan • Carmarthen T1S Caerfyrddin • Abertawe Abertawe • Aberhonddu Carmarthen • Swansea T6 Swansea • Brecon X43 Aberhonddu • Y Fenni T1C Aberystwyth • Caerdydd Maes Awyr Cymru Caerdydd • Caerdydd Brecon • Abergavenny Aberystwyth • Cardiff T9 Cardiff Wales Airport • Cardiff T2 Aberystwyth • Bangor Abergwaun • Hwlffordd T11 Fishguard • Haverfordwest T3 Abermo • Wrecsam Wrecsam • Machynlleth Barmouth • Wrexham T12 Wrexham • Machynlleth T4 Caerdydd • Y Drenewydd Caerdydd • Henffordd Cardiff • Newtown T14 Cardiff • Hereford 30 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Effects of congestion on bus services The Economy, Infrastructure & Skills Committee of the National Assembly for Wales found that the impact of congestion on the bus industry is a major area of concern for bus operators32: • Bus speeds are declining faster than any other mode of transportation. Slower journey speeds make bus travel less attractive to customers. Poor service reliability is often caused by congestion along the route. For example, statistics from Stagecoach show that there has been a 2mph (13%) decline in bus speed between 1995 and 2015, resulting in the requirement for 6 additional buses (an increase of 26%) to maintain the same level of service. • Whilst congestion might be seen as an urban issue, it and its impacts are geographically widespread in Wales. Congestion has a number of effects: it increases journey times, makes bus trips unpredictable, increases operational costs (and subsequently fares), undermines passenger confidence, and reinforces negative perceptions of the bus. Bus fares
Fare indices for local bus services in Wales and Great Britain 200
150
100
2017
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2018
2016
2010
2007
2005
2008
2009 2006
Source: StatsWales, FareGB Indices for local busWales services in Wales and Great Britain by year https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/Roads/Public-Service-Ve- hicles/fareindicesforlocalbusservicesinwalesandgreatbritain-by-year
• Bus fares increased at a very similar rate in Wales and Great Britain, though in recent years fares have increased slightly more in Great Britain as a whole than in Wales. Bus fares have consistently increased by more than the rate of inflation. In Improving Public Transport33 the Welsh Government reports: • Falling passenger numbers mean that there is a greater pressure on fare paying passengers and the public purse to sustain the network which, despite significant investment from public and private sources, has seen a reduction in the number of services operated, with a consequential further reduction in patronage. This in turn exacerbates the pressure on local authorities as they identify and subsidise socially necessary services for local communities. • Public funding for bus services is considerable, with over £220 million of Welsh Government support provided each year, covering non-emergency health transport, school transport, the TrawsCymru bus service, bus grants and reimbursements for the Mandatory Concessionary Fares scheme.
32 Economy, Infrastructure & Skills Committee, Taming the traffic: The impact of congestion on bus services www.assembly.wales/laid%20documents/cr-ld11145/cr-ld11145-e.pdf 33 Welsh Government, Improving Public Transport https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2018-12/improving-public-transport_0.pdf November 2019 | 31
Road freight34 • About 4 per cent of HGVs licensed in the UK are in Wales35
Licensed heavy good vehicles in Wales, thousands 25
20
15
2017
2011
1997
2012
2014
2015
2013
1995
2016
1994
1998
1999
1996
2010
2007
2001
2002
2005
2003
2004
2008
2009
2006 2000
Source: StatsWales, Fare Indices for local bus services in Wales and Great Britain by year https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/Roads/Public-Service-Ve- hicles/fareindicesforlocalbusservicesinwalesandgreatbritain-by-year
• In 2017, 47 per cent of road freight in Wales travelled within Wales only. • 63 per cent of goods transported by road between Wales and the rest of the UK in 2017 came from or went to the North West, the South West or the West Midlands regions of England. • 50 per cent of Welsh import and export tonnage carried by road from and to the EU was loaded/unloaded in Belgium and Luxembourg or Germany in 2017. • Largest groups of commodities (by weight) carried by HGVs in Wales in 2017 – 22 million tonnes of food products (including beverages and tobacco). – 11 million tonnes of metal ore and other mining and quarrying (not including coal and lignite). – 9 million tonnes of waste related products. – 8 million tonnes of agricultural products.
Goods lifted by road within, to and from Wales by UK registered HGVs, million tonnes 50
40
30
20
10
2017
2014
2015
2013 2016
34 https://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/road-freight/?lang=en 35 Department for Transport, Licensed heavy goods vehicles at the end of the year by region, Great Britain https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ veh05-licensed-heavy-goods-vehicles 32 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Rail transport WALES RAIL NETWORK
Holyhead Llandudno Prestatyn Colwyn Rhyl Deganwy Bay Valley Abergele & Penmaenmawr Conwy Llandudno Junction Pensarn Llanfairfechan Rhosneigr Ty Croes Glan Conwy Flint Tal-y-cafn Bodorgan Llanfairpwll Bangor Hawarden Bridge Shotton Dolgarrog Hawarden CHESTER North Llanrwst Buckley Llanrwst Penyffordd Passenger/Freight Hope Betws-y-coed Caergwrle Freight only Pont-y-pant Cefn-y-Bedd Dolwyddelan Gwersyllt WREXHAM Wrexham Roman Bridge GENERAL Central
Blaenau Ruabon Ffestiniog Porthmadog Minffordd Penrhyndeudraeth Chirk Abererch Criccieth Llandecwyn Pwllheli Penychain Talsarnau Gobowen Tygwyn Harlech SOUTH WALES VALLEYS Llandanwg Pensarn Llanbedr Ebbw Vale Dyffryn Ardudwy Merthyr Rhymney Town Tydfil Talybont Aberdare Pontlottyn Llanaber Ebbw Vale Barmouth Pentre-Bach Tir-Phil Parkway SHREWSBURY Cwmbach Morfa Mawddach Brithdir Troed-y-Rhiw Fairbourne Fernhill Llanhilleth Bargoed Llwyngwril Welshpool Merthyr Vale Mountain Ash Gilfach Fargoed Tonfanau Treherbert Newbridge Newtown Penrhiwceiber Quaker’s Yard Pengam Tywyn Caersws Ynyswen Aberdovey Treorchy Abercynon Hengoed Ton Pentre Crosskeys Penhelig Ystrad Mynach Machynlleth Ystrad Rhondda Llwynypia Llanbradach Dovey Junction Church Maesteg Risca & Stretton Tonypandy Energlyn & Pontymister Maesteg (Ewenny Rd) Dinas Rhondda Churchill Park Borth Porth Aber Garth Coryton Rogerstone Trehafod Caerphilly Tondu Pontypridd Whitchurch Trefforest Lisvane & Craven Arms Sarn Rhiwbina Thornhill Pye Aberystwyth Trefforest Estate Birchgrove Corner Broome Taffs Well Llanishen Wildmill Llanharan Ty Glas Hopton Heath Radyr Heath High Level Pyle Bridgend Pencoed Danescourt Llandaf Heath Low Level Bucknell Ludlow Fairwater Cathays Knighton Pontyclun Waun-gron Park Ninian Park Cardiff Queen St. Knucklas CARDIFF CENTRAL Llangynllo Cardiff Bay Grangetown Cogan Llanbister Road Eastbrook Dingle Road Dinas Powys Dolau Leominster Penarth Cadoxton Pen-y-Bont Barry Docks Llandrindod Llantwit Rhoose Cardiff Barry Major International Airport Barry Island Builth Road Cilmeri Garth Fishguard Llangammarch Harbour Hereford Llanwrtyd Fishguard & Sugar Loaf Goodwick Cynghordy Llandovery Llanwrda Llangadog Clarbeston Road Whitland Llandeilo CARMARTHEN Clunderwen Haverfordwest Ffairfach Narberth Llandybie SOUTH WALES VALLEYS Abergavenny Johnston Ammanford Kilgetty Ferryside Ebbw Vale Merthyr Rhymney Town Pantyffynnon Tydfil Milford Haven Kidwelly Aberdare Saundersfoot Pontarddulais Pembroke Dock Pembroke Llangennech Tenby Lamphey Pembrey & Pontypool & New Inn Manorbier Burry Port Penally Llanelli Bynea Treherbert Llansamlet Gowerton Neath Cwmbran Skewen Chepstow SWANSEA Briton Ferry Baglan Maesteg Severn Tunnel Port Talbot NEWPORT Junction Caldicot Parkway
CARDIFF CENTRAL
The rail network “The rail network in Wales and Borders serves a diverse range of markets, from long distance interurban flows to significant daily commuting to Cardiff and Swansea and, to a lesser extent, Wrexham, Newport, Shrewsbury and Hereford. It also includes the western end of the Great Western and London North Western ‘intercity’ main lines which facilitate travel to England and Scotland. There are also several rural markets and considerable freight flows, both within Wales and cross-border.” Network Rail36
36 Network Rail, Wales Route Strategic Plan (March 2019) https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Route-Strategic-Plan-Wales.pdf November 2019 | 33
• The Wales route covers 923 route miles and 1,545 track miles37, • This represents about 11 per cent of the UK rail network38. • There are 248 stations on the Wales route (222 in Wales) • 1,150 level crossings • 2,923 bridges • The South Wales Main Line is being electrified as far as Cardiff Central.
Rail journeys in Wales, million 25
20
15
10
5
0
2016-17
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
1996-97
1992-93
1994-95
1998-99
2006-07
2002-03
2000-01
2004-05 2008-09
Between Wales and the rest of GB Within Wales
The number of rail journeys has increased in recent decades39 • The Wales Route carried 31m passenger journeys in 2017/18 • There were 1,340 train services per day40 • Within Wales, South East Wales accounted for 81.8 per cent, Mid and South West Wales for 10.5 per cent and North Wales for 6.6 per cent of all rail journeys. • The Severn appears as less of a barrier than it is for road movements41.
37 Network Rail (2019), Wales Route Strategic Plan https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Route-Strategic-Plan-Wales.pdf 38 https://beta.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-12/the-rail-network-in-wales-case-for-investment.pdf 39 https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/rail/rail-transport 40 The Wales Route - Network Rail, CP6 Wales Route Strategic Plan (March 2019) https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Wales-CP6-Delivery-Plan.pdf 41 PPIW, Moving Forward: Improving strategic transport planning in Wales (2014) http://ppiw.org.uk/files/2014/11/Approaches-to-strategic-transport-planning.pdf 34 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
• Network Rail‘s Welsh Route Study, 201642 reported that the Regional Urban market, in particular commuting into economic centres, is expected to grow with employment and business opportunities. Key priority flows for the Regional Urban market include: – Commuting to Cardiff – Commuting to Swansea – Commuting from South Wales to Greater Bristol area – Wrexham to cities in North West England
Rail station usage in Wales • Rail station usage in Wales accounts for around 1.8 per cent of the UK total43 • This proportion has been stable in recent years and shows that rail travel is less prevalent in Wales than across the UK in general, with Wales accounting for 4.7 per cent of the UK population • Cardiff Central is the busiest station in Wales with 25% of all station entries/exits • Of the 20 busiest stations in Wales, more than half are part of the Valley Lines network (not including Cardiff Central and Cardiff Queen Street) and two are in North Wales at Rhyl and Bangor
42 Network Rail, Welsh Route Study, 2016 https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Welsh-Route-Study.pdf 43 Welsh Government, Railway station usage in Wales, 2017-18, https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-02/rail-station-usage-april-2017-to- march-2018.pdf November 2019 | 35
Busiest stations in Wales by station entries/exits, 2017-18
Cardiff Central 12,951,746
Cardiff Queen Street 2,912,364
Newport (Gwent) 2,696,620
Swansea 2,158,886
Bridgend 1,526,622
Cardiff Bay 1,302,676
Cathays 946,274
Pontypridd 864,294
Neath 816,748
Caerphilly 771,930
Barry Island 753,404
Trefforest 752,308
Bangor (Gwynedd) 662,060
Penarth 626,950
Aberdare 571,746
Radyr 538,692
Barry 533,732
Rhyl 520,198
Port Talbot Parkway 516,610
Merthyr Tydfil 512,754 36 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Rail crowding44 • Rail passenger arrivals45 at locations in England and Wales during a typical autumn weekday are shown below. • Cardiff has relatively high levels of crowding46 during the morning peak. • Passenger satisfaction however remains relatively high.
Crowding during City Daily arrivals AM peak arrivals the morning peak
London 1,054,500 577,000 5.40%
Birmingham 128,100 45,100 2.40%
Manchester 97,400 33,600 4.30%
Reading 89,100 24,000 0.70%
Leeds 72,600 25,700 3.30%
Liverpool 63,200 20,000 0.00%
Cardiff 37,000 13,600 3.00%
Brighton 36,900 8,000 0.00%
Sheffield 32,900 7,800 1.20%
Bristol 28,200 9,200 0.80%
Leicester 27,900 6,200 0.90%
Cambridge 26,100 7,700 4.80%
Newcastle 24,100 4,400 0.00%
Nottingham 16,800 4,800 0.40%
44 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/728526/rail-passengers-crowding-2017.pdf 45 Arrivals are the number of passengers on trains arriving into the city centre by national rail. The city may not be the end destination of all passengers 46 Crowding is measured using the ‘PiXC’ statistic. This is the percentage of passengers in excess of capacity on a typical autumn weekday. A higher PiXC percentage represents worse crowding. November 2019 | 37
Passenger satisfaction • Passenger satisfaction has been stable over the last decade
Percentage of users who were satisfied with their journey on Arriva Trains Wales
100
80
60
40
20
0
Spring 2017 Spring
Spring 2011 Spring
Spring 2012 Spring
Spring 2014 Spring
Spring 2015 Spring
Spring 2013 Spring
Spring 2016 Spring
Spring 2010 Spring
Spring 2007 Spring
Spring 2008 Spring
Spring 2009 Spring
Spring 2006 Spring
Autumn 2017 Autumn
Autumn 2011 Autumn
Autumn 2012 Autumn
Autumn 2014 Autumn
Autumn 2015 Autumn
Autumn 2013 Autumn
Autumn 2016 Autumn
Autumn 2010 Autumn
Autumn 2007 Autumn
Autumn 2008 Autumn
Autumn 2009 Autumn Autumn 2006 Autumn
Source: https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/rail/rail-transport
Train punctuality47 • Punctuality declined slightly between 2011 and 2017
Trains arriving within the estimated time of arrival (%) 100
90
80
2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017
Within 10 mins Within 5 mins
Rail funding • Office of Road and Rail analysis shows that on average, governments contributed £1.79 per passenger journey in England, £6.14 in Scotland and £9.16 in Wales.48 • Average passenger income per journey in GB was £5.65 in 2017-18. The average passenger income per journey was £6.35 in Wales, £5.71 in England and £4.48 in Scotland.
47 https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/rail/rail-transport/punctualityoftrainsarrivingwithintheestimatedtimeofarrival-by-year 48 Office of Road and Rail, UK rail industry financial information 2017-18, 30 January 2019 https://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/40351/uk-rail-industry-fi- nancial-information-2017-18.pdf 38 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Franchised train operator income
Government Government Passenger Passenger funding per funding per income per income per Franchise passenger passenger passenger passenger journey (£) km (£) journey (£) km (£) Merseyrail 3.01 0.19 1.33 0.08 Electrics Northern 6.46 0.26 2.89 0.12 TransPennine 4.57 0.06 8.58 0.12 Express
Wales & Borders 10.04 0.26 4.43 0.12
West Midlands 3.88 0.10 4.63 0.12 ScotRail 6.47 0.21 3.54 0.12 Caledonian 103.48 0.16 78.95 0.12 Sleeper Chiltern 1.88 0.03 7.61 0.13 Essex 0.02 0.00 3.59 0.14 Thameside Cross Country 5.28 0.06 13.21 0.14
East Coast -3.99 -0.02 34.98 0.14
South Western 0.16 0.01 4.32 0.15
West Coast 2.72 0.01 28.92 0.15
East Midlands 4.79 0.05 14.14 0.16
East Anglia 1.22 0.03 7.37 0.16
Great Western 3.53 0.06 9.14 0.16
TFL Rail 1.24 0.10 1.97 0.16
TFL Rail 1.24 0.10 1.97 0.16
South Eastern 1.78 0.07 4.39 0.17 Thameslink Southern & 0.62 0.02 4.59 0.17 Great Northern London 0.66 0.10 1.19 0.17 Overground GB Total 2.23 0.06 5.65 0.15
Source: Office of Road and Rail, UK rail industry financial information 2017-18, 30 January 2019, Table 2.16 Franchised train operator and Network Rail statistical analysis https://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/40351/uk-rail-industry-financial-information-2017-18.pdf November 2019 | 39
Active Travel Active Travel is walking or cycling as a means of transport; that is walking or cycling in order to get to a particular destination such as work, the shops or to visit friends. It does not cover walking or cycling done purely for pleasure, for health reasons or for training49. • 6% of adults cycled at least once a week for active travel purposes. • 58% of adults walked more than once a week for active travel purposes. • 47% of people living in urban areas walk at least three times a week, compared with 33 % of those from rural areas. • Men, younger people, those without limiting illnesses and those who have qualifications were more likely than others to cycle. • Younger people, those without limiting illnesses, those with qualifications and people from urban areas were more likely than others to walk for more than 10 minutes to get to a destination. • 44% of children actively travel to primary school, and 34 % to secondary school (latest data for 2016-17). • 225 seriously injured pedal cyclists were admitted to hospital in 2017-18. • The Economy, Infrastructure and Skills Committee50 concluded that the numbers of people walking and cycling to work or for other essential journeys are static, and in the case of children travelling to school, have reduced. The Committee found that the desire to deliver step change in active travel had not diminished, but a lack of leadership, funding and ambition had contributed to the poor outcome to date. This had been compounded by a skills gaps and a so far missed opportunity to foster cultural and behavioural change. • A survey undertaken by the Committee found that: – 37% of young people surveyed walk to school most days – 60% of active travellers regard cycling as unsafe – 63% of active travellers rated the number of cycle routes as poor – 55% of active travellers rated the directness of cycle routes as poor
Ports The three most important ports in Wales meet specialised shipping needs51: • Milford Haven handles mainly crude oil, oil products and liquefied natural gas • Port Talbot imports iron ore and coal mostly for the adjacent steelworks • Holyhead is the main port for freight and sea passenger transport with the Irish Republic. The other major ports include Fishguard, Swansea, Cardiff, and Newport. There are also a number of minor ports in Wales: Barry, Mostyn, Neath, Llanddulas, Port Penrhyn and Burry Port.
49 Walking and cycling in Wales: Active travel, 2017-18 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2018-12/active-travel-financial-year-2017- to-2018_1.pdf 50 Post-legislative scrutiny of the Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013 http://www.assembly.wales/laid%20documents/cr-ld11566-r/cr-ld11566-r-e.pdf 51 Welsh Government, Sea Transport, 2017 https://gov.wales/docs/statistics/2018/181128-sea-transport-2017-en.pdf 40 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Use of ports Total freight (million tonnes)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2017
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
2010
2007
2001
2002
2005
2003
2004
2008
2009
2006 2000
Cardiff Holyhead Newport Swansea Fishguard Milford Haven Port Talbot
• Total freight traffic at ports in Wales fell by 3.6 per cent in 2017 to 51.6 million tonnes (Mt), its lowest level since comparable records began in 1976. • Of traffic at major ports in Wales, 87.0 per cent was foreign traffic with 63.6 per cent being foreign imports. The majority of foreign imports and exports consisted of bulk traffic (for example crude oil, oil products, liquefied gas and ores). • Milford Haven is the largest port in Wales and the fourth largest port in the UK by volume of freight, predominantly through oil and gas traffic. It handled 32.0 Mt of traffic in 2017, which was 6.6 per cent of the UK total for 2017. Freight traffic at Milford Haven accounts for 62.0 per cent of all Welsh port traffic.
Number of lorries and unaccompanied trailers passing through Welsh ports to the Republic of Ireland (thousands) 500
400
300
200
100
0
2017
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
2010
2007
2005
2008
2009 2006
Holyhead Milford Haven Fishguard November 2019 | 41
• Welsh ports also act as the gateway between the Republic of Ireland and the rest of Europe. • 0.3 Mt of goods carried on Irish registered heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) between the Republic of Ireland and Europe passed through Welsh ports. 73.6 per cent of this traffic passed through ports in North Wales. • Over the long term, total sea passenger movement between the Republic of Ireland and Wales has declined.
Airports • Cardiff is the only major domestic and international airport in Wales. • Anglesey is the only other airport to offer scheduled services and only to Cardiff. Use of Cardiff Airport
Passengers to and from Cardiff Airport (millions) 2.0
1.0
0.0
2017
2011
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
2018
2010
2007
2008
2009 2006
Domestic International
Source: StatsWales Transport Air https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/Air
• Passenger numbers at Cardiff Airport are recovering from a period of decline52 . • During 2018, there were almost 296 million passenger journeys through UK airports with Heathrow the busiest (80 million), followed by Gatwick (46 million) and Manchester (28 million). Cardiff was the 21st busiest airport in the UK with 1.58 million terminal passengers which was 0.5 per cent of the UK total53. • Historically, the volume of freight moving through Cardiff airport has been volatile. The volume peaked in 2004 at 2,600 tonnes, but fell by 93 per cent between 2007 and 2009, from 2,400 to 178 tonnes. Thereafter it remained at low levels and in 2017 just 4 tonnes of freight were moved through the airport, the lowest figure on record. In 2018 freight levels increased to 1,500 tonnes, driven primarily by the introduction of the Qatar route in May 2018, which transports significant volumes of cargo as well as passengers54.
52 Air transport in Wales during 2018 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-05/air-transport-2018.pdf 53 CAA Airport Data 2018 Table 8 Table_08_Air_Pax_by_Type_and_Nat_of_Op https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Data_and_ analysis/Datasets/Airport_stats/Airport_data_2018_annual/Table_08_Air_Pax_by_Type_and_Nat_of_Op.csv 54 Air transport in Wales during 2018 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-05/air-transport-2018.pdf 42 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Freight at Cardiff Airport, 1995-2018 (tonnes) 3000
2000
1000
0
2017
2011
1997
2012
2014
2015
2013
2016
1998
1999
1996
2010
2007
2001
2002
2005
2003
2004
2008
2009
2006 2000
Source:StatsWales Air Freight (tonnes) to and from Cardiff Airport https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Transport/Air/airfreighttonnestofromcardiffairport-by-di- rection-area-flighttype-year
The contribution of transport to greenhouse gas emissions The Transport sector includes transport emissions within Wales along with Wales’ share of emissions from international aviation and international shipping55. At 6.8 MtCO2e, transport accounted for 14% of Welsh emissions in 2016. Transport is our third largest greenhouse gas emitting sector, following the power and industry sectors. Practically all transport emissions (99%) are emissions of carbon dioxide.
Transport sector emissions in 2016 (MtC0₂e)
1% (0.10 MtC0e) 1% (0.10 MtC0e) 2% (0.15 MtC0e) Cars Light trucks 5% (0.32 MtC0e) 6% (0.42 MtC0e) Heavy trucks and buses International shipping
14% (0.94 MtC0e) Domestic shipping Railways 55% (3.73 MtC0e) International flights Other transport 16% (1.07 MtC0e)
Source: Welsh Government, Prosperity for All: A Low Carbon Wales, 2019. https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/190321-prosperity-for-all-a-low-carbon-wales-en.pdf
Cars account for 7.7% of total Welsh emissions, light trucks 2.2% and heavy trucks and buses a further 2.0%. Although vehicles are increasingly efficient, we are also travelling more, so overall sector emissions have changed little since the 1990 baseline, declining by just 3% to 2016.
55 Welsh Government, Prosperity for All: A Low carbon Wales, 2019 https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/190321-prosperity-for-all-a-low-carbon-wales- en.pdf November 2019 | 43
Waste
Amount of waste produced in Wales Although annual data on municipal waste are published, data on industrial, commercial, construction and demolition waste are collected by occasional survey the last of which was in 2012. Total waste in Wales fell from approximately 14.5 million tonnes in 2007 to 8.4 million tonnes in 201256.
Municipal waste On average across the UK, municipal waste amounts to about a tonne of waste for each household per year57. Waste arising from households in the UK, tonnes/per household 1.2
1
0.8 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales
In 2017, the UK produced less municipal waste per head of population than the average of EU-28 countries58. Municipal waste generated in European countries, 2017 (Kg per capita) 800
600
400
200
0
IS
IT
LT
FL
SL
LV
PL
EL
CZ
SE ES
FR
EE
SK
AT PT
LU
CY
BE
BG
DE NL
RO
DK
UK
HR
CH
NO
MT
HU EU-28
Source: Welsh Government Towards Zero Waste Progress Report, 2015, page 16 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-05/towards-zero-waste-pro- gress-report-july-2015.pdf
56 Welsh Government Towards Zero Waste Progress Report, 2015, https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-05/towards-zero-waste-progress-report-july-2015.pdf 57 Analysis for the NICW based on: Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, Digest of Waste and resource Statistics, 2018 Edition, table 2.1 Waste from house- holds https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/710124/Digest_of_Waste_and_Resource_Statistics_2018.pdf ; and Estimated numbers of households in England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, 2004 to 2016, ONS https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ birthsdeathsandmarriages/families/adhocs/008777estimatednumbersofhouseholdsinenglandandwalesscotlandnorthernireland2004to2016 58 Eurostat, Municipal waste generated, 2017 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Municipal_waste_statistics 44 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
In Europe, municipal waste has gradually decreased since the early 2000’s. The amount of municipal waste generated per person in 2017 was similar to that in 1995.
Municipal waste generated, in selected years, 1995-2017 (kg per capita) 600
300
0 1995 2000 2005 2011 2017
EU-28 United Kingdom
The Welsh Government has targeted a reduction in household waste of 1.2% per year on the 2006-07 baseline until 2050. So far the target has been achieved each year.59
Household waste in Wales, million tonnes
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2011-12
2017-18
2016-17
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
2013-14
2015-16
2007-08
2009-10
2006-07 2008-09
Household waste Target
59 Analysis for the NICW based on: • Towards Zero Waste Progress report, July 2015 https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/150724-towards-zero-waste-progress-report-en.pdf; and • StatsWales, Annual waste generated (tonnes) by source https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Environment-and-Countryside/Waste-Management/ Local-Authority-Municipal-Waste/annualwastegenerated-by-source-year https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/desh/publications/150724-towards-zero-waste-progress-report-en.pdf November 2019 | 45
Recycling rates for municipal waste have improved but vary between countries. Wales has one of the highest recycling rates in the world60. Reported recycling rates %
80
60
40
20
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
England Germany Wales EU-28
The Welsh Government has set targets for 64% recycling by 2019-20, rising to 70% by 2024-25. Wales is already sending less municipal waste to landfill61.
Municipal waste managed (tonnes)
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18 0 450000 900000 1350000 1800000
Total Waste Waste incinerated with Reused/Recycled/Composted energy recovery Waste landfilled
Waste sent for other recovery Waste incinerated without energy recovery
60 Analysis for the NICW based on: Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Municipal_waste_statistics Umwelt Bundesamt 2019 https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/indicator-recycling-municipal-waste Statista https://www.statista.com/statistics/444744/household-recycling-rate-uk/ Statista https://www.statista.com/statistics/791387/recycling-rates-in-wales/ 61 StatsWales Local Authority Municipal Waste Management, 2017-18 https://gov.wales/docs/statistics/2018/181017-local-authority-municipal-waste-management-2017-18-en.pdf 46 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
The Welsh Government targets for the maximum percentage of municipal waste sent to landfill are 10% in 2019-20 and 5% in 2024-25. Progress to date is shown below62.
Year Percentage municipal waste landfilled
2012-13 41%
2013-14 38%
2014-15 29%
2015-16 18%
2016-17 9%
2017-18 11%
Construction and demolition waste Main findings from the survey of construction and demolition (C & D) waste generated in Wales for 201263 were: • Welsh construction and demolition sectors generated an estimated 3.4 million tonnes of waste • The Civil Engineering (47%) and Construction (41%) sectors generated the majority of this waste, with a smaller proportion generated by the General Building (7%) and Demolition (4%) sectors • The most significant type of C&D waste generated was soil, 46 per cent, followed by aggregate, 37 per cent, mixed general site waste, 10 per cent and wood waste, 3 per cent. C&D waste was managed as follows: • 1.5 million tonnes, 44 per cent, was prepared for re-use • 1.1 million tonnes, 31 per cent, was recycled • 639 thousand tonnes, 19 per cent, was disposed via landfill • 130 thousand tonnes, 4 per cent, was sent for backfilling The Welsh Government’s waste prevention target for construction and demolition waste is a reduction of 1.4% every year to 2050 based on a 2006 baseline. Performance against target is shown below64.
Year Estimated total waste generation (thousand tonnes)
2005 9418
2012 3359
62 StatsWales, Annual management of waste by management method (tonnes) https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Environment-and-Countryside/ Waste-Management/Local-Authority-Municipal-Waste/annualwastemanagement-by-management-year 63 Natural Resources Wales, Construction and Demolition Waste Survey, 2012 https://cdn.naturalresources.wales/media/1988/survey-of-construction-an-demoli- tion-waste-wales-2012.pdf?mode=pad&rnd=131471843040000000 64 Towards Zero Waste 2010-2050 Progress Report July 2015 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-05/towards-zero-waste-progress-report-ju- ly-2015.pdf November 2019 | 47
The 64% reduction between 2005 and 2012 is well ahead of target. However, the following factors may partially account for the apparent reduction: • The recession after 2005 impacted significantly on the construction sector, reducing output and therefore waste generation in 2012; and, • There were no major infrastructure projects in Wales accounting for very large quantities of waste in 2012. This contrasts with 2005-06 when three of the five largest waste producers were involved in major projects in Wales. The Welsh Government targets to reduce the percentage of construction and demolition waste landfilled in Wales, as a percentage of the 2007 baseline, are: • 50% by 2015-16, and • 75% by 2019-20. Performance against target is shown below65.
Year Waste sent to landfill (thousand tonnes)
2005 1300
2012 639
The 51% reduction between 2005 and 2012 suggests good progress towards the targets. However, the factors described in relation to waste generation also apply.
Industrial and commercial waste Analysis of data from the Survey of Industrial & Commercial Waste Generated in Wales 201266 concluded that: • Welsh industrial and commercial sectors generated an estimated 3.7 million tonnes of waste, of which 55% was industrial and 45% commercial. • An estimated 481 thousand tonnes of industrial waste and 434 thousand tonnes of commercial waste were generated in North Wales. An estimated 1.2 million tonnes of industrial waste and 757 thousand tonnes of commercial waste were generated in South East Wales. An estimated 278 thousand tonnes of industrial waste and 474 thousand tonnes of commercial waste were generated in South West Wales. • The preparation for re-use, recycling & composting rate for the combined total of all industrial and commercial waste was 58% and the land disposal rate was 26%.
65 Towards Zero Waste 2010-2050 Progress Report July 2015 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-05/towards-zero-waste-progress-report-ju- ly-2015.pdf 66 Survey of Industrial & Commercial Waste Generated in Wales 2012 https://naturalresources.wales/media/1995/survey-of-industrial-and-commercial-waste-gener- ated-in-wales-2012pdf.pdf 48 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
The Welsh Government target for generation of industrial waste is a 1.4% reduction every year to 2050 on the 2006-07 baseline. Between 2007 and 2012 there was a 6% increase in industrial waste.
Year Total waste generation (thousand tonnes)
2007 1,896
2012 2,001
The Welsh Government targets for preparation for reuse, recycling and composting of industrial waste are: • 63% by 2015-16, • 67% by 2019-20, and • 70% by 2024-25 Performance against target is shown below.
Year Estimated percentage of total waste recycled
2007 59%
2012 50%
The Welsh Government target for landfilling of industrial waste is for no more than 10% by 2019-20. Performance is shown below.
Year Estimated total waste generation (thousand tonnes)
2007 29%
2012 27%
The Welsh Government target for generation of commercial waste is a reduction of 1.2% every year on the 2006-07 baseline. Between 2007 and 2012 there was a 1% decrease in total.
Year Estimated percentage of total waste landfilled
2007 1,677
2012 1,665
The Welsh Government targets for preparation for reuse, recycling and composting of commercial waste are: • 57% by 2015-16, • 67% by 2019-20, and • 70% by 2024-25 November 2019 | 49
Performance against target is shown below.
Year Estimated percentage of total waste recycled
2007 37%
2012 68%
The Welsh Government target for landfilling of commercial waste is for no more than 10% by 2019-20. Performance against target is shown below.
Year Estimated percentage of total waste landfilled
2007 51%
2012 26% 50 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Industrial waste generated by sector (thousand tonnes) Water Textiles Coke products Non-metallic mineral products Wood products Furniture Computer equipment Paper products
Chemical products Industrial Sector Industrial Basic metals Food products Energy supply 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Thousand tonnes
Commercial waste generated by sector Real estate (thousand tonnes) Other services Information Financial Entertainment Public admin Administrative Transportation Professional
Education Commercial Sector Commercial Human health Accommodation Wholesale and retail 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Thousand tonnes
Industrial and commercial waste generated by waste management method
Composting Other Treated Incineration Land recovery Reuse
Management Method Management Land disposal Recycling
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Thousand tonnes November 2019 | 51
Water
Total water abstraction It is not only water companies that take water from the environment. In total about 50,894 Million litres per day are taken in England and Wales67: • 15,315 million litres for water companies to produce drinking water • 429 million litres for agriculture • 5,067 million litres for industrial processes • 30,083 million litres for other uses including production of electricity
Drinking water The quality of drinking water in Wales is high. “In 2018, the figure for public water supply compliance with the EU Drinking Water Directive in Wales was 99.95%. This figure is certainly good news and would indicate that the drinking water supply is excellent.” Chief Inspector of Drinking Water The Chief Inspector also reported that consumers in Wales contact water companies about discoloured water almost three times more frequently than consumers, on average, in England and there has been little progress in reducing numbers of contacts in recent years. Key facts about public and private water supply arrangements in Wales68
Public supplies Private supplies
Population supplied 3,196,703 Population supplied 77,000
Water supplied (l/day) 840 million Water supplied (l/day) 29 million
Approximate number of Abstraction points 84 14,846 private water supplies
Treatment works 67
Service reservoirs 418
Length of mains 27,742 pipe (km) Water composition: Water composition • Surface sources 95.1% • Surface influenced supplies 36% • Groundwater sources 4.0% • Groundwater sources 28% • Mixed sources 0.9% • Mains water 28% • Unknown 9%
67 Source: Environment Agency and Natural Resources Wales; England and Wales, Jan 2015 - Dec 2015 https://discoverwater.co.uk 68 Drinking Water Inspectorate, Summary of the Chief Inspector’s report for drinking water in Wales 2018 http://www.dwi.gov.uk/about/annual-report/2018/CIR-2018- Wales.pdf 52 | National Infrastructure Commission for Wales Annual Report - Baseline Data
Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water provides water and sewerage services to the vast majority of people living in Wales. Hafren Dyfrdwy serves part of Mid & North East Wales. Albion Eco provides water to Shotton Paper and SSE to Llanilid Park nr Bridgend. 77,000 people in Wales receive water from private supplies.
Water company information Dŵr Cymru Hafren Welsh Water69 Dyfrdwy70 Household & business customers 1,400,000 107,000 Drinking water supplied every 828 61 day (million litres) Length of water mains (km) 26,500 2,600
Impounding reservoirs 66 3
69 Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water https://www.dwrcymru.com/en/Media-Centre/Fast-Facts.aspx 70 Hafren Dyfrdwy Annual Performance Report 2019 https://www.hdcymru.co.uk/content/dam/hdcymru/regulatory-documents/HD%20Annual%20Performance%20 Report%202018_19.pdf November 2019 | 53
Water company performance71
Average of regulated water Dŵr Cymru Hafren Dyfrdwy companies in Welsh Water England & Wales 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 Forecast average annual household combined 394 407 415 434 447 444 NA 311 312 water and sewerage bill (£), 2019-20 Average daily water usage 141 141 142 145 151 157 135 137 142 per person (litres Overall performance against water quality tests 99.96 99.96 99.95 99.97 99.96 99.97 99.99 99.97 99.98 (known as Overall Mean Zonal Compliance) (%) Cubic metres of water leaked per km 9.1 9.3 9.2 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.9 of main per day Litres leaked per 121 123 121 123 121 118 89 86 145 property per day No of properties below minimum standard for . . 1.46 . . 0.71 . . 8.95 pressure per 10,000 connections Number of pipe main bursts 153 159 172 133 152 154 105 121 128 per 1,000 km of pipe Average minutes lost due to supply interruptions per 10:47 22:00 13:14 12:09 43:17 16:02 21:00 04:12 29:10 total properties served 3 out 3 out 3 out 3 out Environmental 3 out of 2 out of of 4 of 4 of 4 of 4 . . . performance assessment 4 stars 4 stars stars stars stars stars Number of incidents caused due to unexpected 34 31 31 30 28 28 . . . release of contaminants (per 10,000 km of sewers) Percentage of environmental permit 98.6 98.4 98.6 99.0 96.7 98.0 conditions met (%) Percentage of environmental improvement measures 100 100 100 100 100 98 . . . completed based on National Environment Programme (%)
71 Water UK https://discoverwater.co.uk