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9/7/2012 ARCH 1250 APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CLASS TWO - CLIMATE Macroclimate and Microclimate Part 2: Climate Change & Design Strategies John Seitz, RA, LEED AP Assistant Adjunct Professor Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARA Assistant Professor LECTURE TWO CLIMATE The Sun and Climate - Charting the Sun SUN CHART Reading the Sun Chart READING THE CHART • PATH/DATE Revit Step by Step – Still View • TIME • ALTITUDE • BEARING Revit Step by Step – Solar Study Animation TRACKING THE PATH • 5 AM • 7 AM • 9 AM • 12 NOON • 3 PM • 5 PM • 7 PM REVIT TUTORIAL • STILL VIEW • SOLAR STUDY EXERCISES • NEW MONTH • NEW LOCATION • Q & A ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 1 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Climate Change CLIMATE Climate Change generally refers to a broad spectrum of changes over time OVERVIEW THE SUN and to our macroclimate CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE •These include rising surface temperatures (global warming) CLIMATE and • Changing patterns to precipitation and winds BUILDING FORM • and an increase in frequency and strength of storm activity. BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN These changes have a range of extended indirect effects, including: • rising sea levels (from melting glacial and polar land ice) • habitat loss and species extinctions • water availability & agricultural productivity • disease prevalence • and destruction of the built environment. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Greenhouse effect CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Increase in Global Temperature and CO2 Concentration CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE Data per Berkeley Earth © 2012 OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Increase in Global Temperature and CO2 Concentration CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING Data per Berkeley Earth NYC COLLEGE © 2012 OF TECHNOLOGY 3 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Greenhouse Gases as regulated by Kyoto CLIMATE Carbon dioxide (CO2) From the decay of materials, respiration of plant and animal life, OVERVIEW volcanic and thermal venting, and the natural and human-induced combustion of materials THE SUN and and fuels. It is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and ocean absorption. CLIMATE CLIMATE Methane (CH4) From the anaerobic (without oxygen) decay of matter. Primary sources CHANGE CLIMATE and include wetlands, rice paddies, animal digestive processes, fossil fuel extraction, pulp and BUILDING FORM paper processing and decaying garbage. BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN Nitrous oxide (N20) Soils and oceans are the primary natural source of nitrous oxide. Humans contribute through soil cultivation and use of nitrogen fertilizers, nylon production, and the burning of organic material and fossil fuels. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Halocarbons are human- produced chemical compounds containing members of the halogen family (bromine, chlorine, and fluorine) and carbon. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) From electric power industry circuit breakers, gas-insulated substations and switchgear. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and All of Earth’s ecosystems have been significantly transformed through human CLIMATE actions and the pace of change is accelerating. This change is resulting in a CLIMATE CHANGE net loss of ecosystem services (as demand increases). CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM Up to 30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened BIOCLIMATIC with a medium to high certainty of extinction. DESIGN Since industrial fishing began, the total mass of commercially exploited marine species has been reduced by 90% in much of the world. The assessment shows that with appropriate actions it is possible to reverse the degradation of many ecosystem services over the next 50 years, but the changes in policy and practice required are substantial and not currently underway. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 4 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Rising Storm Damage CLIMATE A study by Munich Re recently concluded that rising casualty losses from disasters OVERVIEW is primarily a result of rising investments in vulnerable areas. A trend that could be THE SUN and CLIMATE reversed with better site planning and land-use decisions. CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Urban Heat Islands CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 5 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Acid Rain Rainwater has a normal acidity level of 6.0-6.9. In the northeast US these levels change dramatically based on the concentration of atmospheric pollutants, primarily SO2, which combines with moisture in the air to create Sulfuric Acid. The increased acidity of rainwater also affects buildings, corroding plumbing systems and eroding stone facades. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Acid Rain ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 6 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, NM LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Wind and site planning CLIMATE Trees and site OVERVIEW THE SUN and plantings may be used CLIMATE to deflect winds, CLIMATE CHANGE sheltering both outdoor CLIMATE and spaces and buildings. BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 7 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Wind and site planning CLIMATE Trees and site OVERVIEW THE SUN and plantings may also be CLIMATE used to increase wind CLIMATE CHANGE speeds and channel CLIMATE and breezes. BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Wind and site planning CLIMATE Seasonal wind shifts OVERVIEW THE SUN and provide opportunities for CLIMATE creating comfortable CLIMATE CHANGE outdoor spaces through CLIMATE and the year. BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 8 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Bioclimatic Chart BioClimatic Chart, from Victor Olgyay’s, Design With Climate, 1963 ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Bioclimatic Chart & Design CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN Phoenix, AZ New York, NY ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING Miami, FL NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 9 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ? Cold Temperate • The Cold Region includes areas with extremely long and Hot – Humid cold winters and limited hours of sunlight in winter. Hot – Arid • Alaska, North Dakota, Minnesota, Maine Climate Inventory: Deep Snow, Strong Winds, High Wind-Chill Factor, Deep Frost, Alternating Freeze-Thaw Cycle, Rapid Spring Melt Analysis: Need to minimize heat loss and maximize solar radiation. Need to protect from winter winds. Design Response: Massive low-profile, well insulated structures with limited glass areas, maximum sun exposure, minimum ARCH 1250 wind exposure and protected SITE PLANNING entries. Image Source: NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY http://www.alpine-charms.com/mure_ext_2.jpg LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ? Cold • Variable temperatures from warm to hot in the summer to Temperate Hot – Humid cold in the winter and moderate in the spring and fall Hot – Arid • Oregon, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York Climate Inventory: Seasonal and variable temperatures changes throughout the year. Changing wind directions and violent storms. Alternating periods of drought and flood. Analysis: Construction to withstand the worst of the storms and provision for all- weather durability and maintenance. Design Response: Minimize need for cooling, heating and ventilation. Orient building to minimize summer heat gain, ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING maximize summer breezes and protect from winter winds. Image Source: NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY http://www.realestatewebmasters.com/blogs/uploads/Image/Nashville%20Images/DSC_0070.JPG 10 9/7/2012 LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ? • Categorized by consistently high temperatures and low humidity Cold Temperate • Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina Hot – Humid Hot – Arid Inventory: Temperatures relatively high with high humidity, torrential and sudden rainfall, storm winds of hurricane force Analysis: Elevate structures above the ground, facing into the breeze, and insect proof critical areas. Design Response: Cool by all feasible means; open building plans, high ceilings, louvered openings, breezeways and natural ventilation. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING NYC COLLEGE Image Source: OF TECHNOLOGY http://www.deadmentellnotales.com/onlinetexts/potc/images/2bayou.jpg LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ? Cold Temperate • Categorized by consistently high temperatures and high humidity Hot – Humid • Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Death Valley & Southern Hot – Arid California Inventory: Temperatures relatively high and dry. Goes from the extremes of hot during the day to cold at night. Annual rainfall is minimal. Analysis:
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