9/7/2012

ARCH 1250 APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

CLASS TWO - CLIMATE Macroclimate and Microclimate

Part 2: Climate Change & Design Strategies

John Seitz, RA, LEED AP Assistant Adjunct Professor

Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARA Assistant Professor

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE The Sun and Climate - Charting the Sun

SUN CHART Reading the Sun Chart READING THE CHART • PATH/DATE Revit Step by Step – Still View • TIME • ALTITUDE • BEARING Revit Step by Step – Solar Study Animation

TRACKING THE PATH • 5 AM • 7 AM • 9 AM • 12 NOON • 3 PM • 5 PM • 7 PM

REVIT TUTORIAL • STILL VIEW • SOLAR STUDY

EXERCISES • NEW MONTH • NEW LOCATION • Q & A

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Climate Change

CLIMATE Climate Change generally refers to a broad spectrum of changes over time OVERVIEW THE SUN and to our macroclimate CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE •These include rising surface temperatures (global warming) CLIMATE and • Changing patterns to precipitation and winds BUILDING FORM • and an increase in frequency and strength of storm activity. BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN These changes have a range of extended indirect effects, including:

• rising sea levels (from melting glacial and polar land ice) • habitat loss and species extinctions • water availability & agricultural productivity • disease prevalence • and destruction of the built environment.

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Greenhouse effect

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Increase in Global Temperature and CO2 Concentration

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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NYC COLLEGE Data per Berkeley Earth © 2012 OF TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Increase in Global Temperature and CO2 Concentration

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING Data per Berkeley Earth NYC COLLEGE © 2012 OF TECHNOLOGY

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Greenhouse Gases as regulated by Kyoto

CLIMATE Carbon dioxide (CO2) From the decay of materials, respiration of plant and animal life, OVERVIEW volcanic and thermal venting, and the natural and human-induced combustion of materials THE SUN and and fuels. It is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and ocean absorption. CLIMATE CLIMATE Methane (CH4) From the anaerobic (without oxygen) decay of matter. Primary sources CHANGE CLIMATE and include wetlands, rice paddies, animal digestive processes, fossil fuel extraction, pulp and BUILDING FORM paper processing and decaying garbage. BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN Nitrous oxide (N20) Soils and oceans are the primary natural source of nitrous oxide. Humans contribute through soil cultivation and use of nitrogen fertilizers, nylon production, and the burning of organic material and fossil fuels.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Halocarbons are human- produced chemical compounds containing members of the halogen family (bromine, chlorine, and fluorine) and carbon.

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) From electric power industry circuit breakers, gas-insulated substations and switchgear.

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and All of Earth’s ecosystems have been significantly transformed through human CLIMATE actions and the pace of change is accelerating. This change is resulting in a CLIMATE CHANGE net loss of ecosystem services (as demand increases). CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM Up to 30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened BIOCLIMATIC with a medium to high certainty of extinction. DESIGN Since industrial fishing began, the total mass of commercially exploited marine species has been reduced by 90% in much of the world. The assessment shows that with appropriate actions it is possible to reverse the degradation of many ecosystem services over the next 50 years, but the changes in policy and practice required are substantial and not currently underway.

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Rising Storm Damage

CLIMATE A study by Munich Re recently concluded that rising casualty losses from disasters OVERVIEW is primarily a result of rising investments in vulnerable areas. A trend that could be THE SUN and CLIMATE reversed with better site planning and land-use decisions. CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Urban Heat Islands

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Acid Rain

Rainwater has a normal acidity level of 6.0-6.9. In the northeast US these levels change dramatically based on the concentration of atmospheric pollutants, primarily SO2, which combines with moisture in the air to create Sulfuric Acid. The increased acidity of rainwater also affects buildings, corroding plumbing systems and eroding stone facades.

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Acid Rain

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6 9/7/2012

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, NM

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Wind and site planning

CLIMATE Trees and site OVERVIEW THE SUN and plantings may be used CLIMATE to deflect winds, CLIMATE CHANGE sheltering both outdoor CLIMATE and spaces and buildings. BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Wind and site planning

CLIMATE Trees and site OVERVIEW THE SUN and plantings may also be CLIMATE used to increase wind CLIMATE CHANGE speeds and channel CLIMATE and breezes. BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Wind and site planning

CLIMATE Seasonal wind shifts OVERVIEW THE SUN and provide opportunities for CLIMATE creating comfortable CLIMATE CHANGE outdoor spaces through CLIMATE and the year. BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE

Bioclimatic Chart

BioClimatic Chart, from Victor Olgyay’s, Design With Climate, 1963

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Bioclimatic Chart & Design

CLIMATE OVERVIEW THE SUN and CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

Phoenix, AZ

New York, NY

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING Miami, FL NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ?

Cold Temperate • The Cold Region includes areas with extremely long and Hot – Humid cold winters and limited hours of sunlight in winter. Hot – Arid • Alaska, North Dakota, Minnesota, Maine

Climate Inventory: Deep Snow, Strong Winds, High Wind-Chill Factor, Deep Frost, Alternating Freeze-Thaw Cycle, Rapid Spring Melt

Analysis: Need to minimize heat loss and maximize solar radiation. Need to protect from winter winds.

Design Response: Massive low-profile, well insulated structures with limited glass areas, maximum sun exposure, minimum ARCH 1250 wind exposure and protected SITE PLANNING entries. Image Source: NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY http://www.alpine-charms.com/mure_ext_2.jpg

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ?

Cold • Variable temperatures from warm to hot in the summer to Temperate Hot – Humid cold in the winter and moderate in the spring and fall Hot – Arid • Oregon, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York

Climate Inventory: Seasonal and variable temperatures changes throughout the year. Changing wind directions and violent storms. Alternating periods of drought and flood.

Analysis: Construction to withstand the worst of the storms and provision for all- weather durability and maintenance.

Design Response: Minimize need for cooling, heating and ventilation. Orient building to minimize summer heat gain, ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING maximize summer breezes and protect from winter winds. Image Source: NYC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY http://www.realestatewebmasters.com/blogs/uploads/Image/Nashville%20Images/DSC_0070.JPG

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ? • Categorized by consistently high temperatures and low humidity Cold Temperate • Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina Hot – Humid Hot – Arid

Inventory: Temperatures relatively high with high humidity, torrential and sudden rainfall, storm winds of hurricane force

Analysis: Elevate structures above the ground, facing into the breeze, and insect proof critical areas.

Design Response: Cool by all feasible means; open building plans, high ceilings, louvered openings, breezeways and natural ventilation. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

NYC COLLEGE Image Source: OF TECHNOLOGY http://www.deadmentellnotales.com/onlinetexts/potc/images/2bayou.jpg

LECTURE TWO CLIMATE How do the four (4) climate zones differ?

Cold Temperate • Categorized by consistently high temperatures and high humidity Hot – Humid • Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Death Valley & Southern Hot – Arid California

Inventory: Temperatures relatively high and dry. Goes from the extremes of hot during the day to cold at night. Annual rainfall is minimal.

Analysis: Lack of water is a major concern. Provide catchment of spring rainfall from roofs courts and paved areas.

Design Response: Thick walls, high ceilings, wide overhangs, light colored exterior materials and cool compact dim interior spaces. ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING Image Source: NYC COLLEGE http://room42.wikispaces.com/file/view/2.jpg/33517415/2.jpg OF TECHNOLOGY

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Cold Climate Region

Cold Temperate Hot – Humid Hot – Arid

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Temperate Climate Region

Cold Temperate Hot – Humid Hot – Arid

ARCH 1250 SITE PLANNING

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Hot – Humid Climate Region

Cold Temperate Hot – Humid Hot – Arid

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LECTURE TWO CLIMATE Hot – Arid Climate Region

Cold Temperate Hot – Humid Hot – Arid

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