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A Handbook on the Steam Engine, with Especial Reference to Small And

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A Handbook on the Steam Engine, with Especial Reference to Small And ADVERTlSEMElfTS. i+t\\i JD, 3.E. YS. (YS, Tl sPOUS U ^rcacuteb to PI nd), of I tt of Toronto id). Professor E.A.Allcut AL. Is. Castings in Bronze, Brass and Gun and White Metals, Machined if required. ROLLED PHOSPHOR BRONZE, Strip and Sheet, for Air Pump Valves, Eccentric Strap Liners, etc. HIKE find TELEPHONE WIRE. AD VER TISEMENTS. THE PHOSPHOR BRONZE CO, LIMITED, 87, Sumner Street, Southwark, London, S.E. And at BIRMINGHAM. r "COG WHEEL" and Sole Makers of the j3S %jg "VULCAN" iSPI^flfiC Brands of The best and most durable Alloys for Slide Valves, Bearings, Bushes, Eccentric Straps, and other parts of Machinery exposed to friction and Piston Motor wear ; Pump Rods, Pumps, Rings, Pinions, Worm Wheels, Gearing, etc. "DURO METAL" (REGISTERED TRADE MARK). Alloy B, specially adapted for BEARINGS for HOT-NECK ROLLS. CASTINGS In BRONZE, BRASS, GUN and WHITE METALS, in the Rough, or Machined, if required. ROLLED AND DRAWN BRONZE, GERMAN SILVER, GUN METAL, TIN, WHITE METALS AND ALUMINIUM BRONZE ALLOYS PHOSPHOR TIN & PHOSPHOR COPPER, "Cog-Wheel" Brand. Please specify the Manufacture of THE PHOSPHOR BRONZE CO., Ltd., of Southwark, London. lii ADVERTISEMENTS, ROBEY & Co GLOBE WORKS, LINCOLN. Mod Compound Horizontal Fixed Engine, it.- 1 iiii I'.ii.-nt Ti-ip Kxitiimioii (ic:ir. tolnijthe limpl >nUit ml miTrt economical at uuv in tin- market, and working ;.|iei to the Newcastle-nil -Tvm .tit Station (MX large engines), also St. Helens mint lam. BrUbane Electric Tram- Open-front High-speed Vertical e, for electric lighting. All thete Engine* are specially Dengned and Adapted for Electric Lighting. OrncBfl AXD SHOWROOMS 79, ftUEEW VICTORIA STREET, B.C. " " Improved Compound Robey Undertype Engine. A HANDBOOK ON THE STEAM EIsTG-HsTE WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENGINES FOR THE USE OF ENGINE MAKERS, MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMEN, ENGINEERING STUDENTS, AND USERS OF STEAM POWER BY HERMANN HAEDER, CIVIL ENGINEER TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS BY H. H. P. POWLES ASSOC. MEMB. INST. C.E., M.I.H.E. (Bngfiefl <&ifton + (getneefc LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7, STATIONERS'-HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1902 H 635040 BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE. AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. IN thi; present condition of the markets, makers must not occupy too much time in calculations or mathematical research, but collecting results from actual practice, must note them in a convenient form, though not as formulae, since formulae are only useful "within certain limits, there always being a risk of error in calculation. If anyone compares the results of the formulae of one writer with those of another, he will often find great discrepancies between them. The present work aims at showing the results of practical experience. Letterpress has been reduced as much as possible, to allow of the introduction of numerous tables and drawings, these being the language of technical people. To those firms and others who have supplied me with infor- mation, I return my best thanks. May the book and its method gain many friends ! AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. THE first edition of this book had such a favourable recep- tion in technical circles, that within a year a second edition has been found necessary. Encouraged by this success, I have spared neither trouble nor expense to extend the usefulness of the work, and with that object have introduced a large number of additional figures. To the numerous technical friends who have favoured me with communications on the subject, I return my grateful thanks, with a request for them to assist me with further exchange of ideas. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. IN preparing this work for an English edition, the plan of the Author has been adhered to as closely as possible, the theo- retical part being treated very briefly, and formulae; given when whilst tables of dimensions of only necessary ; numerous engine-details, taken from actual examples, and accompanied by illustrations, are appended. These will afford means of comparing the results of Continental with those of English practice. To the present Edition there have been added examples, with tables and illustrations, of standard types of English Engines by several well-known makers, who have kindly supplied for the purpose dimensions and drawings. As thus adapted to our own practice, it is hoped that the present edition of the work will be found by many English Engineers, and Mechanical Draughtsmen in particular, to answer a very useful purpose, not as yet fulfilled by any other publication. To make the tables as clear as possible, the dimensions have been given, in almost every case, uniformly in inches. LONDON, May, 1893. NOTE TO THIRD ENGLISH EDITION. The whole work has again been carefully revised and the necessary corrections made. Some of the tables have been extended and some new matter added where necessary. LONDON, Aygust, 1902. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PAGE 4 Historical Notes , , , 1 SECTION I. TYPES OF STEAM ENGINES. Outline Diagrams showing Arrangements of Cylinders and Frames 5 14 SECTION II. DETAILS OF STEAM ENGINES. Sections of Frames, Horizontal and Vertical, with Tables of Dimen- sions Brasses ; Crank-shaft Bearings and ; Cranks, Crank-discs, Crank-shafts : Cross-heads Pistons and Connecting-rods ; ; ; Piston-rods Si Glands and ; Cylinders ; cam-jackets ; Stuffing- Chests and . 15 132 boxes ; Valve Covers ; Fly-wheels SECTION III. GOVERNORS. with outline Pendulum Governors Crank-shaft Types diagrams ; ; Governors 133149 SECTION IV. VALVE GEARS. Slide Piston Valves Rider's Valves Valves, Simple, Meyer's ; ; Valve for Valve Gears Valve Gears with Diagrams Simple ; two Valves ; Valve Rod Guides and Joints ; Eccentrics ; Mush- . , room and Double-beat Valves ; Corliss Valves 150270 Vl CONTENTS. PAGE SECTION V. CONDENSERS, AIR-PUMPS, AND FEED-PUMPS. Condensers with Air Vertical and Horizontal Injector Pumps, ; Surface Condensers ; Feed-water Heaters . 271 291 SECTION VI. EXAMPLES OF ENGINES OF CONTINENTAL MAKE, FROM ACTUAL PRACTICE. Floor Vertical, Horizontal, Compound ; Space occupied ; Weights of Parts ; Foundations 292316 SECTION VII. PARTICULARS OF ENGINES BY ENGLISH MAKERS. Horizontal, Vertical, Undertype, Portable, Tandem and Coupled Compound 317353 SECTION VIII. COMPOUND ENGINES. Outlines of Particulars shewing arrangements Cylinders ; Leading ; Proportion of Cylinder Volumes of Vertical and Compound Paddle . Engines ; Compound Engines 354 371 SECTION IX. INDICATOR AND INDICATOR DIAGRAMS. of Indicators Gear from Actual Prac- Types ; Reducing ; Examples tice Defects in Combined . ; Diagrams ; Diagrams 372 386 SECTION X. CALCULATIONS FOR POWER AND STEAM CONSUMPTION. Losses Wire Effect of Clearance Friction Calcula- by Drawing ; ; ; tions for Power of Compound Engines .... 387 400 CONTENTS. SECTION XL EFFECT OF INERTIA ON RECIPROCATING PARTS OF ENGINES . 401409 SECTION XII. FRICTION BRAKE DYNAMOMETER . 410411 SECTION XIII. SUNDRY DETAILS. Gears . Special Reversing ; Barring Arrangements 412 415 SECTION XIV. BOILERS. Cornish, Lancashire, Multituhular, Loco-type, Marine, "Water-tube, Vertical Boiler Valves Feed . 416 451 ; Seatings ; Safety ; Pumps INDEX . 453 HERM. HAEDER, C.E., DUISBURG o/Rn. GENERAL and DETAIL DRAWINGS of STEAM ENGINES of the best types, with ordinary Slide-valve, Corliss-, and Drop-valve Gear. Also of CONDENSING PLANTS, with or without Cooling Arrangements for the Condensing Water. Unsurpassed, simple and effective. The highest vacuum. Smallest quantity of Water required. Patents in the principal Countries of the World. THE STEAM ENGINE. INTRODUCTION. THE knowledge that steam could be made use of as a motive power is very old, but it was not until about the year 1685 that the first model of a steam-engine was made by Dionysius Papin, a native of Blois in France, based on the fact that if cold water was applied or admitted to an enclosed vessel containing steam, the steam was condensed, and a vacuum resulted. In 1699, Captain Savery employed this principle for raising water, and in 1705 Newcomen, of Dartmouth, in Devonshire, constructed the first steam-engine pro- perly so called. This first example was employed for raising water, " " as : and was known The Atmospheric Engine fig. 1 shows the general arrangement. a. The steam cylinder. b. The piston. c. The steam generator or boiler. d. The cock for admitting steam to the cylinder. e. The cold water reservoir. f. The cold water or "injec- " tion cock. valve </. A opening outwards to allow steam to be blown through, but preventing air from entering the cylinder. h. The main beam for trans- mitting the motion of the piston to the pump rod. i. The rod. pump Fig. 1. Newcomen's Atmospheric Engine. B 2 INTRODUCTION. The action of the engine is as follows : In fig. 1 the weight of the has the to the of the pump rod, i, brought piston, 6, top cylinder, the cylinder is then filled with steam from the boiler at atmospheric pressure through the cock, d, which is then closed. The cock,/, is enters now opened, and cold water from the tank, e, the cylinder in a is and a vacuum jet ; the steam condensed, produced below the piston. The atmospheric pressure above the piston forces the latter down to the bottom of the cylinder, at the same time raising the opposite end of the main beam, and with it the pump rod, i. By opening and closing the cocks, d and /, in succession, an alternate up and down movement is given to the piston. James Watt introduced many improvements, especially the separate condensing chamber, in place of admitting the injection water into the cylinder, which tends to lower the temperature of the cylinder " walls, and he remarked in one of his specifications that the cylinder should be kept as hot as the steam that enters it." James Watt also invented mechanism for automatically opening and closing the valves, introduced the use of steam above atmospheric pressure, and discontinued the use of atmospheric pressure alone, by making use of the expansion of the steam for doing work on the piston.
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