A Handbook on the Steam Engine, with Especial Reference to Small And
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Engine Components and Filters: Damage Profiles, Probable Causes and Prevention
ENGINE COMPONENTS AND FILTERS: DAMAGE PROFILES, PROBABLE CAUSES AND PREVENTION Technical Information AFTERMARKET Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 General topics 6 2.1 Engine wear caused by contamination 6 2.2 Fuel flooding 8 2.3 Hydraulic lock 10 2.4 Increased oil consumption 12 3 Top of the piston and piston ring belt 14 3.1 Hole burned through the top of the piston in gasoline and diesel engines 14 3.2 Melting at the top of the piston and the top land of a gasoline engine 16 3.3 Melting at the top of the piston and the top land of a diesel engine 18 3.4 Broken piston ring lands 20 3.5 Valve impacts at the top of the piston and piston hammering at the cylinder head 22 3.6 Cracks in the top of the piston 24 4 Piston skirt 26 4.1 Piston seizure on the thrust and opposite side (piston skirt area only) 26 4.2 Piston seizure on one side of the piston skirt 27 4.3 Diagonal piston seizure next to the pin bore 28 4.4 Asymmetrical wear pattern on the piston skirt 30 4.5 Piston seizure in the lower piston skirt area only 31 4.6 Heavy wear at the piston skirt with a rough, matte surface 32 4.7 Wear marks on one side of the piston skirt 33 5 Support – piston pin bushing 34 5.1 Seizure in the pin bore 34 5.2 Cratered piston wall in the pin boss area 35 6 Piston rings 36 6.1 Piston rings with burn marks and seizure marks on the 36 piston skirt 6.2 Damage to the ring belt due to fractured piston rings 37 6.3 Heavy wear of the piston ring grooves and piston rings 38 6.4 Heavy radial wear of the piston rings 39 7 Cylinder liners 40 7.1 Pitting on the outer -
Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods
materials Review Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods Justyna Skowro ´nska* , Andrzej Kosucki and Łukasz Stawi ´nski Institute of Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (Ł.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The article is an overview of various materials used in power hydraulics for basic hydraulic actuators components such as cylinders, cylinder caps, pistons, piston rods, glands, and sealing systems. The aim of this review is to systematize the state of the art in the field of materials and surface modification methods used in the production of actuators. The paper discusses the requirements for the elements of actuators and analyzes the existing literature in terms of appearing failures and damages. The most frequently applied materials used in power hydraulics are described, and various surface modifications of the discussed elements, which are aimed at improving the operating parameters of actuators, are presented. The most frequently used materials for actuators elements are iron alloys. However, due to rising ecological requirements, there is a tendency to looking for modern replacements to obtain the same or even better mechanical or tribological parameters. Sealing systems are manufactured mainly from thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers, which are characterized by Citation: Skowro´nska,J.; Kosucki, low friction and ensure the best possible interaction of seals with the cooperating element. In the A.; Stawi´nski,Ł. Overview of field of surface modification, among others, the issue of chromium plating of piston rods has been Materials Used for the Basic Elements discussed, which, due, to the toxicity of hexavalent chromium, should be replaced by other methods of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing of improving surface properties. -
Diesel and Fuel-Oil Engines
HdiiUiiat uuioTAt* VI i nPicrence moK not to do AUG 2 ^ : , CuKCH JlUili lilO L, iDi slil CS102E-42 Jf' Engines, Diese! and fuei-oil (export classifications) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE JESSE H. JONES, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LYMAN J. BRIGGS, Director DIESEL AND FUEL-OIL ENGINES (Export Classifications) COMMERCIAL STANDARD CS102E-42 Effective Date for New Production from October 30, 1942 A RECORDED VOLUNTARY STANDARD OF THE TRADE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1942 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 10 cents . U. S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standard? PROMULGATION of COMMERCIAL STANDARD CS102E-42 for DIESEL AND FUEL-OIL ENGINES (Export Classifications) On January 30, 1942, at the instance of the Diesel Engine Manu- facturers’ Association, a conference of representative manufacturers adopted a recommended commercial standard for Diesel and fuel -oil engines (export classifications). Those concerned have since accepted and approved the standard as shown herein for promulgation by the U. S. Department of Commerce, through the National Bureau of Standards. The standard is effective for new production from October 30, 1942. Promulgation recommended I. J. Fairchild, Chieff Division of Trade Standards, Promulgated. Lyman J. Briggs, Director^ National Bureau of Standards, Promulgation approved. Jesse H. Jones, Secretary of Commerce. II DIESEL AND FUEL-OIL ENGINES (Export Classifications) COMMERCIAL STANDARD CS102E-42 PARTS Page 1. Nomenclature and definitions.. ' 1 2. Slow- and medium-speed stationary Diesel engines 7 3. Slow- and medium-speed marine Diesel engines 13 4. Small, medium- and high-speed stationary, marine, and portable Diesel engines 19 5. -
Establishing Relieving Capacities
Establishing Relieving Capacities Prepared for Chief’s meeting October 9, 2019 By Joseph F. Ball, P. E. Overview of Session • Review of Section IV Pressure Relief Capacity Requirements • ASME Requirements • NBIC Installation Requirements • Establishment of Relieving Capacity for Section IV Pressure Relief Valves Section IV Capacity Requirements The Basics: Overpressure protection requirements are defined by boiler manufacturer. Nameplate shall include: (HG-530.1(a)(3)) Safety or safety relief valve capacity (minimum) as determined according to HG-400.1(d) and HG-400.2(e) Heating area must be marked Section IV Capacity Requirements The Basics: Same for cast iron or aluminum (HG-530.2(c)(3)) – depends upon number of sections Section IV Capacity Requirements The Basics: Modular Boilers • Each module has its own nameplate with capacity required for that module • Aggregate capacity (and heating area) is applied to a single nameplate for the combined unit Section IV Capacity Requirements The Basics: HG-400.1 (d) The minimum valve capacity in pounds per hour shall be determined by dividing the maximum Btu/hr (kW) output at the boiler nozzle obtained by the firing of any fuel for which the unit is installed by 1,000 (0.646). In every case, the requirement of (e) shall be met. (e) The safety valve capacity for each steam boiler shall be such that with the fuel burning equipment installed, and operated at maximum capacity, the pressure cannot rise more than 5 psi (35 kPa) above the maximum allowable working pressure. Section IV Capacity Requirements The Basics: HG-400.2 (e) The required steam-relieving capacity, in pounds per hour (kg/hr), of the pressure-relieving device or devices on a boiler shall be determined by dividing the maximum output in Btu/hr (kW) at the boiler nozzle obtained by the firing of any fuel for which the unit is installed by 1,000 (0.646). -
Steamboating Guide Edition 2 2010
Steamboating SampleGuide Pages Second Edition Steamboating Guide Edition 2 2010 Edited by Roger Calvert and Rob van Es The contributors and editors of this publication have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the data presented and the validity and appropriateness of the recommendations made. It is, however, ultimately the responsibility of the owner of a boat to check the data and take the final decisions, in the context of the proposed design. If necessary, appropriate professional advice should be sought. Neither the contributors, the editors, nor the SBA can accept responsibility for any direct or indirect consequences arising from the use of the data or from following the recommendationsSample of this publication. Pages Copying of parts or the whole of this document by members of the SBA is permitted, subject to the terms published on the SBA web site. Otherwise, copying is not permitted without the permission of the SBA, except as allowed under copyright law. Table of Contents Preface Section A – Introduction 1 Hulls 1-1 2 Boiler Types 2-1 3 Engine Types 3-1 4 Fuels 4-1 Section B – Steamboat Operations 5 Boiler Fittings 5-1 6 Steam Plant Installation 6-1 7 Boiler Operation and Maintenance 7-1 8 Steam Ancillaries 8-1 9 Boat Handling Advice 9-1 10 Boiler Inspection and Testing 10-1 11 Trailers and Towing 11-1 Section C – Technical 12 Propulsion 12-1 13 Valve Setting 13-1 14 Data and Performance 14-1 15 Boiler Design Considerations 15-1 16 Workshop Techniques 16-1 Glossary 17-1 Index 18-1 Sample Pages Preface The aims and objects of the Steam Boat Association are: (i) To foster and encourage steam boating and the building, development, preservation and restoration of steam boats and steam machinery, by all possible means. -
Swampʼs Diesel Performance Tips to Help Remove and Install Power
Injectors-Chips-Clutches-Transmissions-Turbos-Engines-Fuel Systems Swampʼs Diesel Performance Competition Parts For Your Diesel 304-A Sand Hill Rd. La Vergne, TN 37086 Tel 615-793-5573 or (866) 595-8724/ Fax 615-793-5572 Email: [email protected] Tips to help remove and install Power Stroke injectors. Removal: After removing the valve covers and the valve cover gaskets, but before removing any injectors, drain the oil rails by removing the drain plugs inside the valve cover. On 94-97 trucks theyʼre just under where the electrical connectors are on the gasket. These plugs are very tight; give them a sharp blow with a hammer and punch to help break them loose, then use a 1/8" Allen wrench. The oil will drain out into the valve train area and from there into the crankcase. Donʼt drop the plugs down the push rod holes! Also remove one of the plugs on top of each oil rail, (beside where the lines from the High Pressure Oil Pump enter) for a vent to allow air to enter so the oil can drain. The plugs are 5/8”. Inspect the plug O-rings and replace if necessary. If the plugs under the covers leak, it will cause a substantial loss of performance. When removing the injectors, oil and fuel from the passages in the cylinder head drains down through the injector bore into the cylinders. If not removed, this can hydro-lock the engine when cranking. There is a ~40cc dish in the center of each piston. Fluid accumulates in it, as well as in the corner on the outside of the piston between the piston top and the cylinder wall, due to the 45* slope of the cylinder bank. -
Development of Predictive Gasoline Direct Fuel Injector Model for Improved
Development of Predictive Gasoline Direct Fuel Injector Model for Improved In-cylinder Combustion Characterization Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mohit Atul Mandokhot Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Prof. Shawn Midlam-Mohler, Advisor Prof. Giorgio Rizzoni 1 Copyrighted by Mohit Atul Mandokhot 2018 2 Abstract Gasoline direct fuel injection systems have gained importance due to the increasing level of emissions regulation on SI combustion systems. Direct fuel injection delivery to cylinder provides better atomization and fuel mixing performance, enabling homogenous mixture and better in-cylinder combustion. Increasing focus over the last few decades has been on better characterization of such gasoline direct fuel injection systems. Solenoid powered injectors act as actuators and enable accurate fuel delivery into the cylinder for a combustion event. Characterization of injector’s fuel delivery performance is an important aspect of achieving improved in-cylinder combustion performance. The objective of the current thesis is to develop a numerical physics based fuel injector model that provides a reliable prediction of flow rate and needle lift, in order to be used to improve in-cylinder combustion performance using 3D CFD model methodology. The developed model provides a reliable estimate of flow rate of developed injector, which is experimentally verified against instantaneous flow rate data provided by typical suppliers. In cases where inadequate prediction performance was noted, the errors arise out of lack of high fidelity electromagnetic modeling data, damping characteristics inside model and lack of geometry data to capture performance of highest accuracy. -
Lean's Engine Reporter and the Development of The
Trans. Newcomen Soc., 77 (2007), 167–189 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Lean’s Engine Reporter and the Development of the Cornish Engine: A Reappraisal by Alessandro NUVOLARI and Bart VERSPAGEN THE ORIGINS OF LEAN’S ENGINE REPORTER A Boulton and Watt engine was first installed in Cornwall in 1776 and, from that year, Cornwall progressively became one of the British counties making the most intensive use of steam power.1 In Cornwall, steam engines were mostly employed for draining water from copper and tin mines (smaller engines, called ‘whim engines’ were also employed to draw ore to the surface). In comparison with other counties, Cornwall was characterized by a relative high price for coal which was imported from Wales by sea.2 It is not surprising then that, due to their superior fuel efficiency, Watt engines were immediately regarded as a particularly attractive proposition by Cornish mining entrepreneurs (commonly termed ‘adventurers’ in the local parlance).3 Under a typical agreement between Boulton and Watt and the Cornish mining entre- preneurs, the two partners would provide the drawings and supervise the works of erection of the engine; they would also supply some particularly important components of the engine (such as some of the valves). These expenditures would have been charged to the mine adventurers at cost (i.e. not including any profit for Boulton and Watt). In addition, the mine adventurer had to buy the other components of the engine not directly supplied by the Published by & (c) The Newcomen Society two partners and to build the engine house. -
Absolute Auction Complete Liquidation by Order of Trustee
ABSOLUTE AUCTION COMPLETE LIQUIDATION BY ORDER OF TRUSTEE `04 BERCO RTM225A-BS WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 5, 2012 9:00 AM Altoona-Beasley Altoona, Pennsylvania Manufacturing, Inc. 1440 COWPATH RD. • HATFIELD, PA 19440 `00 BERCO 225A-40 `03 SERDI 100HD `04 FORD F-550XL SUPER DUTY 215/361-9099 • Fax: 215/361-9212 www.hunyady.com PRE-SORTED FIRST CLASS MAIL US POSTAGE PAID HAVERTOWN, PA PERMIT #45 ABSOLUTE AUCTION Altoona-Beasley Manufacturing, Inc. Notice: Pursuant to U.S. Bankruptcy Court Case #10-71091 and by Order of Trustee all equipment assets formerly owned and operated by Altoona-Beasley Manufacturing, Inc. shall be liquidated. All items must sell to the highest bidder without minimums, reserves, or buyer’s premiums! Location: The auction will be held at the Altoona-Beasley facility at 210 East Plank Road, Altoona, Pennsylvania 16602 Dismantlement and Loadout: Certain machines will be required to be dismantled and loaded out by a qualified rigger for safety purposes. Loadout fees will be added to the purchaser’s invoice. One rigger will be selected and must be used. No other contractors will be permitted. Individual fees will be published in the sale day catalog. Items not requiring professional rigging will be loaded by the auction company at no charge! Sale Site Directions: FROM INTERSTATE 99 SOUTH BOUND: Exit #32 (Frankstown Road) End of ramp at traffic light turn left onto Frankstown Road. Proceed to second traffic light and turn left onto Plank Road. Sale site will be on immediate right. FROM INTERSTATE 99 NORTH BOUND: Exit #32 (Frankstown Road) End of ramp at traffic light turn right onto Frankstown Road. -
Age of Steam" Reconsidered
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Castaldi, Carolina; Nuvolari, Alessandro Working Paper Technological revolution and economic growth: The "age of steam" reconsidered LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2004/11 Provided in Cooperation with: Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies Suggested Citation: Castaldi, Carolina; Nuvolari, Alessandro (2004) : Technological revolution and economic growth: The "age of steam" reconsidered, LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2004/11, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Pisa This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/89286 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33 - 56127 PISA (Italy) Tel. -
Boilers Leture Notes VUM
Steam Boilers Lecture Notes V Uma Maheshwar 11-11-11 Steam Boilers/Steam Generators Introduction: The function of a boiler is to evaporate water into steam at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure. Water free from impurities such as dissolved salts , gases and non soluble solids should be supplied to boilers. This is done by suitable water treatment . Steam is useful for running steam turbines in electrical power stations , ships and steam engines in railway locomotives. Boiler furnace fuel can use either solid , liquid or gaseous fuel: Wood, Charcoal, Coal, Coke, Oil, Municipal waste, industrial solid waste , refinery gas, rice husk, Paper sludge, Electric power Steam Boilers/Steam Generators Boilers are mainly classified as fire tube boilers and water tube boilers. Fire tube boilers :- hot gases from the furnace pass through the tubes which are surrounded by water. Water tube boilers :- water circulates inside the tubes which are surrounded by the hot gases from the furnace. Steam Boilers/Steam Generators Other Classifications : Based on Pressure : =>80 bar : High Pressure Boilers Babcock & Wilcox, Lamont, Benson, Velox <80 bar : Low Pressure Boilers Locomotive, Lancashire, Cornish, Cochran Steam Boilers/Steam Generators Other Classifications : Based on Pressure : =>80 bar : High Pressure Boilers Babcock & Wilcox, Lamont, Benson, Velox <80 bar : Low Pressure Boilers Locomotive, Lancashire, Cornish, Cochran Steam Boilers/Steam Generators Other Classifications : Based on Type of Circulation of water : Natural Circulation : Natural -
Bulletin 173 Plate 1 Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 173 PLATE 1 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 173 CATALOG OF THE MECHANICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BY FRANK A. TAYLOR UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1939 For lale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 50 cents ADVERTISEMENT Tlie scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collec- tions of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub- jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. Tlie series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens and special collections, and other material of simi- lar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear vol- umes under the heading Contrihutions from the United States Na- tional Eerharium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum.