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Oahu (Oanrp) Monitoring Program Appendix 3-8 ARMY NATURAL RESOURCE PROGRAM – OAHU (OANRP) MONITORING PROGRAM KAHANAHAIKI MANAGEMENT UNIT VEGETATION MONITORING, 2018 INTRODUCTION Vegetation monitoring was conducted at Kahanahaiki Management Unit (MU) Subunit I in 2018 in association with Implementation Plan (IP) requirements for long term monitoring of vegetation composition and change over time (OANRP 2008) (Figure 1). The primary objective of MU monitoring is to assess if the percent cover of non-native plant species is less than 50% across the MU, or is decreasing towards that threshold requirement. The secondary objective is to assess if native cover is greater than 50% across the MU, or is increasing towards that threshold recommendation. Kahanahaiki MU vegetation monitoring occurs on a on a three-year interval and took place previously in 2009, 2012 and 2015 (OANRP 2009, 2012 and 2015). Previous monitoring in 2015 indicated that cover goals were only met for the non-native understory. The MU fence for Subunit I was completed in 1997. The Subunit II fence was completed in 2013, but monitoring plots were not established due to steep terrain and limited plans for active management in that area. Figure 1. Kahanahaiki MU vegetation monitoring plot locations. METHODS In May of 2018, 53 plots along nine transects were monitored in Subunit I of Kahanahaiki MU. Plots measuring 5 x 10 m were generally located every 50 m along transects. Transects were spaced approximately 100 m apart. These same plots were also monitored in 2009 (OANRP 2009), 2012 (OANRP 2012), and 2015 (OANRP 2015). Understory (0 – 2 m above ground level (AGL), including Appendix 3-8 low branches from canopy species) and canopy (> 2 m AGL, including epiphytes) vegetation was recorded by percent cover for all non-native and native species present. Summary percent cover by vegetation type (shrub, fern, grass/sedge) in the understory, overall summary percent cover of non-native and native vegetation in the understory and canopy, and bare ground (non-vegetated < 25 cm AGL), were also documented. Bare ground was not recorded in 2012. Percent cover categories were recorded in 10% intervals between 10 and 100%, and on finer intervals (0-1%, 1-5%, and 5-10%) between 0 and 10% cover. Understory recruitment (defined as seedlings or saplings < 2 m AGL) data for tree species was recorded beginning in 2012. Monitoring results were compared with data from prior years. Inconsistencies with previous recruitment data collection precluded meaningful statistical analyses of frequency change. Based on IP recommendations, p-values < 0.05 were considered significant, and only absolute cover changes ≥ 10% were recognized. Additional methodology information is detailed in Monitoring Protocol 1.2.1 (OANRP 2008). All analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25. These included Friedman’s tests with Bonferroni adjusted post-hoc pairwise comparisons for cover and richness data, McNemar’s tests for frequency data, and generalized linear modeling for the influence of weed control efforts on cover change as well as the influence of non-native cover change on native cover. RESULTS Understory and canopy cover categories Management objectives of having < 50% non-native understory and canopy and > 50% native understory and canopy cover continued to be met only for the non-native understory (25% median) in 2018 (Table 1). Native understory and canopy cover was low (15% median for both), and non-native canopy was moderate (55% median). Since 2009, there were significant changes in percent cover of vegetation that met the 10% standard for recognized change in cover. Native understory cover declined between 2015 and 2018. Non-native shrubs cover increased from 2009 to 2015. Total non-native understory also increased from 2009 to 2015, but decreased from 2015 to 2018. Bare ground, non-native canopy and total canopy have increased since 2009 (Figure 2). The highest percent cover of native understory and canopy in 2018 primarily occurred in the southern (Maile Flats) portion of the MU (Figure 3). Non-native canopy cover was high throughout much of the northern half of the MU as well as the eastern edge of Maile Flats. Locations of moderate to high percent cover of non-native understory were patchily distributed across the MU. Beneficial changes in native canopy cover occurred primarily in Maile Flats, otherwise, locations of beneficial and worsening conditions were patchily distributed across the MU (Figure 4). Appendix 3-8 Table 1. Median percent cover of native and non-native vegetation categories in the canopy and understory at Kahanahaiki MU from 2009 to 2018 (n = 53). Categories specifically addressed in management objectives are shaded. Statistically significant values for categories that meet the 10% standard for recognized change in cover are in boldface. Arrows indicate increase (↑), decrease (↓), or inconsistent trend (↕) in cover. Management years that p 2 objective p* X differed (post- 2009 2012 2015 2018 currently significantly hoc)** met? Understory Native shrubs 7.5 15 7.5 7.5 0.000↕ 20.156 2009 vs. 2012 0.032↑ 2009 vs. 2015 0.029↑ Native ferns 7.5 3 7.5 3 0.042↕ 8.205 Native grass/sedges 0 0 0.5 0 0.224 4.371 Total native understory 15 25 25 15 0.003↕ 14.127 2015 vs. 2018 0.011↓ No Non-native shrubs 15 25 25 25 0.000↑ 26.810 2009 vs. 2015 0.000↑ 2009 vs. 2018 0.026↑ 2012 vs. 2015 0.012↑ Non-native ferns 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.023↑ 9.516 Non-native grass/sedges 0.5 0.5 3 0.5 0.000↕ 26.476 2012 vs. 2015 0.000↑ 2015 vs. 2018 0.026↓ Total non-native 25 25 35 25 0.000↕ 28.311 2009 vs. 2015 0.000↑ Yes understory 2012 vs. 2015 0.000↑ 2015 vs. 2018 0.026↓ Bare ground 45 NA 55 65 0.008↑ 9.723 2009 vs. 2018 0.013↑ Canopy Native canopy 15 15 15 15 0.031↑ 8.881 No Non-native canopy 45 55 55 55 0.000↑ 23.021 2009 vs. 2018 0.000↑ No Total canopy 65 95 95 95 0.000↑ 39.054 2009 vs. 2012 0.000↑ 2009 vs. 2015 0.000↑ 2009 vs. 2018 0.000↑ *from Friedman's test, asymptotic significance **from post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustment Appendix 3-8 Figure 2. Boxplots for vegetation categories with significant change in percent cover that meet 10% standard for recognized change in cover between years 2009 and 2018 in Kahanahaiki MU. [Note: The boxes depict 50% of the data values, and the horizontal line inside the box represents the median value. Very high or low values relative to the shaded box are indicated by circles (1.5 to 3 times the length of the shaded box) and asterisks (> 3 times the length of the shaded box), while the lines extending above and below the shaded box depict the range in values for all remaining data. Circles and asterisks that appear to be in boldface indicate multiple data points for the same values.] Appendix 3-8 Figure 3. Locations of low to high percent cover of native and non-native understory and canopy vegetation among monitored plots at Kahanahaiki MU in 2018. Larger circles denote higher percent cover, while smaller circles represent lower cover. Appendix 3-8 Figure 4. Locations of change in native and non-native percent cover for the understory and canopy vegetation in monitored plots in Kahanahaiki MU between 2009 and 2018 in the understory and canopy. Color gradients are inverted for native and non-native vegetation, such that blue indicates beneficial change, red depicts worsening conditions. Cover change of 0 indicates there was no change in percent cover. Species richness During monitoring in 2018, 103 species were recorded in the understory (52% native taxa), and 47 were identified in the canopy (68% native). Most species present in the canopy were also represented in the understory, with the exception of four native species (Gynochthodes trimera, Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. arnottianus, Korthalsella cylindrica, and Santalum freycinetianum var. freycinetianum) and two non-native (Eucalyptus urophylla and Syzygium cumini). Native understory and canopy species richness was generally higher in Maile Flats, and lower in the northern gulch portion of the MU (Figure 5). Locations of high and low species richness for the non-native understory and canopy were somewhat patchily distributed across the MU, but more often had higher richness in the northern gulch region. The highest diversity occurred within the native understory, with 54 taxa documented for the MU, and up to 19 species in a single plot. The non-native canopy was the least diverse, with only 15 taxa across the MU, and no more than 4 species in a single plot. Species richness within plots differed significantly between the years monitored, with a small increase in non-native understory between 2009 and 2018 (Table 2). Appendix 3-8 Seven newly recorded species (29% native), were found in plots in 2018, while 17 species (59% native) were recorded in previous years but not observed in 2018 (Table 3). Aside from natural processes and the direct or indirect result of management actions, the presence or absence of species may be due in part to human error such as misidentification, observer bias regarding plot boundaries or amount of time spent searching, or accidental non-recording. All of the species that were not present in 2018 were uncommon in prior years, with frequencies less than 8%. Similarly, species newly recorded in 2018 had low frequencies, less than 2%. Figure 5. Locations of low to high species richness among plots in the native and non-native understory and canopy in Kahanahaiki MU in 2018. Color gradients of blue to red indicate low to high values, respectively, of the number of species occurring in plots (i.e., blue indicates low diversity, while red indicates relatively higher diversity).
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