Anatomy and Functional Status of Haustoria in Field Grown
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The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges. -
Heterotrophic Carbon Gain and Mineral Nutrition of the Root Hemi-Parasite Santalum Album L
128 Heterotrophic carbon gain and mineral nutrition of Santa fum album L. Heterotrophic carbon gain and mineral nutrition of the root hemi-parasite Santalum album L. in pot culture with different hosts. Andrew M. Radomiljaci.2·A, Jen A. McComb2 and JohnS. Pate3 1Present address: Department of Conservation and Land Management, CALMSharefarms Maritime Pine, Lot 1, 260 Kalamunda Road, South Guilford, 6055, Western Australia 2Division of Science, Biological Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia 3Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth 6907, Western Australia Revised manuscript received 8 January 1999 Summary tices in relation to the best host species, and how to achieve This paper examines heterotrophic gain of carbon and min the highest volume and quality of sandalwood in a particular eral composition of Santalum album partnered singly in pot set of environmental circumstances. culture with three beneficial woody N,-tixing hosts and a non Our current projects, aimed at defining the best protocols for beneficial eucalypt host. Based on dry matter gains of the growth of S. album under irrigation culture in the Ord River parasite at 33 weeks, Sesbaniaformosa proved the best host region of North West Australia, have utilised a native herba followed by Acacia ampliceps and A. trachycarpa while no ceous perennial, Alternanthera nana R. Br., as a host during improvement in growth was seen with Eucalyptus pot culture with seedlings of the parasite, followed by use of camaldulensis as a host in comparison with Santalum grown various fast growing but relatively short lived species as 'in without a host. Numbers of haustoria formed by Santalum termediate hosts' once plants are transferred to the field. -
Adelaide Botanic Gardens
JOURNAL of the ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDENS AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FOR AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY flora.sa.gov.au/jabg Published by the STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on behalf of the BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM © Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Adelaide, South Australia © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia All rights reserved State Herbarium of South Australia PO Box 2732 Kent Town SA 5071 Australia J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 19: 75-81 (2000) DETECTING POLYPLOIDY IN HERBARIUM SPECIMENS OF QUANDONG (SANTALUM ACUMINATUM (R.Br.) A.DC.) Barbara R. Randell 7 Hastings Rd., Sth Brighton, South Australia 5048 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Stomate guard cells and pollen grains of 50 herbarium specimens were measured, and the results analysed. There was no evidence of the presence of two size classes of these cell types, and thus no evidence suggesting the presence of two or more ploidy races. High levels of pollen sterility were observed, and the consequences of this sterility in sourcing and managing orchard stock are discussed. Introduction In arid areas of Australia, the production of quandong fniit for human consumption isa developing industry. This industry is hampered by several factors in the breeding system of this native tree (Santalum acuniinatum (R.Br.) A. DC.- Santalaceae). In particular, plants grown from seed collected from trees with desirable fruit characters do not breed true to the parent tree. And grafted trees derived from a parent with desirable fruit characters are not always self-pollinating. This leads to problems in sourcing orchard trees with reliable characteristics, and also problems in designing orchards to provide pollen sources for grafted trees. -
Sandalwood Research: a Global Perspective
Subasinghe /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 3, No. 01 (2013) 1-8 Feature Article Sandalwood Research: A Global Perspective S.M.C.U.P. Subasinghe Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 1. Introduction Sandalwood is a commercially and culturally important plant species belonging to the family Santalaceae and the genus Santalum. Sandalwood oil extracted from the heartwood has been used for perfumery, medicinal, religious and cultural purposes over centuries of years. In addition to oil, the wood and its powder are used for religious, cultural and medicinal purposes especially in the Asian and Arab regions. There are around 18 sandalwood species belonging to the genus Santalum which are; S. freycinetianum , S. haleakalae , S. ellipticum , S. peniculatum , S. pyrularium , S. involutum , S. boninese, S. insulare, S. austrocaledonicum, S. yasi, S. macgregorii, S. accuminatum, S. murrayanum, S. obtusifolium, S. lanceolatum, S. fernandezianum, S. salicifolium and S. spicatum. All the sandalwood species are identified as obligate wood hemi-parasites which means they absorb certain nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates from the host trees via root connections called haustoria. The global distribution of the sandal family is between 30 degrees N and 40 degrees S from Indonesia in West to Juan Fernandez Island in the north to New Zealand in the South. These species are mainly found in India, Indonesia, Australia, Timor, Hawaii etc. Out of the 18 species mentioned above, about 6 species can be found in Hawaii Islands which shows the highest sandalwood diversity. The main reason for the economic and cultural value of sandalwood is the oil contained in the sandalwood timber, mainly in the heartwood. -
Santalum Spicatum) Oil Production Using Multiple Treatments
Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2019 Stimulation of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments Peta-Anne Smith Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Smith, P. (2019). Stimulation of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2202 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2202 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. -
Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources
Photograph: Helen Owens © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia Department of All rights reserved Environment, Copyright of illustrations might reside with other institutions or Water and individuals. Please enquire for details. Natural Resources Contact: Dr Jürgen Kellermann Editor, Flora of South Australia (ed. 5) State Herbarium of South Australia PO Box 2732 Kent Town SA 5071 Australia email: [email protected] Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann SANTALACEAE1 B.J. Lepschi2 (Korthalsella by B.A. Barlow3) Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines or small trees; hemiparasitic on roots or aerially on stems or branches, glabrous or variously hairy. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes decussate, rarely whorled, simple, entire, sometimes scale- like, caducous or persistent; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, a sessile or pedunculate raceme, spike, panicle or corymb, sometimes condensed or flowers solitary, usually bracteate, bracts sometimes united to form a bracteal cup; flowers bisexual or unisexual (and plants monoecious or dioecious), actinomorphic, perianth 1-whorled; tepals (3) 4–5 (–8), free or forming a valvately-lobed tube or cup; floral disc usually lobed, rarely absent; stamens as many as tepals and inserted opposite them; anthers sessile or borne on short filaments; carpels (2) 3 (–5); ovary inferior or superior; ovules 1–5 or lacking and embryo sac embedded in mamelon; style usually very short, rarely absent; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a nut, drupe or berry, receptacle sometimes enlarged and fleshy; seed 1 (2), without testa, endosperm copious. A family of 44 genera and about 875 species; almost cosmopolitan, well developed in tropical regions. -
Hawaiian Santalum Species (Sandalwood)
April 2006 Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry ver. 4.1 www.traditionaltree.org Santalum ellipticum, S. freycinetianum, S. haleakalae, and S. paniculatum (Hawaiian sandalwood) Santalaceae (sandalwood family) ‘iliahialo‘e (S. ellipticum) ‘iliahi, ‘a‘ahi, ‘aoa, lā‘au ‘ala, wahie ‘ala (S. freycinetianum, S. haleakalae, and S. paniculatum) Mark D. Merlin, Lex A.J. Thomson, and Craig R. Elevitch IN BRIEF Distribution Hawaiian Islands, varies by species. Size Small shrubs or trees, typically 5–10 m photo: M. Merlin M. photo: (16–33 ft) or larger at maturity. Habitat Varies by species; typically xeric, sub humid, or humid tropics with a distinct dry season of 3–5 months. Vegetation Open, drier forests and wood lands. Soils All species require light to medium, well drained soils. Growth rate Slow to moderate, 0.3–0.7 m/yr (1–2.3 ft/yr). Main agroforestry uses Homegardens, mixed species forestry. Main uses Heartwood for crafts, essential oil extraction. Yields Heartwood in 30+ years. Intercropping Because sandalwood is para sitic and requires one or more host plants, intercropping is not only possible but neces sary. Santalum freycinetianum var. Invasive potential Sandalwood has a capac lanaiense, rare, nearly extinct. ity for invasiveness in disturbed areas, but this Photo taken near summit of is rarely considered a problem. Lāna‘ihale, Lāna‘i in 1978. INTRODUCTION SANDALWOOD TERMS Hawaiian sandalwood species are small trees that occur naturally in open, drier forest and woodland communities. Hemi-parasitic Describes a plant that photosynthe They are typically multistemmed and somewhat bushy, at sizes but derives water and some nutrients through at taining a height of 5–10 m (16–33 ft) or larger at maturity, taching to roots of other species. -
Tissue Culture of Western Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe and Its Application to Studies on Biological Control
TISSUE CULTURE OF WESTERN HEMLOCK DWARF MISTLETOE AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Shannon J. Deeks B.Sc. (with Distinction), University of Victoria, 1995 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Biological Sciences O Shannon J. Deeks 2000 SIMON FRASER ONIVERSITY MI rights remcd This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 WdIiStreet 305, rue Wellingtm ûttawaON K1AON4 Oi(awa0N K1AON4 Canecfa Canade The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraq of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seii reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobiurn spp.) are parasitic flowering plants that attack commercially valuable conifers. The biology of this genus along with 22 other geneni of parasitic flowering plants that have been cultured in vitro is reviewed in detail with respect to distribution, host range. -
Plant Press, Vol. 22, No. 4
THE PLANT PRESS Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium New Series - Vol. 22 - No. 4 October-November 2019 Parasitic plants: Important components of biodiversity By Marcos A. Caraballo-Ortiz arasitic organisms are generally viewed in a negative way itats. Only a few parasitic plants yield economically impor- because of their ability to “steal” resources. However, tant products such as the sandalwood, obtained from the Pthey are biologically interesting because their depend- tropical shrub Santalum album (order Santalales). Other pro- ency on hosts for survival have influenced their behavior, mor- ducts are local and include traditional medicines, food, and phology, and genomes. Parasites vary in their degree of crafts like “wood roses”. Many parasites are also considered necessity from a host, ranging from being partially independent agricultural pests as they can impact crops and timber plan- (hemiparasitic) to being complete dependent (holoparasitic). tations. Some parasites can live independently, but if they find potential It is difficult to describe a typical parasitic plant because hosts, they can use them to supplement their nutritional needs they possess a wide diversity of growth habits such as trees, (facultative parasitism). terrestrial or aerial shrubs, vines, and herbs. The largest Parasitism is not a phenomenon unique to animals, as there Continued on page 2 are plants parasitic to other plants. Current biodiversity esti- mates indicate that approximately 4,700 species of flowering Tropical mistletoes are very plants are parasitic, which account for about 1.2% of the total inferred number of plant species in the world. About half of the diverse but still poorly known. -
Santalaceae1
Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann SANTALACEAE1 B.J. Lepschi2 (Korthalsella by B.A. Barlow3) Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines or small trees; hemiparasitic on roots or aerially on stems or branches, glabrous or variously hairy. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes decussate, rarely whorled, simple, entire, sometimes scale- like, caducous or persistent; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, a sessile or pedunculate raceme, spike, panicle or corymb, sometimes condensed or flowers solitary, usually bracteate, bracts sometimes united to form a bracteal cup; flowers bisexual or unisexual (and plants monoecious or dioecious), actinomorphic, perianth 1-whorled; tepals (3) 4–5 (–8), free or forming a valvately-lobed tube or cup; floral disc usually lobed, rarely absent; stamens as many as tepals and inserted opposite them; anthers sessile or borne on short filaments; carpels (2) 3 (–5); ovary inferior or superior; ovules 1–5 or lacking and embryo sac embedded in mamelon; style usually very short, rarely absent; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a nut, drupe or berry, receptacle sometimes enlarged and fleshy; seed 1 (2), without testa, endosperm copious. A family of 44 genera and about 875 species; almost cosmopolitan, well developed in tropical regions. Thirteen genera (five endemic) and 67 species (55 endemic) in Australia and island territories; five genera and 15 species in South Australia. As currently circumscribed, Santalaceae is polyphyletic with respect to Viscaceae (Old World) and Opiliaceae (pantropical) (Der & Nickrent 2008) and should probably be divided. Anthobolus may also be better placed in Opiliaceae (cf. Der & Nickrent 2008). Some recent classifications (e.g. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003; Mabberley 2008) include the Viscaceae within the Santalaceae, and this treatment is adopted here. -
Conservation, Restoration, and Development of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile"
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74:899-910, 2001 DOCUMENT Project "Conservation, Restoration, and Development of the Juan Fernandez islands, Chile" Proyecto conservaci6n, restauraci6n y desarrollo de las islas Juan Fernandez, Chile JAIME G. CUEVAS 1 & GART VAN LEERSUM 1Corresponding author: Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal, Parque Nacional Archipielago de Juan Fernandez, Vicente Gonzalez 130, Isla Robinson Crusoe, Chile ABSTRACT From a scientific point of view, the Juan Fernandez islands contain one of the most interesting floras of the planet. Although protected as a National Park and a World Biosphere Reserve, 400 years of human interference have left deep traces in the native plant communities. Repeated burning, overexploitation of species, and the introduction of animal and plant plagues have taken 75 % of the endemic vascular flora to the verge of extinction. In 1997, Chile's national forest service (Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal, CONAF) started an ambitious project, whose objective is the recovery of this highly complex ecosystem with a socio-ecological focus. Juan Fernandez makes an interesting case, as the local people (600 persons) practically live within the park, therefore impeding the exclusion of the people from any 2 conservation program. Secondly, the relatively small size of the archipelago (100 km ) permits the observation of the effects of whatever modification in the ecosystem on small scales in time and space. Thirdly, the native and introduced biota are interrelated in such a way that human-caused changes in one species population may provoke unexpected results amongst other, non-target species. The project mainly deals with the eradication or control of some animal and plant plagues, the active conservation and restoration of the flora and the inclusion of the local people in conservation planning. -
WOOD IDENTIFICATION -A REVIEW' Elisabeth A. Wheeler2 & Pieter Baas3
IAWA Journal, Val. 19 (3), 1998: 241-264 WOOD IDENTIFICATION -A REVIEW' by Elisabeth A. Wheeler2 & Pieter Baas 3 SUMMARY Wood identification is of value in a variety of contexts - commercial, forensic, archaeological and paleontological. This paper reviews the basics of wood identification, including the problems associated with different types of materials, lists commonly used microscopic and mac roscopic features and recent wood anatomical atlases, discusses types ofkeys (synoptic, dichotomous, and multiple entry), and outlines some work on computer-assisted wood identification, Key words: Wood identification, keys, computer-aided wood identifi cation, INTRODUCTION In the last decade, computerized keys have made the identification of uncommon woods easier, Nevertheless, 'traditional' methods remain important because often they are more efficient and convenient, particularly for common commercial woods, This paper discusses some applications of wood identification, logistics, the macroscopic and microscopic features used for wood identification (particularly for hardwoods, i.e" dicotyledonous angiosperms), identification procedures, some recent computer aided wood identification projects, and the need for additional work. APPLICATIONS Proper processing of wood, especially drying, depends upon correct species identifi cation because different species and species groups require different protocols. When problems arise during wood processing (drying, machining, or finishing), one of the first questions asked is whether the wood was correctly identified. Customs officials need to know whether logs, timbers, or wood products are cor rectly labeled so that tariffs can be properly assessed and trade regulations enforced. The International Timber Trade Organization (ITTO) has proposed limiting interna tional trade to timber that is cut from sustainably managed concessions. Verifying the source and identity of timber in order to enforce bans on trade in woods of endan gered species will require wood identification skills (Baas 1994).