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Uses and Abuses of Hormones and Their Analogs in Estrus Synchronization, Control of Parturition, Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infertility

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Uses and Abuses of Hormones and Their Analogs in Estrus Synchronization, Control of Parturition, Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infertility Uses and Abuses of Hormones and Their Analogs in Estrus Synchronization, Control of Parturition, Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infertility Wolfgang Jochle, Dr. Vet. Med. Denville, NJ 07834, USA Hormones are an increasing important part of the Syncro-Mate-B norgestomet implant system; the veterinarian’s armatory in battling infertility, maintaining progesterone coated plastic coil for intravaginal use, fertility and controlling cycle and parturition. Therapeutic, PRID: 3, 5d, g, 6). The availability of luteolysins in prophylactic and biotechnical aspects of their use can often combination with them (estradiol esters at their no longer be separated: Cycle control methods have become insertion or prostaglandins around their removal) have tools to treat or prevent certain aspects of infertility; allowed to reduce the time progestin effects are needed methods to control parturition as a management tool are of to 6 to 9 days, by this shortened schedule avoiding the importance to terminate pathological gestations or alleviate previously well known and much discussed fertility dystocia and enable obstetrical procedures. depressing effect of these agents (1, 5b and g, 6, 7) Drug laws worldwide assure use or dispensation of these hormones by veterinarians only. Prostaglandins (PGs) themselves have become a powerful tool for cycle control (5b and g, 6). The one-or- The rowing of issues in the title of this presentation, to be discussed in this introductory review, does not reflect a two-injections cycle control method finally seems to have arrived and a dream of many seems to come ranking of their present importance. But it may well reflect its future importance. The order of discussion chosen here through and become true. follows the biological and biotechnical sequence of events in Veterinarians by now have become well aware of the problems all these new techniques create - in spite of the the life on an animal of the bovine species and the chances to be subjected to hormonal treatments. well documented fact that their correct use, in the correct setting, provides such a degree of In trying to cover such extended grounds, this reviewer synchronization that virtually all systems available has to rely heavily on previously published accounts on some allow blind A.I. at predetermined hours (3, 5b, and g). of the many issues involved (1, 2, 3, 4, 51-h) and a recently published book in which an attempt was made to cover most Prostaglandin F2a as well as all its analogs require not of this review’s subjects in some depth (6). Further on, one only cyclic corpor lutea to act on, but also the capability has to account for regional and national differences in drug of treated animals to resume cycling immediately after availability. The availability of progestins and several such an interference, if necessary twice over 10 to 12 prostaglandins in Western Europe is contrasted by the lack days. Only well managed herds and well selected of progestins and the availability of only one prostaglandin animals will respond predictably to the investment into in the U.S. Hence, aspects have to be covered that are these drugs, without creating disappointment, relevant to only part of this audience. In addition, reference frustration and often undeserved accusations against will be made to a system in which the theriogenologist of the the drug’s effectiveness (5a, g, 6,8,9,10,11,12). This is a future will build his own approaches to the hormonal shortcoming since every herd consists of unknown control of normal and abnormal reproductive functions by subpopulations of firmly, regularly cycling individuals using what is available to him locally, and in sequences and of those animals cycling on and off or entirely irregular, dosages which are not always in compliance with and of those not cycling at all. In the past, the use of recommended or governmentally approved uses - as long as progestins frequently allowed to ignore such unknowns. consumer safety (aspects of milk and meat residues) remain Progestins control regular and irregular cycles alike, assured. and often act as a “cycle starter” (2, 5b, d, g, e, 6). This A. Legitimate Uses of Hormones effect has been instrumental in part for the success 1. Estrus Cycle Synchronization. After decades of false reported when both treatment schedules are combined alarms or cumbersome solutions (daily progestrone (3, 5b, g, 12). The future may well belong to such a injections or daily feedings of such progestins as MAP, scheme, where either the 6 or 7 day use of Syncro-Mate- CAP and MAG for 12 to 18 days: 1, 5b, 6) easy B (without estradiol) or of PRID is supplemented by a applicable and removable progestins are here (the PG injection at the day of withdrawal or 24 h. earlier. NOVEMBER, 1981 65 These new schemes for cycle control are finding great attention and further detailed exploration, especially increasing use in beef and dairy heifers, also in nursing in first-calf-heifers where dystocia is a well recognized beef and lactating dairy cows as soon as regular cycles problem. The advantages such treatment has in obstetrical are established postpartum. Preparing a herd for the conditions are self-explanatory. The question how attractive successful use of such systems is probably one of the the aspect of prevention of parturition during certain hours most important tasks of veterinary supervised herd (e.g. nights) will be to the cattle industry is still open. The use health services of the future. Only herds in which the of induced parturition as a tool to synchronize parturition most sensitive index for management - the first service with milk fever prophylaxis will be reported in this session. conception rate - is up to industry standards (§0% or 3. Fertility Phophylaxis: more) will achieve the desired results from As early as 1966, the early use of cycle control synchronization (13). methods in the postpartum diary cow for the assurance 2. Control o f Parturition: of a short calving interval and the successful prevention Only in the last decade and initially not as a result of of infertility due to anestrus or acyclia was reported (18). any concerted effort to find tools for controlling Since then - first slowly, but by now with an increasing parturition, were methods developed which allow recognition of the problems’ economic importance, as manipulations of parturitions. With them, one can the papers in this section are showing - this approach of either shorten the gestation period for an early hormone use is becoming more firmly established. parturition, or assure parturition at a desirable time of Methods used in this respect in the dairy industry can be the day or the week, or at a desirable gestation length summarized as followed: (avoiding delayed gestation) (4a, b, 5c, h, 6). These Initiation of cyclic functions by GnRH or one of its methods allow us to terminate pathological gestations analogs, at about day 15 postpartum; often followed by (4a, b, 5c, 14). and prolonged gestations (15a, b). With a prostaglandin in a suitable interval (5e, 6); or initiation the principle of control of parturition established as a of cyclic functions by a progestin withdrawal or 10 to 12 desirable goal, efforts to postpone or delay parturition, days thereafter; or as soon as the presence of cyclic for short time periods, became attractive (5c, 6, 16). functions is established by milk progesterone or rectal In principle, all methods to shorten gestations use the exploration, any of the above mentioned “classical” same mechanism: luteolysis, by either endogenous cycle synchronization treatments are used (5e, 6). The prostaglandins, produced under the influence of goal is uniformly a shortening of the calving interval to exogenous hormones like certain glucocorticoids the optimum of 11.5 to 12 months (5e, 6), the discovery and/or estrogens (4a, b, 5c, 6). Prolongation of of problem cows early on and their cure and/or gestation - for a limited number of hours - can be best elimination as soon as economics dictate. This can achieved by temporarily paralyzing myometrial activity involve individual treatments or the treatments of small by a specific B2-receptor agonist (4b, 5c, h, 16). Neither groups in fixed interval to parturition. method - with the exception of really prematurely In beef cows, this involves the use of cycle delivered calves - adversely affects the calfs viability. synchronization techniques as soon as cyclic functions Induction of parturition, if it occurs before term, results are restored (or are expected to be restored in the in a high level of placental retainment - a complication majority of the population), often coinciding with the of little concern to beef breeders, but of much concern to beginning of the breeding season. (5e, 6). the dairy producer. This healthy retained placenta - 4. Infertility Therapy: resulting from a desynchronization of the normally well Specific neurohormonal or pharmacological aspects synchronized departure of fetus and placenta - needs of hormones (and their analogs) have become time to mature, i.e. to go to its own term. Systemic - not indispensable therapeutic tools for the veterinarian: local - antibiosis helps to achieve this goal. Of the Resting or insufficiently working ovaries are treatments to prepare the placenta for a simultaneous stimulated directly by releaser hormones or early delivery of fetus and placenta, weeklong gonadotropins, or indirectly via positive feedbacks by application of low doses of certain long acting the shorterm use of sex steroids (natural estrogens; glucocorticoids is the most successful (17). This estrogen-androgen-combinations), or negative treatment, followed by a boost with a short acting feedback (the use of progestins as an “artifical corpus dexamethasone ester assures parturition at the wanted luteum”) (6). time, a viable calf and shedding of the placenta (17). Silently cycling animals are challenged by similar Postponement of parturition by a highly specific B22 methods or are “exposed” by luteolytic prostaglandins; memetic agent (Planipart B2 mimetic r ) features dominantly ovarian cysts are treated, preferably after a milk in this session.
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