Is the Full Electrification of Oil and Gas Offshore Fields with Renewable Energy Feasible in Order to Eliminate All Gas Turbines from Norwegian Continental Shelf?
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Is the full electrification of oil and gas offshore fields with renewable energy feasible in order to eliminate all gas turbines from Norwegian Continental Shelf? The Faculty of Social Sciences University of Stavanger Master in Energy, Environment and Society By Shinya Inui Waage August 2020 1 UNIVERSITY OF STAVANGER MASTER DEGREE IN Energy, Environment and Society MASTER THESIS CANDIDATE NUMBER: 5624 SEMESTER: SPRING 2020 AUTHOR: SHINYA INUI WAAGE SUPERVISOR: OLUF LANGHELLE MASTER THESIS TITLE: Is the full electrification of oil and gas offshore fields with renewable energy feasible in order to eliminate all gas turbines from Norwegian Continental Shelf? SUBJECT WORDS/KEY WORDS: Offshore, Oil and Gas, Electrification, Wind Power Renewable, Hydrogen Storage, Reversible Fuel Cell PAGE NUMBERS: 270 pages STAVANGER: 30th August 2020 ………………………………………………. DATE/YEAR 2 Acknowledgement Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my previous supervisor Prof. Thomas Michael Sattich and current supervisor Prof. Oluf Langhelle for the support of my master thesis and for his incredible patience. His guidance helped me of research and writing of this thesis. Besides my supervisor, I would like to express appreciation to Maria Varteressian, Liv Kari Eskeland, Liv Lønnum, Ingrid Tungen, Mailiss Solheim-Åkerblom and Kine Nossen for helping me and my study through answering survey. I would like to also thank all family member, friends, colleagues, and everyone who participated the survey for my research. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my husband: Jone Waage for supporting and encouraging me to get through tough time in the past two years. 3 Table of Contents 1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 6 2 List of Abbreviation .................................................................................................................. 7 3 Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 8 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................11 5 Literature Review.....................................................................................................................13 6 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................14 7 Research Question ...................................................................................................................15 8 Theories to be used: Multi Level Perspective – Transition Pathways .......................................15 8.1 Multi-Level Perspective .................................................................................................15 8.1.1 Regime ........................................................................................................................16 8.1.2 Niche ...........................................................................................................................17 8.1.3 Landscape ....................................................................................................................17 8.1.4 Multi-level interaction ..................................................................................................18 8.2 Transition pathways .......................................................................................................21 9 Research Strategy ....................................................................................................................22 10 The methods to be used: PEST Analysis ..................................................................................23 10.1 Technological Analysis ...................................................................................................24 10.1.1 Hydrogen .................................................................................................................24 10.1.1.1 What is hydrogen? ...............................................................................................25 10.1.1.2 Hydrogen Production ...........................................................................................26 10.1.1.2.1 Thermochemical process ................................................................................27 10.1.1.2.1.1 Natural gas reforming..............................................................................27 10.1.1.2.1.2 Coal gasification .....................................................................................29 10.1.1.2.1.3 Biomass gasification ...............................................................................29 10.1.1.2.1.4 Thermochemical water splitting: Solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) 30 10.1.1.2.2 Electrolytic process ........................................................................................31 10.1.1.2.2.1 PEM electrolysis .....................................................................................31 10.1.1.2.2.2 Alkaline water electrolysis ......................................................................33 10.1.1.2.3 Direct solar water splitting process – Photoelectrochemical (PEC) .................35 10.1.1.3 The use of hydrogen ............................................................................................37 10.1.1.3.1 Fuel cells .......................................................................................................37 10.1.1.3.2 Gas turbines ...................................................................................................39 10.1.2 Offshore Wind Power ..............................................................................................39 10.1.2.1 Offshore wind to hydrogen ..................................................................................44 10.1.2.1.1 Reversible Fuel Cell .......................................................................................46 10.1.3 Offshore hydrogen storage and distribution ..............................................................50 10.1.4 Offshore Power Grid ................................................................................................59 10.1.5 Flaring .....................................................................................................................62 10.1.6 Chapter discussion and analysis ...............................................................................62 10.2 Economic Analysis .........................................................................................................65 10.2.1 Energy consumption on Norwegian Continental Shelf ..............................................67 10.2.2 Offshore wind power ...............................................................................................69 10.2.2.1 Power production.................................................................................................69 10.2.2.2 Initial installation cost ..........................................................................................71 10.2.3 Gas turbines .............................................................................................................72 10.2.4 Power cable from shore ............................................................................................74 4 10.2.4.1 Distance from shore .............................................................................................74 10.2.4.2 Installation cost of power cable from shore ..........................................................81 10.2.4.2.1 Limitation ......................................................................................................83 10.2.5 Energy storage .........................................................................................................83 10.2.5.1 Required extra electricity from wind power..........................................................83 10.2.5.1.1 Limitation ......................................................................................................85 10.2.5.2 Reversible fuel cell ..............................................................................................85 10.2.5.2.1 Efficiency ......................................................................................................85 10.2.5.2.2 Installation cost of electrolyzer .......................................................................86 10.2.5.2.2.1 Capacity base cost estimate .....................................................................86 10.2.5.2.2.2 Quantity base cost estimate .....................................................................87 10.2.5.2.3 Installation cost of fuel cell ............................................................................87 10.2.5.2.3.1 Capacity base cost estimate .....................................................................87 10.2.5.2.3.2 Quantity base cost estimate .....................................................................88 10.2.5.3 Hydrogen Tank ....................................................................................................89 10.2.5.3.1 Space .............................................................................................................89 10.2.5.3.2 Cost of compressor ........................................................................................90 10.2.5.3.2.1 Limitation ...............................................................................................91