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Industrial Rock and Mineral Resources in Virginia

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Industrial Rock and Mineral Resources in Virginia Vol. 28 February 1982 No. 1 INDUSTRIAL ROCK AND MINERAL RESOURCES IN VIRGINIA Palmer C. Sweet Virginia's total mineral production in 1980 was industry, in 1980 the State led the Nation in the pro- valued at almost 1.8 billion dollars (figure). Fuel com- duction of kyanite, was the only producer of a feld- modities, worth about 1.5 billion dollars, made up spar, marketed as "Virginia aplite," and was one of most of this figure and consisted of coal (1.43 billion) three States mining vermiculite. petroleum and natural gas. The remaining value of Major industrial mineral resources in Virginia are: approximately 300 million dollars was from the pro- barite, cement*, clay materials*, diatomaceous sed- duction of nonfuel industrial rocks and minerals and iments, feldspar*, ferrovanadium*, gypsum*, iron zinc-lead mining. Preliminary figures for nonfuel oxide pigments*, kyanite*, lime*, lithium*, man- mineral production in 1981 as provided by the U.S. ganese*, ornamental aggregate*, perlite*, potash, Bureau of Mines was 277 million dollars. During the sand and gravel*, stone* (crushed and dimension), past decade, nonfuel mineral production added over sulfur*, talc*, tantalum, titanium, and vermiculite* 2.1 billion dollars to Virginia's economy and has di- (*indicates presently produced or processed). A number rectly and indirectly created jobs for thousands of the of these mineral commodities-iron oxides, lithium State's citizens. carbonate, magnetite, manganese, mica, perlite, and The economic slowdown that developed during the vanadium pentoxideare imported into the State and latter part of 1979 and continued throughout 1980 and processed. 1981, has created a depressed market for a number of the State's mineral commodities. Hardest hit by the slowdown were those commodities used by the con- BARITE struction industry. Both residential and nonresiden- tial construction, important markets for clay products, In 1845 barite (BaS04)was mined in Prince William cement, sand and gravel, and stone, have decreased County at the Cedar Run mine about 200 yards from significantly. Highway construction, one of the largest the Fauquier County line. The barite was dug from markets for cement and crushed stone has declined fractures along a fault zone in red shale-sandstone of due to federal and State budget cut-backs (Virginia's Triassic age. The mine was last operated in 1903, when 1980 highway construction and maintenance budget 1500 tons of ore were produced. Barite mining in was $60 million less than 1979 funding). Campbell and Pittsylvania counties began in the mid In spite of the recessionary effects on the mineral 1870's and was mined from replacement deposits of VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 28 1980 Mineral Production in Virginia Mineral Quantity Value (thousands) Clays ......................................... .thousand short tons .. $ 3,172 Coal* (bituminous) ............................. .thousand short tons .. 1,435,311 Gem stones ........................................................ 15 Lead (recoverable content of ores, etc.)-metric tons . 1,463 Lime ......................................... .thousand short tons .. 33,872 Natural Gas* ..................................... .million cubic feet .. 20,312 Petroleum* (crude) ....................... .thousand 42-gallon barrels .. 360 Sand and gravel ............................... .thousand short tons .. 29,508 Stone: Crushed .................................. .thousand short tons .. Dimension ................................ .thousand short tons .. Zinc (recoverable content of ores, etc.);metric tons . Combined value of cement (masonry and portland),feldspar, gypsum, kyanite, sand and gravel (industrial), talc (soapstone), and vermiculite . Total .............................................................. NA Not available XX Not applicable Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production (including consumpton by producers.) Figures from U.S.Bureau of Mines and Virginia Department of Labor and Industry (*). impure metamorphosed calcareous rocks. The Hewitt Since barite is a bulk material that sells for a rel- mine, located south of Lynchburg and southeast of atively low price, its use is greatly influenced by in- Evington in Campbell County, was worked from 1874 creasing fuel and transportation costs. Thus the until 1903, when it was closed because of groundwater locations of markets have much control over which flooding. The mine had a maximum depth of 160 feet. barite deposits are worked. Size of barite veins in the Barite was mined from replacement deposits of Piedmont Province in Virginia are small compared to Paleozoic limestone near Marion in Smyth County the replacement deposits in the southeastern Valley from about 1877 until 1885. Some mining was done in and Ridge Province. Some of the barite fines present this area around 1906. Since 1913, most production in around the old barite deposits may be able to be re- Virginia was from three mines in Botetourt, Campbell, processed. and Pittsylvania counties. Until the early 1930's the Ramsey, Berger, and Bennett mines in Pittsylvania County were the largest producers of barite in Virginia. CEMENT Production of barite in Virginia, as noted by J.K. Roberts's annotated bibliography, exceeded 130,000 Three companies, located in Warren and Botetourt tons. Virginia was the main barite producing state, counties and in the city of Chesapeake, produce until 1893, when Missouri became the leading pro- cement. Riverton Corporation in Warren County pro- ducer. More than 46,000 tons of barite were produced duces masonry cement at their plant at Riverton. in the years 1901-1905 (Watson, 1907 p. 327). Crushed limestone (Athens Formation) is calcined, Ground barite has a high specific gravity and is used hydrated, and mixed with portland cement purchased to prevent excessive fluid pressures at depth from from out-of-State sources. Sales are to building supply forcing water and/or clay mud from oil or gas wells. As dealers in Virginia and surrounding states. much as 5 tons of ground barite may be used per 1000 Lone Star Cement Inc. operates a plant west of feet when drilling a well. Due to the high level of oil Tinker Mountain in Botetourt County. The facility, the and gas drilling in the United States, domestic de- largest operation owned by Lone Star, produces port- mand for barite is expected to increase about seven land cement from locally mined limestone, shale and percent per year from 1980-1985. sand, and utilizes iron ore from Roanoke Electric Steel No. 1 VIRGINIA MINERALS 3 Company. Clinker is manufactured in five coal-fired Augusta County, was last operated in 1951. It is sur- kilns and ground into cement. Three-quarters of the rounded by large waste piles of kaolinitic clay cement is sold to ready-mix companies and approx- materials and small pieces of bauxite. imately 75 percent of the plant's production is shipped When all the plants are working at full capacity, by rail. In January, 1982, 30 percent of the production almost half a billion bricks per year are manufactured personnel were laid off for an anticipated two months. in Virginia. High interest rates and a shortage of Lone Star La Farge, Inc., operates a cement manu- mortgage money, has depressed residential and facturing facility in the city of Chesapeake. The commercial building construction and has adversely company imports crushed quicklime (93-96% CaC03) affected clay product sales; production decreased from Allied Products in eastern Alabama. Alumina is almost 300,000 tons from 1979 figures. purchased on the open market from several aluminum During early 1981, a large occurrence of montmoril- companies. Three types of calcium aluminate cement lonite clay material were discovered in King and are produced: low A1203 (Fondu), medium A1203)(50- Queen County in the Walkerton area of eastern Vir- 55%), and high (70-80% A1203) alumina including ginia. Plans were announced by Bennett Mineral SECAR 71, and SECAR 80. Advantages of this cement Company to mine and process the clays to produce an over portland cement include rapid hardening and industrial absorbent. Construction of a $2 million resistance to wear, high and low temperatures and plant was scheduled to begin in 1981 which would corrosion. employ 40 to 50 people initially. The processing facility The slowdown of Virginia Electric and Power will use wood wastes, instead of oil, as a plant fuel to Company's pumped storage project in Bath County in dry the clay. At the end of 1981, the plant was almost western Virginia and in building and highway con- completed, and plans are to begin production in the struction has depressed the cement market in spring of 1982. Virginia. DIATOMACEOUS SEDIMENTS CLAY MATERIALS Diatomite has been produced from marine Miocene age sediments which underlie the western portion of Residual and transported clay, shale, phyllite and the Coastal Plain from the Potomac River southward schists are used as raw material to produce bricks and to the James River. The sediments consist largely of clay dummies in Virginia. The clay material industry compact, sandy, diatomaceous mudstone that is dark in the western part of Virginia uses Paleozoic shales as greenish-gray or white to buff, where weathered. At a raw material, with the primary end-product being some localities the mudstone grades vertically into common and face brick. Tazewell Clay Products Com- fine-grained buff sands, or into diatomite beds that pany in Tazewell County extrudes clay to produce clay resemble
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